城市电网黑启动预案研究与优化评估
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摘要
随着经济的不断发展,电力系统的负荷需求也在日益递增,而各大区域电网规模及容量的不断增大,也使系统之间的联系日趋频繁,电力系统的安全稳定运行经受着巨大的考验。作为电力系统安全稳定的最后一道防线,黑启动研究受到国内外学者广泛的关注。
电力系统黑启动是一个复杂的多目标、多时段、多组合、多约束的非线性最优化问题。在大停电发生后,能否根据电力系统实际情况快速有效的制定和选择最优恢复方案,在很大程度上决定了系统恢复的成败。本文针对城市电网黑启动预案制订过程中的一些理论和算法进行研究,以期提高黑启动成功率和系统恢复效率,并为调度人员提供理论和决策支持。
本文主要取得了如下成果:
(1)深入探讨影响黑启动进程的关键因素,在综合考虑各种可能的黑启动模式基础上,对启动条件、恢复策略和恢复模式进行分析比较,首次提出广义黑启动模式评估的概念,从时间性、结构性、经济性和可靠性四个方面提取若干评估指标,并用层次化数据包络分析(DEA/AHP)方法得到黑启动模式的优劣排序。算例验证表明该方法切实有效,在获得黑启动模式排序的同时,还能得到各种模式对应的恢复策略、具体模式下电厂启动的最优选择等结论,可以帮助调度人员科学有效的选择最适合电网的黑启动模式。
(2)针对当前电网中最常见的向上恢复策略对应的区域划分问题,本文提出基于禁忌搜索算法的黑启动子系统划分方法,以若干指标的综合路径权值为基础构建目标函数,通过采用禁忌搜索得到的最优解来确定每个节点分别应该划归于哪个子系统。实例验证的结果表明该方法可以有效对电网进行黑启动子系统划分,得到包含重要厂站和重要负荷的最优划分结果,具有较高的实际工程应用价值。
(3)黑启动初期局部系统的恢复,关系到整个黑启动进程的成败。本文在现有的数据包络分析(DEA)方法基础上,提出群体标准法(GSM),用于黑启动初期路径方案的有效性评估,得到确定性条件下路径方案的优劣排序;针对黑启动过程中存在的不确定性因素和实际决策情况,分别应用模糊数据包络分析(FDEA)和模糊多属性群体决策方法,得到模糊条件下黑启动初期路径方案的有效性排序;以同一实际电网为例对上述算法进行验证,结果表明,上述四种方法在不同情况下的应用和配合,可以弥补单个方法存在的不足,从而更有效的获得黑启动初期的最优恢复路径方案。
(4)从具体应用角度给出了一个黑启动预案生成专家系统,着重分析其中的知识的形式与获取、规则的生成与应用、数据库的构成,以及生成黑启动预案的推理机制,给出了核心模块的Prolog语言实现,并对实际电网应用该专家系统得到黑启动操作步骤。该专家系统用于离线状态下的黑启动预案生成,通过对BPA潮流文件的修改,可以实现各种假定故障下的黑启动备用方案的生成,符合目前黑启动预案制订的模式。
(5)针对当前黑启动“离线计算,实时匹配”方法的不足,本文提出电力网格在黑启动中的应用模式,分析电力网格环境下黑启动的特点,对黑启动初期路径评估的算法进行了分布式并行优化,并探讨了电力网格环境下分区并行黑启动实时监控的方法,为电力网格在黑启动中的应用开拓了新的途径。
With the continuous development of economic progress, power system load demand is also gradually increasing. Meanwhile, the increasing capacity and scale of various regional power grids make the interconnections among the systems becoming more frequent, which have brought a great test to the security and stability of power system operation. As the last defense line of the power system security and stability, studies on black-start have being concerned for a wide range of domestic and foreign scholars.
Power system black-start, is a complex multi-objective, multi-period, multi-portfolio, multi-constrained nonlinear optimization problem. After blackout occurred, whether to select the optimal formulation and restoration scheme in accordance with the actual situation in power system quickly and efficiently decides the success or failure of the system restoration to a large extent. The paper aims at researching theory and algorithms with aspects to black-start plans, with a view to improve the success rate of black-start and improve the efficiency of the system restoration and to provide theory and decision support to dispatchers.
The main contributions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) The key factors which influence the process of black-start have been made into deeply exploration. Considering all possible black-start modes, analyzing and comparing their black-start conditions, restoration strategy and restoration mode, the concept and algorithm of the Generalized Assessment of Black-Start Modes are proposed. A number of indexes are extracted from four aspects of timing, structural, economic and reliability evaluation, and sorting level of black-start modes has been acquired by data envelopment analysis/analytic hierarchy process method (DEA/AHP). The application instance of the southwest zone of Shenzhen power grid shows that this method is effective, which could gain the efficiency sequence of black-start modes, in the mean time, it could obtain the corresponding restoration strategy using in each black-start mode and the optimal choice of power plant to be started under specific modes. This mehod could be a useful aid for dispatchers to choose the most suitable mode scientifically and effectively.
(2) In view of the most common strategy of Build-Upward and the corresponding division of regions in the current power grid, a Tabu Search based algorithm for dividing subsystems is proposed in this paper. This method bases on the integrated weights of several indexes values to establish the target function, then determines which subsystems the nodes should be classified into by using the optimal solution of Tabu Search algorithm. The results of application instance indicate that this method could efficiently divide power grid into subsystems under black-start, obtain the optimal division results containing important plants, stations and loads, with high values in practical applications.
(3) Restoration of initial subsystem of black-start is related to the success or failure of entire black-start process. On the basis of existing Data Envelopment Analysis approach (DEA), the following method, Group Standard Method (GSM), is proposed to assess the initial black-start paths, which could obtain the effective sequence of black-start paths under determinate conditions. Aiming at the indeterminate elements and the real situation of decision-making in black-start course, Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (FDEA), Fuzzy multi-attribute group decision-making method are proposed to assess the relative efficiency of initial paths of black-start respectively. Thereafter, the instance of the same actual power grid is selected to assess the relative efficiency of the each scheme. The results indicate that the application and optimization of above-mentioned methods under different circumstances could remedy the disadvantage of each single method and could obtain the optimal plan of initial black-start path more effectively.
(4) An expert system for black-start plans establishment is introduced from the perspective of specific applications, the form and the acquisition of the knowledge, generation and application of the rules, the composition of the database as well as the generation of the reasoning mechanism for black-start plans are analyzed in particular,the corresponding implementation using the Prolog language is given, then black-start steps are achieved by the application of expert system in the actual grid. The expert system could be used to establish black-start schemes off-line. With the adjusting of the documents of BPA, it could establish the reserved plans corresponding to all kinds of assumed failures, so that it meets the case of the recent establishing mode of black-start schemes.
(5) Aiming at the deficiency of the method“Calculated off-line, matched in real time”of current black-start method, the application mode of power grid system in the black-start has been stated, and the algorithm on the early start path assessment is changed into distributed parallel optimization, the real-time monitoring of the partition of power grid black start in parallel is explored, which open up a new way for the application of grid technology in the black-start progress.
电力系统黑启动是一个复杂的多目标、多时段、多组合、多约束的非线性最优化问题。在大停电发生后,能否根据电力系统实际情况快速有效的制定和选择最优恢复方案,在很大程度上决定了系统恢复的成败。本文针对城市电网黑启动预案制订过程中的一些理论和算法进行研究,以期提高黑启动成功率和系统恢复效率,并为调度人员提供理论和决策支持。
本文主要取得了如下成果:
(1)深入探讨影响黑启动进程的关键因素,在综合考虑各种可能的黑启动模式基础上,对启动条件、恢复策略和恢复模式进行分析比较,首次提出广义黑启动模式评估的概念,从时间性、结构性、经济性和可靠性四个方面提取若干评估指标,并用层次化数据包络分析(DEA/AHP)方法得到黑启动模式的优劣排序。算例验证表明该方法切实有效,在获得黑启动模式排序的同时,还能得到各种模式对应的恢复策略、具体模式下电厂启动的最优选择等结论,可以帮助调度人员科学有效的选择最适合电网的黑启动模式。
(2)针对当前电网中最常见的向上恢复策略对应的区域划分问题,本文提出基于禁忌搜索算法的黑启动子系统划分方法,以若干指标的综合路径权值为基础构建目标函数,通过采用禁忌搜索得到的最优解来确定每个节点分别应该划归于哪个子系统。实例验证的结果表明该方法可以有效对电网进行黑启动子系统划分,得到包含重要厂站和重要负荷的最优划分结果,具有较高的实际工程应用价值。
(3)黑启动初期局部系统的恢复,关系到整个黑启动进程的成败。本文在现有的数据包络分析(DEA)方法基础上,提出群体标准法(GSM),用于黑启动初期路径方案的有效性评估,得到确定性条件下路径方案的优劣排序;针对黑启动过程中存在的不确定性因素和实际决策情况,分别应用模糊数据包络分析(FDEA)和模糊多属性群体决策方法,得到模糊条件下黑启动初期路径方案的有效性排序;以同一实际电网为例对上述算法进行验证,结果表明,上述四种方法在不同情况下的应用和配合,可以弥补单个方法存在的不足,从而更有效的获得黑启动初期的最优恢复路径方案。
(4)从具体应用角度给出了一个黑启动预案生成专家系统,着重分析其中的知识的形式与获取、规则的生成与应用、数据库的构成,以及生成黑启动预案的推理机制,给出了核心模块的Prolog语言实现,并对实际电网应用该专家系统得到黑启动操作步骤。该专家系统用于离线状态下的黑启动预案生成,通过对BPA潮流文件的修改,可以实现各种假定故障下的黑启动备用方案的生成,符合目前黑启动预案制订的模式。
(5)针对当前黑启动“离线计算,实时匹配”方法的不足,本文提出电力网格在黑启动中的应用模式,分析电力网格环境下黑启动的特点,对黑启动初期路径评估的算法进行了分布式并行优化,并探讨了电力网格环境下分区并行黑启动实时监控的方法,为电力网格在黑启动中的应用开拓了新的途径。
With the continuous development of economic progress, power system load demand is also gradually increasing. Meanwhile, the increasing capacity and scale of various regional power grids make the interconnections among the systems becoming more frequent, which have brought a great test to the security and stability of power system operation. As the last defense line of the power system security and stability, studies on black-start have being concerned for a wide range of domestic and foreign scholars.
Power system black-start, is a complex multi-objective, multi-period, multi-portfolio, multi-constrained nonlinear optimization problem. After blackout occurred, whether to select the optimal formulation and restoration scheme in accordance with the actual situation in power system quickly and efficiently decides the success or failure of the system restoration to a large extent. The paper aims at researching theory and algorithms with aspects to black-start plans, with a view to improve the success rate of black-start and improve the efficiency of the system restoration and to provide theory and decision support to dispatchers.
The main contributions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) The key factors which influence the process of black-start have been made into deeply exploration. Considering all possible black-start modes, analyzing and comparing their black-start conditions, restoration strategy and restoration mode, the concept and algorithm of the Generalized Assessment of Black-Start Modes are proposed. A number of indexes are extracted from four aspects of timing, structural, economic and reliability evaluation, and sorting level of black-start modes has been acquired by data envelopment analysis/analytic hierarchy process method (DEA/AHP). The application instance of the southwest zone of Shenzhen power grid shows that this method is effective, which could gain the efficiency sequence of black-start modes, in the mean time, it could obtain the corresponding restoration strategy using in each black-start mode and the optimal choice of power plant to be started under specific modes. This mehod could be a useful aid for dispatchers to choose the most suitable mode scientifically and effectively.
(2) In view of the most common strategy of Build-Upward and the corresponding division of regions in the current power grid, a Tabu Search based algorithm for dividing subsystems is proposed in this paper. This method bases on the integrated weights of several indexes values to establish the target function, then determines which subsystems the nodes should be classified into by using the optimal solution of Tabu Search algorithm. The results of application instance indicate that this method could efficiently divide power grid into subsystems under black-start, obtain the optimal division results containing important plants, stations and loads, with high values in practical applications.
(3) Restoration of initial subsystem of black-start is related to the success or failure of entire black-start process. On the basis of existing Data Envelopment Analysis approach (DEA), the following method, Group Standard Method (GSM), is proposed to assess the initial black-start paths, which could obtain the effective sequence of black-start paths under determinate conditions. Aiming at the indeterminate elements and the real situation of decision-making in black-start course, Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (FDEA), Fuzzy multi-attribute group decision-making method are proposed to assess the relative efficiency of initial paths of black-start respectively. Thereafter, the instance of the same actual power grid is selected to assess the relative efficiency of the each scheme. The results indicate that the application and optimization of above-mentioned methods under different circumstances could remedy the disadvantage of each single method and could obtain the optimal plan of initial black-start path more effectively.
(4) An expert system for black-start plans establishment is introduced from the perspective of specific applications, the form and the acquisition of the knowledge, generation and application of the rules, the composition of the database as well as the generation of the reasoning mechanism for black-start plans are analyzed in particular,the corresponding implementation using the Prolog language is given, then black-start steps are achieved by the application of expert system in the actual grid. The expert system could be used to establish black-start schemes off-line. With the adjusting of the documents of BPA, it could establish the reserved plans corresponding to all kinds of assumed failures, so that it meets the case of the recent establishing mode of black-start schemes.
(5) Aiming at the deficiency of the method“Calculated off-line, matched in real time”of current black-start method, the application mode of power grid system in the black-start has been stated, and the algorithm on the early start path assessment is changed into distributed parallel optimization, the real-time monitoring of the partition of power grid black start in parallel is explored, which open up a new way for the application of grid technology in the black-start progress.
引文
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