磁头/磁盘系统冲击响应数值分析及实验研究
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摘要
硬盘(Hard Disk Drive, HDD)是一种重要的数据存储设备,主要由磁盘、磁头、滑块、悬臂、转轴、主轴电机等组成。其中,磁头附着在滑块尾部,当硬盘工作时,磁头滑块在悬臂和转轴的作用下飞行在高速旋转的磁盘上方,实现读／写功能。为了提高储存密度,磁头滑块与磁盘之间的距离即磁头滑块的飞行高度已经小于10m。在工作的过程中,硬盘可能由于移动、碰撞和跌落而导致磁头滑块与磁盘之间的相对位置发生改变,影响硬盘的工作性能。因此,研究工作中的硬盘遭受外界干扰情况下磁头/磁盘系统的冲击响应特性(即磁头滑块与磁盘之间的相对位置随时间的变化规律),对于控制和改善硬盘的工作性能有着重要意义。
针对磁头/磁盘界面FK-Boltzmann气膜润滑方程表达式较为复杂、求解困难的问题,本文用一个分段线性函数去逼近FK-Boltzmann模型中的流率函数,推导了一个表达式相对比较简单的模型,即线性化流率模型(Linearized Flow Rate, LFR),通过算例表明：线性化流率模型与FK-Boltzmann模型计算结果相对误差很小,计算效率提高了大约20%。
采用有限体积法离散气膜润滑方程,引入控制体积边界高度不连续因子,成功解决了高度不连续带来的流量问题,并通过线高斯迭代法和追赶法求解了离散后形成的方程组。同时,以磁头滑块压力梯度为网格密度函数,通过自适应网格技术在压力梯度大的区域分布较多网格、在压力梯度小的区域分布较少网格,从而保证在网格总数一定的情况下获得较为合理的网格分布。多重网格法用于提高求解气膜润滑方程的计算效率,因为在研究磁头／磁盘系统冲击响应特性过程中需要反复求解气膜润滑方程,如果计算效率过低,会导致整个计算过程效率下降。文中采用了5层网格,迭代初值在第3层网格赋值。数值结果显示,这种结合了有限体积法、自适应网格技术、多重网格法的数值计算方法,有效地提高了计算气膜润滑方程的计算效率,为研究磁头／磁盘系统冲击响应特性节省了许多计算时间。
为了模拟磁头／磁盘系统冲击响应特性,需要在Ansys中建立一个包括磁盘、磁头滑块、悬臂、转轴、外壳等的有限元模型。其中,磁头／磁盘界面气膜承载力随着时间发生变化,需要通过自己编写的程序反复求解气膜润滑方程获得气膜承载力,并把该力作用到硬盘系统有限元模型上。因此,需要在Ansys软件与求解气膜润滑方程程序之间进行相互调用,并传递计算参数。本文通过LS-DYNA的重启动功能成功解决了这个问题,并模拟了硬盘外壳遭受不同波形、不同振幅、不同周期的加速度载荷时磁头／磁盘系统的冲击响应特性。模拟结果显示,冲击载荷振幅的增加会导致飞行参数变化幅度增加,周期的增加会延迟飞行参数的变化,而波形对飞行参数的影响较小
基于硬盘读回电压信号与磁头/磁盘之间距离的关系,搭建了实验平台。以数值模拟中采用的硬盘为被测试对象,开展实验测量研究。把位移载荷施加到硬盘的外壳上,获取不同振幅、不同周期情况下的磁头与磁盘之间的距离,并与相同条件下的数值模拟值进行了比较,结果表明：磁头／磁盘之间距离变化的数值模拟结果与实验测量结果的变化频率几乎相同,大多数区域的相对误差很小,在一些较少的局部区域,两者的最大相对误差为7.69%。。
综合来说,本文基于磁头/磁盘界面气膜润滑方程,即新推导的LFR模型,通过有限体积法、自适应网格技术、多重网格法高效率地求解了气膜润滑方程；结合硬盘系统有限元模型,利用Ansys软件和LS-DYNA求解器模拟了硬盘外壳遭受不同波形、不同振幅、不同周期加速度载荷作用下的冲击响应特性；搭建实验平台进行数据测量,验证了数值模拟的有效性。
A hard disk drive (HDD), a kind of important storage devices, is made of disk, head, slider, suspension, shaft, spindle motor, etc, where the head is attached at the end of the slider. When a HDD is working, the slider (head slider) is flying over a high rotating disk, this makes a HDD excuting read/write functions. The distance between the slider and the disk is called the flying height of the slider, and this flying height in today's HDD is less than10nm. In the process of work, th relative position between the head and the disk changes due to the movement, collision and falling of HDD, which influences on the performance of HDD. Therefore, the research work of the shock response in head/disk system has important significance for controlling and improving the work performance of HDD.
The FK-Boltzmann model has a complex expression, and it is not easy to solve it by using numerical methods. In this thesis, a piecewise linear function is used to approximate the flow rate function in FK-Boltzmann model, and a new model called linearized flow rate (LFR) model is derived. By numerical examples, the relative errors between the FK-Boltzmann model and the LFR model are small, and the calculation efficiency of the LFR model is about20%higher than that of the FK-Boltzmann.
In this thesis, the finite volume method is used to discretized the gas film lubrication, a discontinuous height factor is introduced to solve the problems of gas flow resulted from the discontinuous height on boundary of control volume. The discretized equation is solved by line-by-line Gaussian iteration with combining the chasing method. Meantime, a grid density function, which variable is pressure gradient of the slider, is defined and used to allocate many grids in large pressure gradient area. It ensures a reasonable distribution grid. Multigrid method is used to improve the efficiency of solving gas film lubrication equation. The gas film lubrication must be solved repeatly in the process of studing the dynamic characteristics of the head/disk interface; a low computational efficiency may cause a decline in the whole computing process. In this thesis, a5-layer multigrid method is used, and the initial value is given on the third layer grid. The calculation results show that the multigrid method can well improve the computational efficiency of numerical method. Numerical results show that this type of method combined the finite volume method, adaptive grid technique, multiple grid method, can improve effectively the speed of solving the gas film lubricatioin, which saves much time for studying of dynamical characteristics in the head/disk interface.
In order to simulate the shock response in the head/disk interface, a finite element model including the disk, slider, suspension, shaft, cover, etc, is established in software Ansys. The film bearing capacity changes over time, and the gas film lubrication is solved by our program for obtaining the film bearing capacity. The film bearing capacity is applied to the finite element of HDD system. Therefore, a call between our program and the software Ansys is needed, and the calculation pareameters are passed between them. This problem is solved successfully by the LS-DYNA restart function. The dynamical characteristics in the head/disk interface are simulated in the case of the HDD subjected to different waveform, amplitude, period of the acceration impact load. Numerical results show that the increasing of the impact load amplitude will lead to the increasing of changing amplitude of flying parameters, and the increasing of the period will delay the changing of the flying characters. But, the wareform has a little influence on the flying parameters.
Based on the relationship between the read back voltage signal and the distance between the slider and the disk, an experimental platform is set up. The Hitachi HDD in the numerical simulation is the testing object. The distance between the head and the disk is obtained when the cover of HDD is subjected from different displacement load with different amplitude and period. The testing results are compared with thosed of numerical simulation in the same conditions, and the comparing results show that the maximum relative error is7.69%.
In a word, new gas film lubrication, the LFR model, is derived, and is efficiently solved by finite volume method, adaptive grid method and multiple grid method. The dynamic charateristics of the Hitachi HDD is simulated by using software Ansys and LS-DYAN solver when the cover of the HDD is subjected from different acceleration shock load with different wareform, amplitude and period. An experimental platform is set up for verifying the validity of the numerical simulation.
针对磁头/磁盘界面FK-Boltzmann气膜润滑方程表达式较为复杂、求解困难的问题,本文用一个分段线性函数去逼近FK-Boltzmann模型中的流率函数,推导了一个表达式相对比较简单的模型,即线性化流率模型(Linearized Flow Rate, LFR),通过算例表明：线性化流率模型与FK-Boltzmann模型计算结果相对误差很小,计算效率提高了大约20%。
采用有限体积法离散气膜润滑方程,引入控制体积边界高度不连续因子,成功解决了高度不连续带来的流量问题,并通过线高斯迭代法和追赶法求解了离散后形成的方程组。同时,以磁头滑块压力梯度为网格密度函数,通过自适应网格技术在压力梯度大的区域分布较多网格、在压力梯度小的区域分布较少网格,从而保证在网格总数一定的情况下获得较为合理的网格分布。多重网格法用于提高求解气膜润滑方程的计算效率,因为在研究磁头／磁盘系统冲击响应特性过程中需要反复求解气膜润滑方程,如果计算效率过低,会导致整个计算过程效率下降。文中采用了5层网格,迭代初值在第3层网格赋值。数值结果显示,这种结合了有限体积法、自适应网格技术、多重网格法的数值计算方法,有效地提高了计算气膜润滑方程的计算效率,为研究磁头／磁盘系统冲击响应特性节省了许多计算时间。
为了模拟磁头／磁盘系统冲击响应特性,需要在Ansys中建立一个包括磁盘、磁头滑块、悬臂、转轴、外壳等的有限元模型。其中,磁头／磁盘界面气膜承载力随着时间发生变化,需要通过自己编写的程序反复求解气膜润滑方程获得气膜承载力,并把该力作用到硬盘系统有限元模型上。因此,需要在Ansys软件与求解气膜润滑方程程序之间进行相互调用,并传递计算参数。本文通过LS-DYNA的重启动功能成功解决了这个问题,并模拟了硬盘外壳遭受不同波形、不同振幅、不同周期的加速度载荷时磁头／磁盘系统的冲击响应特性。模拟结果显示,冲击载荷振幅的增加会导致飞行参数变化幅度增加,周期的增加会延迟飞行参数的变化,而波形对飞行参数的影响较小
基于硬盘读回电压信号与磁头/磁盘之间距离的关系,搭建了实验平台。以数值模拟中采用的硬盘为被测试对象,开展实验测量研究。把位移载荷施加到硬盘的外壳上,获取不同振幅、不同周期情况下的磁头与磁盘之间的距离,并与相同条件下的数值模拟值进行了比较,结果表明：磁头／磁盘之间距离变化的数值模拟结果与实验测量结果的变化频率几乎相同,大多数区域的相对误差很小,在一些较少的局部区域,两者的最大相对误差为7.69%。。
综合来说,本文基于磁头/磁盘界面气膜润滑方程,即新推导的LFR模型,通过有限体积法、自适应网格技术、多重网格法高效率地求解了气膜润滑方程；结合硬盘系统有限元模型,利用Ansys软件和LS-DYNA求解器模拟了硬盘外壳遭受不同波形、不同振幅、不同周期加速度载荷作用下的冲击响应特性；搭建实验平台进行数据测量,验证了数值模拟的有效性。
A hard disk drive (HDD), a kind of important storage devices, is made of disk, head, slider, suspension, shaft, spindle motor, etc, where the head is attached at the end of the slider. When a HDD is working, the slider (head slider) is flying over a high rotating disk, this makes a HDD excuting read/write functions. The distance between the slider and the disk is called the flying height of the slider, and this flying height in today's HDD is less than10nm. In the process of work, th relative position between the head and the disk changes due to the movement, collision and falling of HDD, which influences on the performance of HDD. Therefore, the research work of the shock response in head/disk system has important significance for controlling and improving the work performance of HDD.
The FK-Boltzmann model has a complex expression, and it is not easy to solve it by using numerical methods. In this thesis, a piecewise linear function is used to approximate the flow rate function in FK-Boltzmann model, and a new model called linearized flow rate (LFR) model is derived. By numerical examples, the relative errors between the FK-Boltzmann model and the LFR model are small, and the calculation efficiency of the LFR model is about20%higher than that of the FK-Boltzmann.
In this thesis, the finite volume method is used to discretized the gas film lubrication, a discontinuous height factor is introduced to solve the problems of gas flow resulted from the discontinuous height on boundary of control volume. The discretized equation is solved by line-by-line Gaussian iteration with combining the chasing method. Meantime, a grid density function, which variable is pressure gradient of the slider, is defined and used to allocate many grids in large pressure gradient area. It ensures a reasonable distribution grid. Multigrid method is used to improve the efficiency of solving gas film lubrication equation. The gas film lubrication must be solved repeatly in the process of studing the dynamic characteristics of the head/disk interface; a low computational efficiency may cause a decline in the whole computing process. In this thesis, a5-layer multigrid method is used, and the initial value is given on the third layer grid. The calculation results show that the multigrid method can well improve the computational efficiency of numerical method. Numerical results show that this type of method combined the finite volume method, adaptive grid technique, multiple grid method, can improve effectively the speed of solving the gas film lubricatioin, which saves much time for studying of dynamical characteristics in the head/disk interface.
In order to simulate the shock response in the head/disk interface, a finite element model including the disk, slider, suspension, shaft, cover, etc, is established in software Ansys. The film bearing capacity changes over time, and the gas film lubrication is solved by our program for obtaining the film bearing capacity. The film bearing capacity is applied to the finite element of HDD system. Therefore, a call between our program and the software Ansys is needed, and the calculation pareameters are passed between them. This problem is solved successfully by the LS-DYNA restart function. The dynamical characteristics in the head/disk interface are simulated in the case of the HDD subjected to different waveform, amplitude, period of the acceration impact load. Numerical results show that the increasing of the impact load amplitude will lead to the increasing of changing amplitude of flying parameters, and the increasing of the period will delay the changing of the flying characters. But, the wareform has a little influence on the flying parameters.
Based on the relationship between the read back voltage signal and the distance between the slider and the disk, an experimental platform is set up. The Hitachi HDD in the numerical simulation is the testing object. The distance between the head and the disk is obtained when the cover of HDD is subjected from different displacement load with different amplitude and period. The testing results are compared with thosed of numerical simulation in the same conditions, and the comparing results show that the maximum relative error is7.69%.
In a word, new gas film lubrication, the LFR model, is derived, and is efficiently solved by finite volume method, adaptive grid method and multiple grid method. The dynamic charateristics of the Hitachi HDD is simulated by using software Ansys and LS-DYAN solver when the cover of the HDD is subjected from different acceleration shock load with different wareform, amplitude and period. An experimental platform is set up for verifying the validity of the numerical simulation.
引文
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