生物填料的研制及应用研究
摘要
在实际有机废水厌氧处理中,许多有机废水由于缺乏微量金属元素而使厌氧微生物活性降低,影响生物处理效果。本实验的主要目的是将微量金属元素负载到陶粒中,使其缓慢释放微量金属元素,从而增加微量金属元素的生物有效度,提高微生物的处理效率,降低过多投入微量金属元素所产生的人工及原料成本。
实验以粉煤灰为主要原料,复合添加适量外加剂,采用蒸气养护法,以陶粒强度为主要指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定出了陶粒的最佳配方,粉煤灰、水泥、石灰、石膏、CaCl_2、Na_2SO_4、NaCl的最佳配比分别为:73.4%、14.68%、7.34%、1.84%、0.46%、1.84%、0.46%。同时,考察了不同工艺条件对陶粒强度的影响,最终确定出烘干时间、烘干温度、蒸养时间、蒸养温度、含水率和拌料水温的最优工艺条件分别为0.5h、60℃、14h、100℃、29.2%、70℃。
通过对木屑和蛭石进行吸附试验发现,它们对微量金属元素的吸附,在10h时达到相对平衡,陶粒对微量金属元素的释放从第4d开始,溶液浓度趋于平衡。
在微生物反应器中添加微量金属元素试验可以确定,微生物生长所需的最优微量金属元素Ni~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Co~(2+)的浓度分别为0.4mg/L、7.2mg/L和0.1mg/L。对空白对照组、单种微量金属元素组、微量金属元素组合组、自制普通陶粒组、商品陶粒组和改性陶粒组六组反应器的对比试验中得出:这些反应器中微生物对COD的去除率分别为72.84%、74.95%、78.53%、80.63%、82.63%和91.79%,添加改性陶粒反应器的COD去除率最高,比空白对照组的高出18.95%。动力学分析发现,微生物降解有机物过程为一级反应,它们的反应速率常数分别为0.1129d~(-1)、0.1228d~(-1)、0.1356d~(-1)、0.1671d~(-1)、0.1720d~(-1)和0.2302d~(-1),改性陶粒组的反应速率常数明显高于其它组,尤其是空白对照组,说明改性陶粒能显著增加反应器内活性污泥的活性,反映出改性陶粒具有比其它陶粒及直接添加微量金属元素更加优越处理性能。
In practical organic wastewater treatment process, due to many organic wastewater lack of trace metal element, which could lead to the decrease of anaerobic microorganism activity, and affect the biological treatment effect.The main purpose of this experiment is to load trace metal elements in ceramsete, which could slowly release trace metal element. And thus increase the biological availability of trace metal element, improve the processing efficiency of micro- organism, reduce the labour and raw material cost, which brought by excessive input trace metal elements.
The experiment use fly ash and activator as main raw material, adopt steam curing method to produce ceramsite. By using single-factor experiment and orthogonal test to ascertain the suitable formula of ceramsite, the experiment indicated that the best formula of ceramsite is that: fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, CaCl_2, Na_2SO_4 and NaCl respectively are 73.4%, 4.68%, 7.34%, 1.84%, 0.46%, 1.84% and 0.46%. meanwhile, by inspecting the effects of different technological conditions, it is found that the optimal technological conditions of drying time, drying temperature, steam curing time, steam curing temperature, moisture content and mixing water temperature respectively are 0.5h, 60℃, 14h, 100℃, 29.2% and 70℃.
After studying on the adsorption experiment of sawdust and vermiculite, which indicated that the adsorption content of sawdust and vermiculite on trace metal element can almost balance after 10 hours. it indicated that the trace metal element concentration of reactor solution which released by ceramsite verged to balance after 4 days.
It can be sure that the optimal concentration of trace metal element Ni~(2+), Fe~(2+), Co~(2+), which the microorganism needed, respectively are 0.4mg/L, 7.2mg/L and 0.1mg/L, through adding trace metal element in microorganism reactors. By going on contrast test among control group, single trace metal element group, mixing trace metal element group, common ceramsite group, commodity ceramsite group and modified ceramsite group, it is found that the COD removal efficiency of microorganism in these microorganism reactors respectively are 72.84%, 74.95%, 78.53%, 80.63%, 82.63% and 91.79%. The COD removal efficiency of reactor which added modified ceramsite is the highest, more than 18.95%, contrast with control group.
Using dynamics analysis found that the process of microorganism degradation is first-order reaction, their reaction rate constant are respectively 0.1129d~(-1), 0.1228d~(-1), 0.1356d~(-1), 0.1671d~(-1), 0.1720d~(-1) and 0.2302d~(-1),the reaction rate constant of modified ceramsite is significantly higher than any other groups, especially than the control group, which indicated that adding modified ceramsite in bioreactor can significantly increase the activity of activated sludge, reflecting that modified ceramsite has more superior process organic wastewater performance than other ceramsites and directly adding trace metal element in bioreactor.
实验以粉煤灰为主要原料,复合添加适量外加剂,采用蒸气养护法,以陶粒强度为主要指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定出了陶粒的最佳配方,粉煤灰、水泥、石灰、石膏、CaCl_2、Na_2SO_4、NaCl的最佳配比分别为:73.4%、14.68%、7.34%、1.84%、0.46%、1.84%、0.46%。同时,考察了不同工艺条件对陶粒强度的影响,最终确定出烘干时间、烘干温度、蒸养时间、蒸养温度、含水率和拌料水温的最优工艺条件分别为0.5h、60℃、14h、100℃、29.2%、70℃。
通过对木屑和蛭石进行吸附试验发现,它们对微量金属元素的吸附,在10h时达到相对平衡,陶粒对微量金属元素的释放从第4d开始,溶液浓度趋于平衡。
在微生物反应器中添加微量金属元素试验可以确定,微生物生长所需的最优微量金属元素Ni~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Co~(2+)的浓度分别为0.4mg/L、7.2mg/L和0.1mg/L。对空白对照组、单种微量金属元素组、微量金属元素组合组、自制普通陶粒组、商品陶粒组和改性陶粒组六组反应器的对比试验中得出:这些反应器中微生物对COD的去除率分别为72.84%、74.95%、78.53%、80.63%、82.63%和91.79%,添加改性陶粒反应器的COD去除率最高,比空白对照组的高出18.95%。动力学分析发现,微生物降解有机物过程为一级反应,它们的反应速率常数分别为0.1129d~(-1)、0.1228d~(-1)、0.1356d~(-1)、0.1671d~(-1)、0.1720d~(-1)和0.2302d~(-1),改性陶粒组的反应速率常数明显高于其它组,尤其是空白对照组,说明改性陶粒能显著增加反应器内活性污泥的活性,反映出改性陶粒具有比其它陶粒及直接添加微量金属元素更加优越处理性能。
In practical organic wastewater treatment process, due to many organic wastewater lack of trace metal element, which could lead to the decrease of anaerobic microorganism activity, and affect the biological treatment effect.The main purpose of this experiment is to load trace metal elements in ceramsete, which could slowly release trace metal element. And thus increase the biological availability of trace metal element, improve the processing efficiency of micro- organism, reduce the labour and raw material cost, which brought by excessive input trace metal elements.
The experiment use fly ash and activator as main raw material, adopt steam curing method to produce ceramsite. By using single-factor experiment and orthogonal test to ascertain the suitable formula of ceramsite, the experiment indicated that the best formula of ceramsite is that: fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, CaCl_2, Na_2SO_4 and NaCl respectively are 73.4%, 4.68%, 7.34%, 1.84%, 0.46%, 1.84% and 0.46%. meanwhile, by inspecting the effects of different technological conditions, it is found that the optimal technological conditions of drying time, drying temperature, steam curing time, steam curing temperature, moisture content and mixing water temperature respectively are 0.5h, 60℃, 14h, 100℃, 29.2% and 70℃.
After studying on the adsorption experiment of sawdust and vermiculite, which indicated that the adsorption content of sawdust and vermiculite on trace metal element can almost balance after 10 hours. it indicated that the trace metal element concentration of reactor solution which released by ceramsite verged to balance after 4 days.
It can be sure that the optimal concentration of trace metal element Ni~(2+), Fe~(2+), Co~(2+), which the microorganism needed, respectively are 0.4mg/L, 7.2mg/L and 0.1mg/L, through adding trace metal element in microorganism reactors. By going on contrast test among control group, single trace metal element group, mixing trace metal element group, common ceramsite group, commodity ceramsite group and modified ceramsite group, it is found that the COD removal efficiency of microorganism in these microorganism reactors respectively are 72.84%, 74.95%, 78.53%, 80.63%, 82.63% and 91.79%. The COD removal efficiency of reactor which added modified ceramsite is the highest, more than 18.95%, contrast with control group.
Using dynamics analysis found that the process of microorganism degradation is first-order reaction, their reaction rate constant are respectively 0.1129d~(-1), 0.1228d~(-1), 0.1356d~(-1), 0.1671d~(-1), 0.1720d~(-1) and 0.2302d~(-1),the reaction rate constant of modified ceramsite is significantly higher than any other groups, especially than the control group, which indicated that adding modified ceramsite in bioreactor can significantly increase the activity of activated sludge, reflecting that modified ceramsite has more superior process organic wastewater performance than other ceramsites and directly adding trace metal element in bioreactor.
引文
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