中外地震烈度标准对比研究
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摘要
地震烈度是衡量地震影响强弱程度的重要指标,是估计地震人员伤亡和经济损失的重要依据。随着建筑物形式和质量的变化,国内外划分地震烈度的标准即烈度表也在不断地修改。为了把握现有国内外常用地震烈度标准间的异同,本文应用震害资料对中外地震烈度标准进行了对比分析研究。完成的主要工作如下:
1.对中外地震烈度表的沿革和现状进行了较系统的总结。
2.基于地震烈度标准的条文描述,分别从人的感觉及器物反应、结构物震害情况、生命线工程破坏情况、地震地面破坏以及地震动参数等方面,对中外地震烈度标准进行了对比分析,给出了不同烈度表在同等地震烈度等级下的差异。
3.应用汶川地震都江堰市区1865栋建筑物的震害资料以及其它地震的震害调查数据,对中外地震烈度标准进行实际应用结果的对比。最后作者对本文的研究工作进行了总结。
Seismic intensity is an important indicator to measure the level of earthquake’s influence strong or week, and is also an important basis for estimating earthquake casualties and economic losses. With the changes in building forms and qualities, intensity scales, which is the standard for division of domestic and international seismic intensity, are continually revised. To hold the similarities and difference between existing seismic intensity scales which are often used at home and abroad, seismic data are used in this paper to study on comparison and analysis of seismic intensity scales. The major work completed are as follows:
1. The evolution and current situation of seismic intensity scales both at home and abroad are systematically summarized.
2. Based on the provisions descriptions of seismic intensity scales, seismic intensity scales at home and aboard are compared and analyzed respectively form the reaction of person's feelings and objects, damage situation of building structures, damage situation of lifeline, damage situation of ground, and ground motion parameter, etc. And the differences of different seismic intensity scales on the same level are given.
3. Seismic intensity scales are compared on practical application by using seismic data of 1865 buildings of Dujiangyan city in Wenchuan earthquake and other seismic survey data.
Finally, research works of this thesis are summarized.
1.对中外地震烈度表的沿革和现状进行了较系统的总结。
2.基于地震烈度标准的条文描述,分别从人的感觉及器物反应、结构物震害情况、生命线工程破坏情况、地震地面破坏以及地震动参数等方面,对中外地震烈度标准进行了对比分析,给出了不同烈度表在同等地震烈度等级下的差异。
3.应用汶川地震都江堰市区1865栋建筑物的震害资料以及其它地震的震害调查数据,对中外地震烈度标准进行实际应用结果的对比。最后作者对本文的研究工作进行了总结。
Seismic intensity is an important indicator to measure the level of earthquake’s influence strong or week, and is also an important basis for estimating earthquake casualties and economic losses. With the changes in building forms and qualities, intensity scales, which is the standard for division of domestic and international seismic intensity, are continually revised. To hold the similarities and difference between existing seismic intensity scales which are often used at home and abroad, seismic data are used in this paper to study on comparison and analysis of seismic intensity scales. The major work completed are as follows:
1. The evolution and current situation of seismic intensity scales both at home and abroad are systematically summarized.
2. Based on the provisions descriptions of seismic intensity scales, seismic intensity scales at home and aboard are compared and analyzed respectively form the reaction of person's feelings and objects, damage situation of building structures, damage situation of lifeline, damage situation of ground, and ground motion parameter, etc. And the differences of different seismic intensity scales on the same level are given.
3. Seismic intensity scales are compared on practical application by using seismic data of 1865 buildings of Dujiangyan city in Wenchuan earthquake and other seismic survey data.
Finally, research works of this thesis are summarized.
引文
[1]聂永安,姚兰予.欧洲98版本地震烈度表简介[J].国际地震动态,2003,(5):23-28.
[2]卢建旗.中强地震活动区地震动衰减规律研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2009:1-6.
[3]郝敏,谢礼立.中国地震烈度表中物理标准取值研究与建议[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2006,38(7):1041-1044.
[4]郝敏.地震烈度物理标准及地震动破坏势研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2006:1-15.
[5]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京,地震出版社,1988:44-62.
[6]王虎栓.地震烈度物理标准研究[J].清华大学土木工程系,1994,10(3):197-205.
[7]缪升,刘本玉,叶燎原.房屋震害等级的模糊评定[J].地震研究,2000,23(1):22-23.
[8]蔡辉腾,韦永祥,郑师春,欧秉松.福建及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系研究[J].地震研究,2008,31(1):20-26.
[9]柔洁,伊力亚尔·阿不力孜,陈建波.关于地震烈度的讨论[J].中国地震,2006,22(1):97-102.
[10]郝敏,谢礼立,徐龙军.关于地震烈度物理标准的若干思考[J].地震学报,2005,27(2):230-234.
[11]肖和平,敬少群,胡奉湘.湖南省地震烈度特征浅析[J].国际地震动态,2005,(3):13-18.
[12]陶夏新,郑广芬,左灰强,张明宇.基于GIS的《中国地震烈度区划图(1990)》[J].计算机管理系统,58.
[13]郝敏,刘晶波,谢礼立.基于RC框架结构破坏损伤的地震烈度物理标准研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2006,46:S100-S104.
[14]郝敏,谢礼立,李伟.基于砌体结构破坏损伤的地震烈度物理标准研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2007,27(5):27-32.
[15]朱建钢,黎大虎,赖敏,周朝晖,孙玮,余桦,代宽洪,颜晓晔.强震记录与地震烈度的仪器测定实例[J].四川地震,2006,(2):29-31.
[16]贾强,孙剑平.汶川大地震底框结构建筑物震害调查[J].山东建筑大学学报,2008,23(6):560-564.
[17]吴健,吕红山,刘爱文.汶川地震烈度分布于震源过程相关性的初步研究[J].震害防御技术,2008,3(3):224-229.
[18] GB/T17742-1999,中国地震烈度表[S].
[19]刘恢先.关于地震烈度及工程应用问题[J].地球物理学报,1978.
[20]时振梁,赵荣国,吴开统,陆其鹄,张敏正,卓钰如.国家地震局,地震工作手册.地震出版社,1988.
[21]夏珊,抗震设防地区评定地震烈度的平均震害指数法[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2009.
[22]廖士毅.台湾ShakeMap震度之研究—以九二一集集地震序列为例[D].台湾国立中央大学地球物理研究所,1992:1-20.
[23]高孟潭;肖和平;燕为民;俞言祥;陈鲲;陈学良,中强地震活动地区地震区划重要性及关键技术进展[J].震灾防御技术,2008 (01).
[24]郝建国,潘怀文,毛国敏,张云福,唐天明,李德瑞,柳松,准静电场异常与地震——一种可靠短临地震前兆信息探索,地震地磁观测与研究[J].2000(04).
[25] Lepolt Linkimer,2008: Relation between peak ground accleration and modified mercalli intensity inc codta rica[J].-Rev.Geol.Amer,38:81-94.
[26] Murphy JR, O’Brien LJ (1977) The correlation of peak ground acceleration amplitude with seismic intensityand other physical parameters[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am67:877–915.
[27] Musson RMW (1991) The use of the MSK intensity scale in the study of British earthquakes[J].In: 3rd international symposium on historical earthquakes in Europe,Liblice, pp 5–12.
[28] Musson RMW(2006) Automatic assessment of EMS-98 intensities.British Geological Survey[J].Technical Report IR/06/048.
[29] Musson RMW, Ceciˇc I (2002) Macroseismology. In: Lee WHK, Kanamori H, Jennings PC, Kisslinger C (eds) International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology[J].Academic, San Diego, pp 807–822.
[30] Musson RMW,GrünthalG, StucchiM(1995) Comment on“the 17 August 1991 Honeydew earthquake: a case for revising the Modified Mercalli scale in sparsely populatedareas”by Dengler and McPherson[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am 85:1266–1267.
[31] Omori F (1900) Intensity scale. Earthquake investigation committee publication in foreign languages[J]. vol 4,pp 137–141.
[32] Wood HO, Neumann F (1931) Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am 21:277–283.
[33] Grünthal G (ed) (1998) European Macroseismic Scale1998[J]. Cahiers du Centre Europèen de Gèodynamiqueet de Seismologie. Conseil de l’Europe, Conseil del’Europe.
[34] Abrams, D.P. (1992).“Strength and Behaviour of Unreinforced Masonry Elements”, Proceedings of the Tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering[J]. Madrid, Spain, Vol. 6, pp. 3475-3480.
[35] Bird, J.F., Crowley, H., Pinho, R. and Bommer, J.J. (2005).“Assessment of Building Response to Liquefaction-Induced Differential Ground Deformation”[J].Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 215-234.
[36] Bommer, J.J., Spence, R. and Pinho, R. (2006).“Earthquake Loss Estimation Models: Time to Open the Black Boxes?”[J]. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland[J], Paper No. 834 (on CD).
[37] William H. Bakun,MMI Attenuation and Historical Earthquakes in the Basin and Range Province of Western North America[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 2206–2220.
[38] Pakiser, L. C., and J. N. Brune (1980) [J]. Seismic models of the root of the Sierra Nevada, Science 210, 1088–1094.
[39] Stein, R. S., and T. C. Hanks (1998). M\6 earthquakes in southern Cali-fornia during the twentieth century: no evidence for a seismicity ormoment deficit[J]. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88, 635–652.
[40] Wallace, T. C., D. V. Helmberger, and G. R. Mellman (1981). A techniquefor the inversion of regional data in source parameter studies, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 1679–1685.
[41] Doser, D. I., and R. B. Smith (1982). Seismic moment rates in the Utah region, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 72, 525–551.
[42] H.L.WONG AND M.D.TRIFUNAC,A note on instrumental comparisonof the modified mercalli(MMI) and the japanese meteorlogical agency(JMA) intensity scales,based on computed peak accelerations,earthquake engineering and structural dynamics,vol.7,75-83(1979).
[43] RogerM.W.Musson,The comparison of macroseismic intensity scales,Annali di geofisica,1995.
[44] Hamidreza Ramazi and Reza Haghani,New criteria for an intensity scale in iran and surrounding countries,Seismological research letters Volume78,Number4 July/August 2007.
[45] Diego Molin,Considerations on assessment of macroseismic intensity, Annali di geofisica,1995.
[46] Y.Hisada and K.Meguro,Estimation of Macroseismic Intensity, Estimation of Macroseismic Intensity,56-63.
[47] David J.Wald,“Did you feel it?”Intensity Data:A Surprisingly good measure of earthquake ground motion, Seismological research letters Volume78,Number3 July/August 2007.
[48] Hanks, T. C., and H. Kanamori (1979). A moment magnitude scale[J], J.Geophys. Res. 84, 2348–2350.
[49] W.Medvedev,W.Sponheuer and V.Karnik,Seismic Intensity Scale Version MSK1964[J].1965,(1-7)
[2]卢建旗.中强地震活动区地震动衰减规律研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2009:1-6.
[3]郝敏,谢礼立.中国地震烈度表中物理标准取值研究与建议[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2006,38(7):1041-1044.
[4]郝敏.地震烈度物理标准及地震动破坏势研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2006:1-15.
[5]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京,地震出版社,1988:44-62.
[6]王虎栓.地震烈度物理标准研究[J].清华大学土木工程系,1994,10(3):197-205.
[7]缪升,刘本玉,叶燎原.房屋震害等级的模糊评定[J].地震研究,2000,23(1):22-23.
[8]蔡辉腾,韦永祥,郑师春,欧秉松.福建及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系研究[J].地震研究,2008,31(1):20-26.
[9]柔洁,伊力亚尔·阿不力孜,陈建波.关于地震烈度的讨论[J].中国地震,2006,22(1):97-102.
[10]郝敏,谢礼立,徐龙军.关于地震烈度物理标准的若干思考[J].地震学报,2005,27(2):230-234.
[11]肖和平,敬少群,胡奉湘.湖南省地震烈度特征浅析[J].国际地震动态,2005,(3):13-18.
[12]陶夏新,郑广芬,左灰强,张明宇.基于GIS的《中国地震烈度区划图(1990)》[J].计算机管理系统,58.
[13]郝敏,刘晶波,谢礼立.基于RC框架结构破坏损伤的地震烈度物理标准研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2006,46:S100-S104.
[14]郝敏,谢礼立,李伟.基于砌体结构破坏损伤的地震烈度物理标准研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2007,27(5):27-32.
[15]朱建钢,黎大虎,赖敏,周朝晖,孙玮,余桦,代宽洪,颜晓晔.强震记录与地震烈度的仪器测定实例[J].四川地震,2006,(2):29-31.
[16]贾强,孙剑平.汶川大地震底框结构建筑物震害调查[J].山东建筑大学学报,2008,23(6):560-564.
[17]吴健,吕红山,刘爱文.汶川地震烈度分布于震源过程相关性的初步研究[J].震害防御技术,2008,3(3):224-229.
[18] GB/T17742-1999,中国地震烈度表[S].
[19]刘恢先.关于地震烈度及工程应用问题[J].地球物理学报,1978.
[20]时振梁,赵荣国,吴开统,陆其鹄,张敏正,卓钰如.国家地震局,地震工作手册.地震出版社,1988.
[21]夏珊,抗震设防地区评定地震烈度的平均震害指数法[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2009.
[22]廖士毅.台湾ShakeMap震度之研究—以九二一集集地震序列为例[D].台湾国立中央大学地球物理研究所,1992:1-20.
[23]高孟潭;肖和平;燕为民;俞言祥;陈鲲;陈学良,中强地震活动地区地震区划重要性及关键技术进展[J].震灾防御技术,2008 (01).
[24]郝建国,潘怀文,毛国敏,张云福,唐天明,李德瑞,柳松,准静电场异常与地震——一种可靠短临地震前兆信息探索,地震地磁观测与研究[J].2000(04).
[25] Lepolt Linkimer,2008: Relation between peak ground accleration and modified mercalli intensity inc codta rica[J].-Rev.Geol.Amer,38:81-94.
[26] Murphy JR, O’Brien LJ (1977) The correlation of peak ground acceleration amplitude with seismic intensityand other physical parameters[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am67:877–915.
[27] Musson RMW (1991) The use of the MSK intensity scale in the study of British earthquakes[J].In: 3rd international symposium on historical earthquakes in Europe,Liblice, pp 5–12.
[28] Musson RMW(2006) Automatic assessment of EMS-98 intensities.British Geological Survey[J].Technical Report IR/06/048.
[29] Musson RMW, Ceciˇc I (2002) Macroseismology. In: Lee WHK, Kanamori H, Jennings PC, Kisslinger C (eds) International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology[J].Academic, San Diego, pp 807–822.
[30] Musson RMW,GrünthalG, StucchiM(1995) Comment on“the 17 August 1991 Honeydew earthquake: a case for revising the Modified Mercalli scale in sparsely populatedareas”by Dengler and McPherson[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am 85:1266–1267.
[31] Omori F (1900) Intensity scale. Earthquake investigation committee publication in foreign languages[J]. vol 4,pp 137–141.
[32] Wood HO, Neumann F (1931) Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am 21:277–283.
[33] Grünthal G (ed) (1998) European Macroseismic Scale1998[J]. Cahiers du Centre Europèen de Gèodynamiqueet de Seismologie. Conseil de l’Europe, Conseil del’Europe.
[34] Abrams, D.P. (1992).“Strength and Behaviour of Unreinforced Masonry Elements”, Proceedings of the Tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering[J]. Madrid, Spain, Vol. 6, pp. 3475-3480.
[35] Bird, J.F., Crowley, H., Pinho, R. and Bommer, J.J. (2005).“Assessment of Building Response to Liquefaction-Induced Differential Ground Deformation”[J].Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 215-234.
[36] Bommer, J.J., Spence, R. and Pinho, R. (2006).“Earthquake Loss Estimation Models: Time to Open the Black Boxes?”[J]. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland[J], Paper No. 834 (on CD).
[37] William H. Bakun,MMI Attenuation and Historical Earthquakes in the Basin and Range Province of Western North America[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 2206–2220.
[38] Pakiser, L. C., and J. N. Brune (1980) [J]. Seismic models of the root of the Sierra Nevada, Science 210, 1088–1094.
[39] Stein, R. S., and T. C. Hanks (1998). M\6 earthquakes in southern Cali-fornia during the twentieth century: no evidence for a seismicity ormoment deficit[J]. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88, 635–652.
[40] Wallace, T. C., D. V. Helmberger, and G. R. Mellman (1981). A techniquefor the inversion of regional data in source parameter studies, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 1679–1685.
[41] Doser, D. I., and R. B. Smith (1982). Seismic moment rates in the Utah region, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 72, 525–551.
[42] H.L.WONG AND M.D.TRIFUNAC,A note on instrumental comparisonof the modified mercalli(MMI) and the japanese meteorlogical agency(JMA) intensity scales,based on computed peak accelerations,earthquake engineering and structural dynamics,vol.7,75-83(1979).
[43] RogerM.W.Musson,The comparison of macroseismic intensity scales,Annali di geofisica,1995.
[44] Hamidreza Ramazi and Reza Haghani,New criteria for an intensity scale in iran and surrounding countries,Seismological research letters Volume78,Number4 July/August 2007.
[45] Diego Molin,Considerations on assessment of macroseismic intensity, Annali di geofisica,1995.
[46] Y.Hisada and K.Meguro,Estimation of Macroseismic Intensity, Estimation of Macroseismic Intensity,56-63.
[47] David J.Wald,“Did you feel it?”Intensity Data:A Surprisingly good measure of earthquake ground motion, Seismological research letters Volume78,Number3 July/August 2007.
[48] Hanks, T. C., and H. Kanamori (1979). A moment magnitude scale[J], J.Geophys. Res. 84, 2348–2350.
[49] W.Medvedev,W.Sponheuer and V.Karnik,Seismic Intensity Scale Version MSK1964[J].1965,(1-7)