黑龙江森工国有林区贫困评价研究
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摘要
国有林区是我国最重要的木材生产基地,自开发建设以来不仅为国家经济建设做出了突出的贡献,而且在保护生态环境、保护生物多样性、维护少数民族地区稳定和发展方面也发挥着不可替代的作用。但是,由于长期推行以木材生产为主的经济发展模式,经过半个多世纪的开发,国有林区林木资源遭到严重破坏。上世纪80年代末起,国有林区陷入“两危”境地,森工企业严重亏损、职工收入低、社会基础设施落后成为我国国有林区普遍存在的问题。国有林区的贫困不仅会破坏生态环境、影响社会稳定,也会影响我国全面建设小康社会的进程。黑龙江森工国有林区是我国面积最大的国有林区,其贫困问题在我国国有林区中具有代表性,本文的研究旨在解决黑龙江森工国有林区贫困问题,同时,为我国其他国有林区的反贫困提供借鉴。
首先,通过对黑龙江森工国有林区的林业产业产值、林业产业产值增长率、林业产业结构、职工工资的发展现状分析,说明黑龙江森工国有林区存在林业产业发展落后、职工收入过低等问题。然后建立一套国有林区贫困评价指标体系,从经济发展、森工企业的经济效益、社会发展三方面评价黑龙江森工国有林区贫困问题。黑龙江森工国有林区的贫困评价包括宏观区域贫困评价和微观区域贫困评价两个部分。宏观区域贫困评价包括：1999-2009年黑龙江森工国有林区按时间序列的贫困评价及其与全国国有林区平均贫困水平的比较；及1999-2009年黑龙江森工国有林区与吉林、内蒙古、大兴安岭重点国有林区贫困水平的比较。宏观区域贫困评价结果表明：尽管1999-2009年黑龙江森工国有林区的绝对贫困状况有所缓解,但其一直是我国国有林区中的贫困林区,并且在四大国有林区中也是比较贫困的。微观区域贫困评价选取2009年数据为样本,对黑龙江森工国有林区辖属的40个林业局进行评价,并将评价结果做聚类分析。根据聚类结果,40个林业局被分成五类,分别归属于黑龙江森工国有林区中的重度贫困型、中度贫困型、轻度贫困型、脱贫型和富裕型。对各林业局的贫困程度的全面掌握,是黑龙江森工国有林区反贫困研究的基础和依据。
由于各林业局在贫困程度、贫困原因上存在明显差异,林业局贫困往往是多种原因综合作用的结果。因此,无论是某个林业局靠单一的模式脱贫、还是以单一模式解决某个甚至几个林业局的贫困问题都是不现实的。为了使黑龙江森工国有林区摆脱贫困,并最终实现“民富、企强、林兴”的总体目标,本文提出了林产加工产业集群模式、林产品加工模式、畜牧养殖业模式、北药产业模式、森林旅游模式、生态移民模式、风电产业模式等7种反贫困模式。并根据每个林业局的现实基础,将7种反贫困模式在40个林业局之间进行适配。为了保证反贫困模式能够取得预期效果,从宏观和微观层面给出建议,宏观层面的建议主要包括加大对林区的财政支付、改善林区投资环境、发展林区教育等方面的措施；微观层面建议主要包括加强基础设施建设、积极培育龙头企业、重视企业技术创新、发展林业合作经济组织、提高产品的品牌附加值、建立“生态移民”补偿制度、建立有效的风能价格和税收政策等方面的措施。只有宏观和微观建议相互协调、配合实施,反贫困模式才能取得预期效果,各林业局的贫困状况才能得到改观。只有各个林业局的贫困状况得到改善,黑龙江森工国有林区的贫困问题才能从根本上得以解决。
State-owned forest regions are the most important timber production bases in China, which not only have made prominent contributes to the national economic construction, but also play unsubstitutable functions in protecting the biological environment, keeping the biologic diversity, miantaining the stability and development of minority regions. While because the economic development mode which is mainly focused on timber production has been applied in long term, after near half a century's development, the timber resources of state-owned forest regions have been greatly destroyed. Since the end of1980s', the two dangerous problems have appeared in state-owned forest regions in China. Badly losses of forest industry enterprises, the low income of employees and laging behind in social infrastructure development have become the common problems faced by the state-owned forest regions. The poverty of state-owned forest regions will not only destroy the biological enviorment, affect the social stability, but also counteract the process of overall construction of well-off society in China. State-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region is the largest state-owned forestry region in China, whose poverty problem has representativeness during the Chinese state-owned forest regions. The dissertation will solve the poverty problems of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region, and meanwhile will provide references for other state-owned forest regions'anti-poverty in China.
First of all, through the analysis of forestry industrial production value, the growth rate of forestry industrial production value, structure of forestry industry and income of employees, it is shown that the forest industry is lagged behind, and the income of employee is quite low in state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region. Then an evaluation index system of state-owned forest regions is established, the poverty of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region is evaluated from three aspects, namely economy development, forestry enterprises' economic benefit and society development. The evaluation of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region's poverty can be divided into two parts, macro-area poverty evaluation and micro-area poverty evaluation. Macro-area poverty evaluation including two parts, the time serial poverty evaluation of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region and its comparasion with the average level of Chinese state-owned forest regions from1999to2009, and the poverty level comparison between state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region and Jinlin, Inner-Mongolia, Daxinganling state-owned forest regions. The macro-area poverty evaluation shows that although the absolute poverty of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region had been alleviated form1999to2009, it is still the impoverished state-owned forestry region among the four main state-owned forest regions. The poverty evaluation of micro-area, taking data of the year2009as the example, makes poverty evaluation of40forestry bureaus affiliated with state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region, and using the evaluation results, the clustering analysis is made. According to the result of clustering analysis, the40forestry bureaus are divided into5types, including heavily poverty type, medium poverty type, lightly poverty type, escape from poverty type and well-off type. The understanding of forestry bureaus'poverty degree is the basis and foundation for the anti-poverty research of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region.
Because there are obvious differences in the poverty degree and poverty causes among the forestry bureaus, and the poverty itself is an phenomena caused by the multi-factors, so it is not realistic to use a single anti-poverty pattern in a forestry bureau, or to use a single anti-poverty pattern to solve the poverty problem of several forestry bureaus. In order to solve the poverty of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region, to realize the overall objective, which is blossom development of forestry industry, affluence of people in forestry region and great competence of enterprises, seven anti-poverty patterns are put forward, including forestry processing industry cluster pattern, forestry products processing pattern, stock raising pattern, north pharmaceutical industrial pattern, wind power electricity pattern, emigration pattern and forestry toursim pattern. According to the poverty degree and industrial basis of every forestry bureaus, the matching is made among the seven anti-poverty patterns and40forestry bureaus. In order to realize the anti-poverty effect of these patterns, macro-level and micro-level suggestions are put forward. The macro-level suggestions are increasing the transfer payment of forest regions, improving the investment environment of forest regions, and developing the education of forest regions. The micro-level suggestions are strengthening the construction of infrastructure, actively fostering the leading enterprises, emphasizing the technologic innovation of the enterprises, developing the forestry cooperative orgnizations, building the compansation mechanism of biological emigration, improving the brand added value of products and establishing an effective price and revenue policy of wind power. Only when macro-suggestions and micro-suggestions are corresponded and cooperated, the anti-poverty patterns can achieve the prospected effect, the poverty situation of40forestry bureaus can be improved. Only when the40forestry bureaus all get rid of poverty, the poverty problem of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region can be finally solved.
首先,通过对黑龙江森工国有林区的林业产业产值、林业产业产值增长率、林业产业结构、职工工资的发展现状分析,说明黑龙江森工国有林区存在林业产业发展落后、职工收入过低等问题。然后建立一套国有林区贫困评价指标体系,从经济发展、森工企业的经济效益、社会发展三方面评价黑龙江森工国有林区贫困问题。黑龙江森工国有林区的贫困评价包括宏观区域贫困评价和微观区域贫困评价两个部分。宏观区域贫困评价包括：1999-2009年黑龙江森工国有林区按时间序列的贫困评价及其与全国国有林区平均贫困水平的比较；及1999-2009年黑龙江森工国有林区与吉林、内蒙古、大兴安岭重点国有林区贫困水平的比较。宏观区域贫困评价结果表明：尽管1999-2009年黑龙江森工国有林区的绝对贫困状况有所缓解,但其一直是我国国有林区中的贫困林区,并且在四大国有林区中也是比较贫困的。微观区域贫困评价选取2009年数据为样本,对黑龙江森工国有林区辖属的40个林业局进行评价,并将评价结果做聚类分析。根据聚类结果,40个林业局被分成五类,分别归属于黑龙江森工国有林区中的重度贫困型、中度贫困型、轻度贫困型、脱贫型和富裕型。对各林业局的贫困程度的全面掌握,是黑龙江森工国有林区反贫困研究的基础和依据。
由于各林业局在贫困程度、贫困原因上存在明显差异,林业局贫困往往是多种原因综合作用的结果。因此,无论是某个林业局靠单一的模式脱贫、还是以单一模式解决某个甚至几个林业局的贫困问题都是不现实的。为了使黑龙江森工国有林区摆脱贫困,并最终实现“民富、企强、林兴”的总体目标,本文提出了林产加工产业集群模式、林产品加工模式、畜牧养殖业模式、北药产业模式、森林旅游模式、生态移民模式、风电产业模式等7种反贫困模式。并根据每个林业局的现实基础,将7种反贫困模式在40个林业局之间进行适配。为了保证反贫困模式能够取得预期效果,从宏观和微观层面给出建议,宏观层面的建议主要包括加大对林区的财政支付、改善林区投资环境、发展林区教育等方面的措施；微观层面建议主要包括加强基础设施建设、积极培育龙头企业、重视企业技术创新、发展林业合作经济组织、提高产品的品牌附加值、建立“生态移民”补偿制度、建立有效的风能价格和税收政策等方面的措施。只有宏观和微观建议相互协调、配合实施,反贫困模式才能取得预期效果,各林业局的贫困状况才能得到改观。只有各个林业局的贫困状况得到改善,黑龙江森工国有林区的贫困问题才能从根本上得以解决。
State-owned forest regions are the most important timber production bases in China, which not only have made prominent contributes to the national economic construction, but also play unsubstitutable functions in protecting the biological environment, keeping the biologic diversity, miantaining the stability and development of minority regions. While because the economic development mode which is mainly focused on timber production has been applied in long term, after near half a century's development, the timber resources of state-owned forest regions have been greatly destroyed. Since the end of1980s', the two dangerous problems have appeared in state-owned forest regions in China. Badly losses of forest industry enterprises, the low income of employees and laging behind in social infrastructure development have become the common problems faced by the state-owned forest regions. The poverty of state-owned forest regions will not only destroy the biological enviorment, affect the social stability, but also counteract the process of overall construction of well-off society in China. State-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region is the largest state-owned forestry region in China, whose poverty problem has representativeness during the Chinese state-owned forest regions. The dissertation will solve the poverty problems of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region, and meanwhile will provide references for other state-owned forest regions'anti-poverty in China.
First of all, through the analysis of forestry industrial production value, the growth rate of forestry industrial production value, structure of forestry industry and income of employees, it is shown that the forest industry is lagged behind, and the income of employee is quite low in state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region. Then an evaluation index system of state-owned forest regions is established, the poverty of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region is evaluated from three aspects, namely economy development, forestry enterprises' economic benefit and society development. The evaluation of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region's poverty can be divided into two parts, macro-area poverty evaluation and micro-area poverty evaluation. Macro-area poverty evaluation including two parts, the time serial poverty evaluation of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region and its comparasion with the average level of Chinese state-owned forest regions from1999to2009, and the poverty level comparison between state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region and Jinlin, Inner-Mongolia, Daxinganling state-owned forest regions. The macro-area poverty evaluation shows that although the absolute poverty of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region had been alleviated form1999to2009, it is still the impoverished state-owned forestry region among the four main state-owned forest regions. The poverty evaluation of micro-area, taking data of the year2009as the example, makes poverty evaluation of40forestry bureaus affiliated with state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region, and using the evaluation results, the clustering analysis is made. According to the result of clustering analysis, the40forestry bureaus are divided into5types, including heavily poverty type, medium poverty type, lightly poverty type, escape from poverty type and well-off type. The understanding of forestry bureaus'poverty degree is the basis and foundation for the anti-poverty research of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region.
Because there are obvious differences in the poverty degree and poverty causes among the forestry bureaus, and the poverty itself is an phenomena caused by the multi-factors, so it is not realistic to use a single anti-poverty pattern in a forestry bureau, or to use a single anti-poverty pattern to solve the poverty problem of several forestry bureaus. In order to solve the poverty of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region, to realize the overall objective, which is blossom development of forestry industry, affluence of people in forestry region and great competence of enterprises, seven anti-poverty patterns are put forward, including forestry processing industry cluster pattern, forestry products processing pattern, stock raising pattern, north pharmaceutical industrial pattern, wind power electricity pattern, emigration pattern and forestry toursim pattern. According to the poverty degree and industrial basis of every forestry bureaus, the matching is made among the seven anti-poverty patterns and40forestry bureaus. In order to realize the anti-poverty effect of these patterns, macro-level and micro-level suggestions are put forward. The macro-level suggestions are increasing the transfer payment of forest regions, improving the investment environment of forest regions, and developing the education of forest regions. The micro-level suggestions are strengthening the construction of infrastructure, actively fostering the leading enterprises, emphasizing the technologic innovation of the enterprises, developing the forestry cooperative orgnizations, building the compansation mechanism of biological emigration, improving the brand added value of products and establishing an effective price and revenue policy of wind power. Only when macro-suggestions and micro-suggestions are corresponded and cooperated, the anti-poverty patterns can achieve the prospected effect, the poverty situation of40forestry bureaus can be improved. Only when the40forestry bureaus all get rid of poverty, the poverty problem of state-owned Heilongjiang forest industry region can be finally solved.
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