海上保险法中保证法律制度研究
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摘要
保证理论是英美保险法中的重要理论之一,保证条款是保险合同的基本内容,被保险人违反保证义务将直接导致保险合同终止。保证条款也是最大诚信原则在保险法中的具体体现,实践中对于控制保险风险具有重要作用。但是在我国保险法中,仅有《海商法》对此作出明文规定,其重要性更未明确体现于我国《保险法》对一般保险合同的规定中。很明显,保证理论在我国的保险立法及实践中有待得到进一步深化。
本文在介绍了海上保险法中保证制度的渊源、理论基础的前提下着重分析了英美法系保证制度的内容,理论上分析了保证制度的合理与不合理之处。其核心之处在于通过深入分析保证的法律性质,提出合理的违反保证的判断标准及违反保证的法律后果。回答了采用何种规则才能使保证制度更具有公平性,更好地平衡保险人与被保险人之间利益这一问题。文章旨在通过借鉴英美等国的保证制度,针对我国海上保险保证制度的缺陷,结合我国海上保险市场的发展状况,在吸取各国改革的经验教训的基础上提出完善我国海上保险法之保证制度的方法。
本文通过研究认为,保证制度在我国海上保险法中仍应存在。在建立和完善我国海上保险法的保证制度的过程中,笔者建议从以下几个方面来实现。(一)应在《海商法》中以定义方式明确规定保证的法律性质并明确区分确认性保证和允诺性保证。(二)我国海商法中不宜规定默示保证。(三)我国应明确规定保证的构成要件,这样有利于法院在审理案件中对此类条款的认定,也有利于被保险人对此类条款的识别和履行。(四)我国应明确规定判断是否违反保证的标准并进一步明确违反保证的法律后果。(五)在现阶段,有必要规定保险人对保证条款的解释说明义务。
Warranty is one of the most important theories in marine insurance in U.K. and U.S.. Warranty clauses are the basic content in marine insurance contracts. If the assureds breach these clauses, the insurance contracts may be terminated.Warranty clauses are also the outcome of the application of the doctrine of utmost good faith in marine insurance. It has great effect on the insurer to control the risk. However, the insurance law in our country has not stipulated anything about it, only the China Maritime Code has mentioned it. Its importance has not been embodied in Insurance Law to regulate general insurance contracts.
The thesis introduces the origin and theory basis of warranty, then analyses the rationality and irrationality of the system. The focus is to analyse the nature of warranty in order to advance reasonable standard of performance and consequences for its breach.The thesis answers how to make the system of warranty more fair for the benefit of both the insurers and the asureds.This thesis uses the warranty system in U.K and U.S as reference. Aiming at the defects in the warranty system in marine insurance in our country, considering the current circumstances in the marine insurance market in our country and realizing the reform experience in other countries, the thesis brings about the way to make the warranty system in marine insurance in our country better.
Based on the research work, it is advisable that the warranty system should be remained in the law of marine insurance in our country. There are several suggestions to build up and improve the warranty system in our country: First, the nature of the warranty clause and the category of warranty should be made clear by definition in China Maritime Code. Secondly, there is no need to stipulate implied warranty in our country. Thirdly, the element of warranty should be stipulated in the Code to make it easier for the judge to recogonize the clause when hearing the case and it will make it more easier for the assured to pick them out and act according to the standard of performance. Fourthly, the Code should stipulate the standard for breach of warranty and the legal consequence for its breach. Fifthly, at this stage, it is necessary to impose duty on the insurer to explain the warranty clause to the assured.
本文在介绍了海上保险法中保证制度的渊源、理论基础的前提下着重分析了英美法系保证制度的内容,理论上分析了保证制度的合理与不合理之处。其核心之处在于通过深入分析保证的法律性质,提出合理的违反保证的判断标准及违反保证的法律后果。回答了采用何种规则才能使保证制度更具有公平性,更好地平衡保险人与被保险人之间利益这一问题。文章旨在通过借鉴英美等国的保证制度,针对我国海上保险保证制度的缺陷,结合我国海上保险市场的发展状况,在吸取各国改革的经验教训的基础上提出完善我国海上保险法之保证制度的方法。
本文通过研究认为,保证制度在我国海上保险法中仍应存在。在建立和完善我国海上保险法的保证制度的过程中,笔者建议从以下几个方面来实现。(一)应在《海商法》中以定义方式明确规定保证的法律性质并明确区分确认性保证和允诺性保证。(二)我国海商法中不宜规定默示保证。(三)我国应明确规定保证的构成要件,这样有利于法院在审理案件中对此类条款的认定,也有利于被保险人对此类条款的识别和履行。(四)我国应明确规定判断是否违反保证的标准并进一步明确违反保证的法律后果。(五)在现阶段,有必要规定保险人对保证条款的解释说明义务。
Warranty is one of the most important theories in marine insurance in U.K. and U.S.. Warranty clauses are the basic content in marine insurance contracts. If the assureds breach these clauses, the insurance contracts may be terminated.Warranty clauses are also the outcome of the application of the doctrine of utmost good faith in marine insurance. It has great effect on the insurer to control the risk. However, the insurance law in our country has not stipulated anything about it, only the China Maritime Code has mentioned it. Its importance has not been embodied in Insurance Law to regulate general insurance contracts.
The thesis introduces the origin and theory basis of warranty, then analyses the rationality and irrationality of the system. The focus is to analyse the nature of warranty in order to advance reasonable standard of performance and consequences for its breach.The thesis answers how to make the system of warranty more fair for the benefit of both the insurers and the asureds.This thesis uses the warranty system in U.K and U.S as reference. Aiming at the defects in the warranty system in marine insurance in our country, considering the current circumstances in the marine insurance market in our country and realizing the reform experience in other countries, the thesis brings about the way to make the warranty system in marine insurance in our country better.
Based on the research work, it is advisable that the warranty system should be remained in the law of marine insurance in our country. There are several suggestions to build up and improve the warranty system in our country: First, the nature of the warranty clause and the category of warranty should be made clear by definition in China Maritime Code. Secondly, there is no need to stipulate implied warranty in our country. Thirdly, the element of warranty should be stipulated in the Code to make it easier for the judge to recogonize the clause when hearing the case and it will make it more easier for the assured to pick them out and act according to the standard of performance. Fourthly, the Code should stipulate the standard for breach of warranty and the legal consequence for its breach. Fifthly, at this stage, it is necessary to impose duty on the insurer to explain the warranty clause to the assured.
引文
5英国1906年海上保险法《MIA1906》第33条。
6李玉泉.《保险法》(第二版).法律出版社.2003年8月第1版:第66页;陈欣.《保险法》.北京大学出版社,2000年9月第1版:第73页。
7张弦.《最大诚信原则法律意义之探讨.载《北京市经济管理干部学院学报》第17卷第1期。
8[1996]1 Lloyd's Rep.627.
12Malcom A.Clarke著.何美欢、吴志攀等译.《保险合同法》.北京大学出版社2002年5月版:第526页。
13参见杨良宜著.《国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法》.北京:中国政法大学出版社1998年2月版,第272-273页。
24Marc A.Huybrechts著.李民、王天璇、郑璐璐译.《中英海上保险法的保证制度》.载《中国海商法年刊》第11卷,2000年:第153页.
29Draft Marine Insurance Act.at http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/shiplaw/marins.htm,Septmeber 15,2002.
30E.博登海默.邓正来译.《法理学 法律哲学与法律方法》.中国政法大学出版社1999年版,第318页.
31The Australian Law Reform Commission.The Australian review of the Australian Marine Insurance Act 1909.see www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/alrc/publications/reports 91.
32郑蕾.《如何认识海上保险中的保证》.载《中国海商法年刊》第8卷,第221页。
33张贤伟.《论海上保险中的保证》.载《中国海商法年刊》第8卷,第209页。
[1]司玉琢主编.《国际海事立法趋势及对策研究》.北京:法律出版社.2002.
[2]李玉泉.《保险法》.北京:法律出版社.1997.
[3]杨良宜,汪鹏南.《英国海上保险条款详论》.大连:大连海事大学出版社.1995.
[4]汪鹏南.《海上保险合同法详论》.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2003
[5]汪淮江.《海上保险法律与实务》.北京:人民交通出版社.1997.
[6]李玉泉.论海上保险法中的“保证”制度.中国海商法年刊.2005,第15卷:1-21.
[7]王欣.论违反海上 保险合同中的保证的法律后果.中国海商法年刊.2001,第12卷:65-73.
[8]汪鹏南.对我国海上保险法的思考与展望.中国海商法年刊.2003,第14卷:199-214.
[9]李民,王天璇,郑璐路译.Marc A.HUYBRECHTS著.中英海上保险法中的保证制度.中国海商法年刊.2000,第11卷:146-155.
[10]刘超,项冠冠.海上保险的保证制度——生存还是灭亡?.财经界.2006:23—24.
[11]李欣.论保险合同中的保证条款.保险研究.2004,第三期:52—54.
[12]张贤伟,吕越瑾,吴传红.论海上保险中的保证.中国海商法年刊.1997.第8卷.200-214.
[13]于华钦,熊勇.完善我国海商法中保证制度的思考.政法论从.2005:75-76.
[14]沈豪亨.我国海上保险中的保证和违反保证时的法律后果.珠江水运.2005:36-38.
[15]Clarke,Malcolm.Breach of warranty in the law of insurance.L.M.C.L.Q..1991:437-441.
[16]Clarke,Malcolm.The nature of warranty in contracts of insurance.Cambridge Law Journal.1991:393-394
[17]Clarke,Malcolm.Aggravation of risk during the insurance period.L.M.C.L.Q.2003:109-124.
[18]Griggs,Patrick.Coverage,warranties,concealment,disclosure,exclusions,misrepresentations,and bad faith.Tulane Law Review.1991,66:423-435.
[19]Hare,John.The omnipotent warranty:England v the world.a paper presented at the International Marine Insurance Conference,Antwerp,1991.
[20]Hird,Norma J.Warranties--better in the future.J.B.L.1996,Jul:404-411.
[21]Merkin,Robert.Insurance law and the Law Commission.L.M.C.L.Q..1981:347-358.
[22]Schoenbaum,Thomas J.Warranties in the law of marine insurance:some suggestions for reform of English and American law.Tulane Maritime Law Journal.(1999),23:267-315.
[23] Staring, Graydon S. Harmonization of warranties and conditions: study and proposals, a paper prepared for the CMI International Working Group on Marine Insurance, April 2003.
[24] Tester, Stephen. The use and limitation of warranties in insurance contracts under English law. International Insurance Law Review. 1994,2(9): 344-348.
6李玉泉.《保险法》(第二版).法律出版社.2003年8月第1版:第66页;陈欣.《保险法》.北京大学出版社,2000年9月第1版:第73页。
7张弦.《最大诚信原则法律意义之探讨.载《北京市经济管理干部学院学报》第17卷第1期。
8[1996]1 Lloyd's Rep.627.
12Malcom A.Clarke著.何美欢、吴志攀等译.《保险合同法》.北京大学出版社2002年5月版:第526页。
13参见杨良宜著.《国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法》.北京:中国政法大学出版社1998年2月版,第272-273页。
24Marc A.Huybrechts著.李民、王天璇、郑璐璐译.《中英海上保险法的保证制度》.载《中国海商法年刊》第11卷,2000年:第153页.
29Draft Marine Insurance Act.at http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/shiplaw/marins.htm,Septmeber 15,2002.
30E.博登海默.邓正来译.《法理学 法律哲学与法律方法》.中国政法大学出版社1999年版,第318页.
31The Australian Law Reform Commission.The Australian review of the Australian Marine Insurance Act 1909.see www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/alrc/publications/reports 91.
32郑蕾.《如何认识海上保险中的保证》.载《中国海商法年刊》第8卷,第221页。
33张贤伟.《论海上保险中的保证》.载《中国海商法年刊》第8卷,第209页。
[1]司玉琢主编.《国际海事立法趋势及对策研究》.北京:法律出版社.2002.
[2]李玉泉.《保险法》.北京:法律出版社.1997.
[3]杨良宜,汪鹏南.《英国海上保险条款详论》.大连:大连海事大学出版社.1995.
[4]汪鹏南.《海上保险合同法详论》.大连:大连海事大学出版社.2003
[5]汪淮江.《海上保险法律与实务》.北京:人民交通出版社.1997.
[6]李玉泉.论海上保险法中的“保证”制度.中国海商法年刊.2005,第15卷:1-21.
[7]王欣.论违反海上 保险合同中的保证的法律后果.中国海商法年刊.2001,第12卷:65-73.
[8]汪鹏南.对我国海上保险法的思考与展望.中国海商法年刊.2003,第14卷:199-214.
[9]李民,王天璇,郑璐路译.Marc A.HUYBRECHTS著.中英海上保险法中的保证制度.中国海商法年刊.2000,第11卷:146-155.
[10]刘超,项冠冠.海上保险的保证制度——生存还是灭亡?.财经界.2006:23—24.
[11]李欣.论保险合同中的保证条款.保险研究.2004,第三期:52—54.
[12]张贤伟,吕越瑾,吴传红.论海上保险中的保证.中国海商法年刊.1997.第8卷.200-214.
[13]于华钦,熊勇.完善我国海商法中保证制度的思考.政法论从.2005:75-76.
[14]沈豪亨.我国海上保险中的保证和违反保证时的法律后果.珠江水运.2005:36-38.
[15]Clarke,Malcolm.Breach of warranty in the law of insurance.L.M.C.L.Q..1991:437-441.
[16]Clarke,Malcolm.The nature of warranty in contracts of insurance.Cambridge Law Journal.1991:393-394
[17]Clarke,Malcolm.Aggravation of risk during the insurance period.L.M.C.L.Q.2003:109-124.
[18]Griggs,Patrick.Coverage,warranties,concealment,disclosure,exclusions,misrepresentations,and bad faith.Tulane Law Review.1991,66:423-435.
[19]Hare,John.The omnipotent warranty:England v the world.a paper presented at the International Marine Insurance Conference,Antwerp,1991.
[20]Hird,Norma J.Warranties--better in the future.J.B.L.1996,Jul:404-411.
[21]Merkin,Robert.Insurance law and the Law Commission.L.M.C.L.Q..1981:347-358.
[22]Schoenbaum,Thomas J.Warranties in the law of marine insurance:some suggestions for reform of English and American law.Tulane Maritime Law Journal.(1999),23:267-315.
[23] Staring, Graydon S. Harmonization of warranties and conditions: study and proposals, a paper prepared for the CMI International Working Group on Marine Insurance, April 2003.
[24] Tester, Stephen. The use and limitation of warranties in insurance contracts under English law. International Insurance Law Review. 1994,2(9): 344-348.