粉煤密相气力输送的流型与管线内压力信号关系的研究
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摘要
粉煤密相气力输送广泛应用于干煤粉加压气流床气化技术中,但低气速容易引起管路中粉煤不稳定流动,甚至堵塞管道,会严重影响气化炉运行的效率和安全性。粉煤密相气力输送属于非线性复杂系统,目前还没有比较完善的理论模型进行预测和操作优化。气力输送的管线压力信号包含丰富的粉煤流动信息,能够展示管中粉煤流型,反映输送稳定程度。利用各种信号处理方法分析压力信号,客观的识别出管中流型,对粉煤气力输送的机理研究以及预测、控制粉煤稳定流动都具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要研究工作如下：
1.以管线压力的波动幅度表征粉煤流动稳定程度,展示不同补气方式对粉煤输送稳定性的影响。结果表明调节气和流化气有利于粉煤稳定流动,而加压气会降低粉煤流动的稳定性；粉煤输送稳定性与流型密切相关。气栓流,沙丘流和栓塞流是不稳定流型,而柱塞流,环状流和分层流是稳定流型。实验表明影响粉煤流动不稳定的主要因素是给料罐压力的波动,给料罐内粉煤流化状态不良以及管中气速较低。在给料罐压力相对稳定和通气良好的条件下,通过无量纲参数Fr建立粉煤流动稳定性判据,揭示管中气速与流动稳定性的关系。在实验过程中,还发现三类堵塞现象,并给出这三类堵塞形成的机理,提出简化模型预测粉煤流动的临界堵塞速度。
2.通过实验手段研究不同载气(C02,N2)对粉煤密相气力输送特性(相图、压降模型、压力波动特性和流型)的影响。实验表明给料罐压力较高时,CO2和N2载气的输送特性差异不明显；而给料罐压力较低时,CO2和N2载气的输送特性差异显著。这是因为不同载气(CO2,N2)在粉煤中渗透气性与输送压力(给料罐压力)有关。引入渗透性系数表征不同载气与粉煤相互作用的影响,导出预测不同载气输送粉煤的经济气速和管线压降的公式。管线压力波动特性表明CO2载气输送粉煤的稳定性低于N2载气输送粉煤的稳定性,但是差异不显著。ECT检测结果也表明CO2载气的粉煤流型与N2载气的粉煤流型相类似。
3.在粉煤密相气力输送的实验中,借助电容层析成像(ECT)系统检测管径20mm与50mm的水平管流型以及管径20mm的竖直上升管流型。结果发现水平管流型有气栓流,柱塞流,栓塞流,沙丘流和分层流；竖直上升管流型有气栓流,柱塞流,栓塞流,环状流。管径越大,水平管的分层流动特征越明显。通过两个无量纲参数雷诺数和阿基米德数的关系建立预测流型及其相互过渡的经验公式。
4.利用各种信号处理方法(标准差、平均循环频率、功率谱密度函数、小波和混沌)提取压力信号的特征值,建立压力信号的特征值与流型之间关联。结果表明标准差和功率谱函数这两种方法简单,能够较好的展示流型的波动特性；而小波和混沌分析,方法复杂,但分别揭示了不同尺度的粉煤流动特性以及粉煤流动的混沌特性。
Dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal has been applied widely in dry coal feeding entrained-flow pressured gasification. However, lower gas velocity easily causes unsteady flow and even leads to blockage of pipe, which influences the efficiency and operation safety of gasifier. The dense-phase conveying is a complicated nonlinear system which is hard to be predicted and optimized without an accurate theoretical model. Pressure signals contain abundant information on flow, reflecting flow patterns and flow stability of pulverized coal. The pressure signals were analyzed using various signal processing methods to objectively identify flow patterns and obtain conveying mechanism for basic research of the conveying and industrial application. The main research contents are as followings:
1. The different modes of aeration had an impact on flow stability which was represented through fluctuation amplitude of pressure signals. The results indicated that supplemental gas and fluidizing gas could make the flow steady, while pressurizing gas may cause instability of the flow. The flow patterns were closely related with flow stability. Gas grap flow, dune flow and slug flow were unsteady, but plug flow, annular flow and stratified flow were steady. The experiments indicated that the main influence on flow instability originated from pressure fluctuations of the feeding vessel, bad fluidization condition of pulverized coal and lower gas velocity in the pipeline. Under the condition of the steady pressure and good aeration, the criterion of flow stability was established through non-dimensional parameter Fr, which reflected the relationship between flow stability and gas velocity. The three types of blockage were found in the experiments and a simple model was proposed to predict the critical gas velocity.
2. Experiments were carried out to research the conveying characteristics (phase diagrams, pressure drop models, pressure fluctuations and flow patterns) of pulverized coal using CO2and N2as carrier gas. The experimental results indicated that the conveying characteristics were basically the same for CO2and N2at larger pressure of the feeding vessel, while there were significant differences in the conveying characteristics between CO2and N2at lower pressure of the feeding vessel. This is because the permeability of CO2and N2in pulverized coal is related to the pressure of the feeding vessel. The permeability coefficient was introduced to establish the unified formulas for CO2and N2, predicting economic gas velocity and pressure drop. The pressure fluctuations indicated that the flow stability for CO2was lower than that for N2, but their difference was not obvious. The ECT results also revealed that the flow patterns were similar for CO2and N2.
3. Electric Capacity Tomography (ECT) was used to help us to observe flow patterns in horizontal pipes of20mm and50mm diameter and a vertical pipe of20mm diameter. There are gas grap flow, plug flow, slug flow, dune flow and stratified flow in the horizontal pipe, while flow patterns in the vertical pipe are gas grap flow, plug flow, slug flow and annular flow. The characteristics of stratified flow are more obvious at larger pipe. The empirical formulas were established to predict flow patterns and their transitions through the relationship between the Ar and the Re.
4. Characteristic values of pressure signals were extracted using different signal processing methods (Standard Deviation, Averaged Cycle Frequency, Power Spectrum Density, Wavelet and Chaos Analysis) for correlating the fluctuations to the flow patterns. The result indicated that Standard Deviation (SD) and Power Spectrum Density (PSD) as simple methods presented fluctuation characteristics of the flow pattens. Wavelet and Chaos Analysis were complicated, but they respectively revealed flow characteristics in different scales and chaotic characteristics of pulverized coal flow.
1.以管线压力的波动幅度表征粉煤流动稳定程度,展示不同补气方式对粉煤输送稳定性的影响。结果表明调节气和流化气有利于粉煤稳定流动,而加压气会降低粉煤流动的稳定性；粉煤输送稳定性与流型密切相关。气栓流,沙丘流和栓塞流是不稳定流型,而柱塞流,环状流和分层流是稳定流型。实验表明影响粉煤流动不稳定的主要因素是给料罐压力的波动,给料罐内粉煤流化状态不良以及管中气速较低。在给料罐压力相对稳定和通气良好的条件下,通过无量纲参数Fr建立粉煤流动稳定性判据,揭示管中气速与流动稳定性的关系。在实验过程中,还发现三类堵塞现象,并给出这三类堵塞形成的机理,提出简化模型预测粉煤流动的临界堵塞速度。
2.通过实验手段研究不同载气(C02,N2)对粉煤密相气力输送特性(相图、压降模型、压力波动特性和流型)的影响。实验表明给料罐压力较高时,CO2和N2载气的输送特性差异不明显；而给料罐压力较低时,CO2和N2载气的输送特性差异显著。这是因为不同载气(CO2,N2)在粉煤中渗透气性与输送压力(给料罐压力)有关。引入渗透性系数表征不同载气与粉煤相互作用的影响,导出预测不同载气输送粉煤的经济气速和管线压降的公式。管线压力波动特性表明CO2载气输送粉煤的稳定性低于N2载气输送粉煤的稳定性,但是差异不显著。ECT检测结果也表明CO2载气的粉煤流型与N2载气的粉煤流型相类似。
3.在粉煤密相气力输送的实验中,借助电容层析成像(ECT)系统检测管径20mm与50mm的水平管流型以及管径20mm的竖直上升管流型。结果发现水平管流型有气栓流,柱塞流,栓塞流,沙丘流和分层流；竖直上升管流型有气栓流,柱塞流,栓塞流,环状流。管径越大,水平管的分层流动特征越明显。通过两个无量纲参数雷诺数和阿基米德数的关系建立预测流型及其相互过渡的经验公式。
4.利用各种信号处理方法(标准差、平均循环频率、功率谱密度函数、小波和混沌)提取压力信号的特征值,建立压力信号的特征值与流型之间关联。结果表明标准差和功率谱函数这两种方法简单,能够较好的展示流型的波动特性；而小波和混沌分析,方法复杂,但分别揭示了不同尺度的粉煤流动特性以及粉煤流动的混沌特性。
Dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal has been applied widely in dry coal feeding entrained-flow pressured gasification. However, lower gas velocity easily causes unsteady flow and even leads to blockage of pipe, which influences the efficiency and operation safety of gasifier. The dense-phase conveying is a complicated nonlinear system which is hard to be predicted and optimized without an accurate theoretical model. Pressure signals contain abundant information on flow, reflecting flow patterns and flow stability of pulverized coal. The pressure signals were analyzed using various signal processing methods to objectively identify flow patterns and obtain conveying mechanism for basic research of the conveying and industrial application. The main research contents are as followings:
1. The different modes of aeration had an impact on flow stability which was represented through fluctuation amplitude of pressure signals. The results indicated that supplemental gas and fluidizing gas could make the flow steady, while pressurizing gas may cause instability of the flow. The flow patterns were closely related with flow stability. Gas grap flow, dune flow and slug flow were unsteady, but plug flow, annular flow and stratified flow were steady. The experiments indicated that the main influence on flow instability originated from pressure fluctuations of the feeding vessel, bad fluidization condition of pulverized coal and lower gas velocity in the pipeline. Under the condition of the steady pressure and good aeration, the criterion of flow stability was established through non-dimensional parameter Fr, which reflected the relationship between flow stability and gas velocity. The three types of blockage were found in the experiments and a simple model was proposed to predict the critical gas velocity.
2. Experiments were carried out to research the conveying characteristics (phase diagrams, pressure drop models, pressure fluctuations and flow patterns) of pulverized coal using CO2and N2as carrier gas. The experimental results indicated that the conveying characteristics were basically the same for CO2and N2at larger pressure of the feeding vessel, while there were significant differences in the conveying characteristics between CO2and N2at lower pressure of the feeding vessel. This is because the permeability of CO2and N2in pulverized coal is related to the pressure of the feeding vessel. The permeability coefficient was introduced to establish the unified formulas for CO2and N2, predicting economic gas velocity and pressure drop. The pressure fluctuations indicated that the flow stability for CO2was lower than that for N2, but their difference was not obvious. The ECT results also revealed that the flow patterns were similar for CO2and N2.
3. Electric Capacity Tomography (ECT) was used to help us to observe flow patterns in horizontal pipes of20mm and50mm diameter and a vertical pipe of20mm diameter. There are gas grap flow, plug flow, slug flow, dune flow and stratified flow in the horizontal pipe, while flow patterns in the vertical pipe are gas grap flow, plug flow, slug flow and annular flow. The characteristics of stratified flow are more obvious at larger pipe. The empirical formulas were established to predict flow patterns and their transitions through the relationship between the Ar and the Re.
4. Characteristic values of pressure signals were extracted using different signal processing methods (Standard Deviation, Averaged Cycle Frequency, Power Spectrum Density, Wavelet and Chaos Analysis) for correlating the fluctuations to the flow patterns. The result indicated that Standard Deviation (SD) and Power Spectrum Density (PSD) as simple methods presented fluctuation characteristics of the flow pattens. Wavelet and Chaos Analysis were complicated, but they respectively revealed flow characteristics in different scales and chaotic characteristics of pulverized coal flow.
引文
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