摘要
随着市场竞争的激烈、客户需求的多样化,企业自身要能够快速响应这些变化,否则必然会在市场竞争中被淘汰。改变这一情况的途径有很多,车间作为企业生产的基本单元,其好坏是衡量生产物流系统优劣的先决条件。好的车间布局形式,不仅能够为企业的生产节约成本,同时可以根据外界市场的变化、客户需求的变更进行快速的重构。在外部需求变化的时候,传统的布局方式很难快速的做出调整,跟不上市场变化的步伐。因此,建立一个敏捷的、高柔性的、可重构的车间布局,是企业在外界环境变化和内部结构调整时的立足之本。
文章首先分析了车间布局的发展趋势以及在现代制造业中的地位,并指出车间布局与制造业发展理念的冲突;介绍了分形理论技术及其内涵、本质,引出把分形理论应用到车间布局中的意义;将分形理论运用于车间布局,并提出了E型车间布局的概念。通过二级或者多级分形,构造一个可重构的E型车间布局形式,首先从最底层的设备单元建立布局模型,局部进行优化,然后在优化好的基础之上,在对第二级以及更高级进行同模型的求解,直到车间布局全部形成;并利用虚拟仿真软件对分形布局进行三维仿真,观察已构建模型的动态运行情况,分析运行结果,并及时的做出调整。分形布局为企业车间布局提供了一种新的理念和研究方向。
With the fierce market competition and the diversification of customer needs, Enterprises themselves bound to be able to respond quickly to these changes, otherwise it would be eliminated in the competing market. To change this situation many paths can be used, Workshop as the basic unit of production, it is the priority condition to clarify the production and logistics system. A suitable layout of workshop can not only save the production cost, but quickly re-establish according to the change of market and customer's requirement.With the external demand changing, the layout of the traditional way is very difficult to make rapid adjustments, and failed to keep pace with the market changes. Therefore, the establishment of an agile, highly flexible, reconfigurable layout of the shop is the enterprises foothold when the external environment changes and the internal structure adjusted.
Firstly, the article analysis the development trend of layout of workshop and the status in the modern manufacturing industry, and point out that traditional layout of workshop has conflicts with concept of modern manufacturing industry; Secondly, fractal theory and its content and essence are introduced, bring out the significance of using fractal theory into layout of workshop; Thirdly the fractal theory is used to model the layout of workshop. The paper builds the conception of E-model layout of workshop. Though the secondary or more high-level fractal layout, we can build a reconfigurable layout form. Firstly, build the layout of workshop from bottom equipment unit, and optimize partially. Then based on the outcome, explain the secondary or more high-level model until the layout of workshop forms completely; And the virtual simulation software is used to fractal layout to make three-dimensional simulation, by which can observe the dynamic operation situation of the finished model and analyze the operational result, then make the necessary adjustment; Finally, all the good or bad factors to workshop layout should be analyzed. Fractal layout workshop provides a new layout ideas and research directions for enterprise
引文
[1]李永锋.基于虚拟现实的车间布局系统的研究[J].机械制造与自动化,2007,36(3):1-5.
[2]胡震.发动机车间布局优化设计研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2005.
[3]刘晖.多生产线车间设备布局问题研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2002.
[4]刘阶萍,陈禹六,罗振璧,盛伯浩.敏捷化可重组制造系统及其布局原则和方法研究[J].制造业自动化,2002,24(12):22-27.
[5]Koren Y,Heisel U,Jovane F,et al.Reconfigurable manufacturing systems[J].Annuals of the CIRP.1999,48(2):527-540.
[6]王伟,刘德凯,黄静,杨召凯.基于设备可重组布局的车间系统[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2006(9):100-103.
[7]Saifallah Benjafar,Sunderesh S Heragu,Shahrukh A Irani.Next Generation Factory Layouts[M].Research Challenges And Recent Progress Interfaces,2001.
[8]曾志斌,李言,李淑娟,张红兵.改进遗传算法及其在车间布局优化中的应用[J].生产力研究,2005(2):177-179.
[9]薛天然,苏春,许映秋.基于仿真的单元化制造系统柔性布局研究[J].机械制造与研究,2006:44-47.
[10]Szykrnan S,Cagan J.Constrained Three - Dimensional Component Layout Using Simulated Annealing.Journal of Mechanical Design,Transactions Of the ASME,1997,119(1):28-35.
[11]陈幼平,胡广华,袁楚明,周祖德.基于最短回溯距离的车间设备线性布局优化算法[J].制造业自动化,2007,29(1):17-20.
[12]霍周军,李广强,滕弘飞,孙治国.人机结合蚁群/遗传算法及其在卫星仓布局设计中的应用[J].机械工程学报,2005,43(4):112-116.
[13]Braun R D,Moore A A,Kroo I M.Collaborative approach to launch vehicle design.Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,1997,34(4):478-486.
[14]陈希,王宁生.基于脑模型联接控制器的车间布局多目标优化技术研究[J].南京理工大学学报,2004,28(6):595-600.
[15]Wu Y,Appleton E.The optimization of block layout and aisle structure by a genetic algorithm[J].Computers and Industrial Engineering,2002,42:371-378.
[16]孙连胜.柔性生产线的规划设计与仿真评估[D]博士论文.北京:北京理工大学,2003.
[17]尹玉亮,李培珍,康与云,顾宗磊.分形理论的发展概况及研究现状[J].科技信息,2007(15):170-172.
[18]朱丽娅,杨种田.分形理论的发展与科技和社会的进步[J].科教纵横,2007(1):21-22.
[19]Saied,Effat A.Anomalous Diffusion on Fractal Objects:Additional Analytic Solutions.Chaos,solitons&Fractals.2000,11(9):1369-1376.
[20]Meakin P.Fractal,Scaling,and Growth far from Equilibrium(M).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[21]钱四林,施建超,黄华.分形理论在天线技术中的应用[J].山东通信技术,2007,27(2):33-37.
[22]李后强,汪富泉.分形理论及其发展历程[J].自然辩证法研究,1992,8(11):20-23.
[23]Thomas M T,Sam M D,John D L,Wayne J.A note On a fractal architecture for modeling and controlling flexible manufacturing systems[J].Davis IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man,and Cybemetics,Mayjijune,1992,3(22):564-567.
[24]伯瓦努·B·曼德布罗特著.大自然的分形几何学(M).陈守吉,凌复华译.上海远东出版社,1998.
[25]Mandelbrot B B.The Fractal Geometry of Nature[M].San Francisco:Freeman,1983.
[26]Witten T A,Sander L M.Diffusion-limited aggregation,a kinetic critical phenomenon.Phys.Rev.Let.1981,47(12):1400.
[27]Dekking F M.Replicating super figures and ednomorphisms of free groups[J].J Conbin Thery Ser A,1982(34):315-320.
[28]胡春华.分形理论在环境污染治理中的应用[J].天水师范学院学报,2005,25(2):80-82.
[29]林岚.基于分形理论的高精度地形绘制算法研究[D]博士论文.武汉:华中科技大学,2006.
[30]董倩.重庆地区矸石山堆积形态及稳定性分析研究[D]博士论文.重庆:重庆大学,2006.
[31]张瑛.异性纤维分拣系统的研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2006.
[32]李后强,程光钺.《分形与分维.探索复杂性的新方法》.四川:四川教育出版社,1990.
[33]陈力,邵瑞.分形理论及其在物理学中的应用[J].皖西学院学报,2006,22(2):38-40.
[34]Grassberger P,Procaccial I.Measuring the strangeness of strange attractor.Phys 9D,1983,183-189.
[35]Bamsley M.chapter 1,Fractal in nature,in fractal everywhere,Boston:Academic press Inc.1988.
[36]张中华,徐元鼎.细胞核形态的分形分析[J].中国体视学与图像分析,1996,1(1- 21:81.
[37]雷二庆,吴乐山.基于分形理论的军事医学解析[J].军事医学科学院院刊,2006,30(6):555-558.
[38]Prior S D.Responding to a medical emergency with the strategic national stockpile [R]National Defense University Center for Technology and National Security Policy.June 2004.
[39]K.P.Wong.Fractal image coding for emission tomographic image compression[J].Proc.IEEE,2002:1376-1379.
[40]尹秀丽,张玉杰,张崇.基于四叉树小波分形的医学图像压缩[J].影响技术,2005(5~6):34-37.
[41]冒亚龙,雷春浓.分形理论视野下的园林设计[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),2005,11(2):23-26.
[42]李海侠.分形理论在公路网中的应用[J].中国水运(学术版),2006,6(7):91-92.
[43]王锐,郑新奇.分形理论在土地利用类型研究中的应用[J].中国水运(学术版),2006,6(7):377-380.
[44]Mandelbrot B B.Fractal:Form,Chance and Dimensions[M].San Francisco:Freeman,1977.
[45]王世界,王素娜.分形理论及其在地学领域中的应用[J].学术交流.
[46]罗明道,任红轩,颜肖慈,赵红.分形在化学中的应用[J].自然杂志,1999,21(1):15-18.
[47]宫进忠.冀东早前寒武系混沌学特征[J].地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),2004,11(1):45-48.
[48]陈俊芳,倪沈冰.分形理论在供应链构建及运作模型中的应用[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004(10):37-40.
[49]吴建民.中国股票市场的分维数研究[J].财经论坛,2007(5):116.
[50]王玉霞.分形分布下考虑交易费用的投资组合模型[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2005.
[51]Philip,Mirowski.From Mandelbrot to Chaos in Economic Theory[J].Southern Economic Journal,1990,(57)2:289-307.
[52]黄光晓,陈国进.基于分形市场理论的期铜价格R/S分析[J].当代财经,2006(3):60-64.
[53]孙玉英,金成德,张洪彬.分形理论及分形维数的应用[J].林业科技隋报,2005,37(4):8-9.
[54]胡晓梅.分形与分维简介[J].咸宁学院学报,2006,26(3):30-32.
[55]许志海,张昭云.分形理论在交通网络分布形态研究中的应用[J].测绘工程,2006, 15(1):27-30.
[56]曹振新,朱云龙,宋崎.制造系统的设备布局方法[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,24(3):413-416.
[57]Marcello Braglia,Simone Zanon,Lucio Zavanella.Layout design indynamic environments:strategies and quantitative indices[J].INT.J.PROD.RES.,2003,41(5):995-1016.
[58]Hopper E,Turton B.A genetic algorithm for a 2D industrial packing problem [J].Computers and Industrial Engineering,1999,37:375-378.
[59]查建中,唐晓君,陆一平.布局及布置设计问题求解自动化的理论与方法综述[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(8):705-710.
[60]马玉敏,陈炳森,张为民.面向敏捷制造的车间布局设计[J].中国机械工程学会生产工程分会.“面向21世纪的生产工程学术会议”.2001:601-604.
[61]马玉敏,陈炳森,张为民.基于敏捷制造理念下的车间布局设计[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2002(4):41-45.
[62]周杰韩,黄正波,杨叔子.分布式对象技术与柔性制造系统分布式布局应用[J].计算机应用,2000,20(6):14-16.
[63]张于贤,王红.基于模块化的生产线规划研究[J].现代制造工程,2005(10):26-28.
[64]齐继阳,竺长安,曾议.可重构制造系统及其关键技术[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2005(6):31-35.
[65]Pasti L,Walczak B,Massart D L,Reschiglian P.Optimization of signal denoising in discrete wavelet transform.Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Sestems.1999,48(6):21-34.
[66]刘阶萍,陈禹六,罗振璧,盛伯浩.敏捷化可重组制造系统及其布局原则和方法研究[J].制造业自动化,2002,24(12):22-27.
[67]邹世伟,罗亚波.基于OpenGL的车间虚拟布局系统研究与实现[J].湖北工业大学学报,2007,22(3):94-96.
[68]许立,李经民,王秀伦.基于遗传算法的车间设备布局优化设计[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,45(3):45-48.
[69]杨铭,来金梅,唐璞山,胡欣,曾璇,童家榕.LowTARP:低温交替改善的模拟退火布局算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2007,19(6):692-697.
[70]Marrakchi Z,Mrabet H,Mehrez H.Hierarchical FPGA clustering based on multilevel partitioning approach to improveroutability and reduce power dissipa-tion[C]PPProceedings of the2005 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs,Puebla,2005:167-170.
[71]王爱虎,鄂明成,查建中.基于空间分解的二维布局问题的启发式算法[J].天津 大学学报,1996,29(6):840-846.
[72]Markov Lev A,Fox Jeffrey R,Blank John H.Optimization techniques for two dimensional placement.In Design Automation Conference(21st),Albuquerque N.M.,1984,652-654.
[73]吴慧中,王英林.一种立体空间布局模型及布局算法.计算机学报,1994,17(11):835-841.
[74]晏敏,张昌期.平面布局专家系统的尺寸推理机制.华中理工大学学报,1989,17(增刊):39-44.
[75]齐立博,王红扬,李艳萍.基于“分形城市”概念的“分形住区”设计思想初探[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2007,34(2):233-240.
[76]Crompton A.Fractal and picture composition[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning andDesign,2002,29:451-459.
[77]张静.城市分形与城市建筑策划[J].华中建筑,2006(24):62-64.
[78]应保胜,张华,杨少华.敏捷制造车间布局优化的启发式算法[J].计算机集成制造系统,2004,10(8):962-965.
[79]Seehof J M,Evansw O.Automated layout design program[J].Journal of Industrial Engineering,1967,18(1):690-695.[80]Das S.A facility layout method for flexible manufacturing systems[J].International Journal of Production Research,1998,36(1):279-297.
[81]边馥萍,候文华,梁冯珍.数学模型方法与算法[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:176-178.
[82]李伟峰.三维仿真技术在车间布局设计中的应用研究[D].大连:大连铁道学院,2004.
[83]郝理想.基于虚拟仿真的生产车间布局设计方法研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2006.