西安立丰购物广场空调及制冷系统能耗分析
|
摘要
本文采用实地调研、实测和TRNSYS软件模拟分析相结合的方法,对西安立丰购物广场建筑空调系统运行及能耗情况进行了研究。就外围护结构是否设置保温、人员密度、建筑内部照明、建筑朝向、室内设计温度五个因素对冬、夏两季建筑空调负荷的影响进行了分析。外围护结构是否加设保温对夏季空调供冷量影响不大,但是却严重影响冬季空调供热量,冬季不加保温材料情况下建筑空调供热量为加设保温材料情况的1.72倍。人员密度对商场冬、夏季建筑空调负荷都有较大影响,建筑空调负荷节假日是工作日的1.33倍。由于该建筑照明采用节能灯具与否对商场建筑空调负荷基本没有影响。建筑朝向对于该类窗墙比很小的商业建筑影响较小,在西安地区南北向建筑比东西向建筑更节能。夏季室内空调设计温度取值不同对建筑空调负荷影响程度大于冬季情况。
实际调研表明商场人员密度工作日为0.12~0.16人/m~2 ,节假日为0.15~0.21人/m~2 ,远小于0.5~1.5人/m~2的规范规定值,导致空调设计冷量过大,造成制冷机选型过大,使得制冷机冷冻水供回水温差大部分时间处于3~4℃之间,制冷机效率低下。通过模拟得到该商场夏季空调系统部分负荷率主要集中在30%~60%之间,占夏季空调总运行时间的88%,60%以上的情况只有10%,“大马拉小车”情况严重。
对该建筑中庭玻璃屋面采取LOW-E玻璃的节能方案,可使中庭温度下降2℃左右,夏季空调供冷量也可减少1.75×10~4 kWh。冬季对该建筑内部区域只输送新风和室内回风的混合风,室温可达到18℃。采取该方案后空调系统冬季供热量可减少9.16×10~4k Wh。
This method of actual investigation, measurement and simulation by using TRNSYS were used to analyze the operational conditions and energy consumption of the air conditioning system of Xi’an Li Feng Shopping Plaza. The study is set from the insulation periphery structure,occupant density,interior lighting, building orientation, indoor temperature on winter and summer air conditioning load. Periphery structure of the additional insulation is cooling capacity for air conditioning in summer had little effect, but it seriously affected the air conditioning for heat in winter, the winter situation without air conditioning insulation materials for heat insulation material conditions for the addition of 1.72 times. Personnel density on shopping in winter and summer air conditioning loads have a greater impact, working air conditioning load is 1.33 times that of the holidays and weekends. Since energy-saving lamps,and lighting fixtures in the mall had very less effect on air conditioning load. Building orientation for such a small window and wall construction less affected than in the north and south of Xi'an to the building to the building more energy efficient than anything. Summer indoor design temperature change on the impact of air conditioning load is greater than the winter situation.
Shopping personnel density through practical research specifild found that :days 0.12~0.16 person/m~2, holidays 0.15~0.21/m~2, far less than the limiting value 0.5to1.5 person/m~2 [2] leading to excessive cold air conditioning design, resulting in cooler selection is too large, making the cooler chilled water supply and return water temperature in the 3~4℃between the refrigerator and inefficient. Through the simulated part of the mall air-conditioning load in summer mainly concentrated in the 30% rate to 60%, accounting for the total running time of the summer air conditioning to 88%, 60% of the cases only 10%, "big horse cart" in serious condition.
Glass House side of the court building to LOW-E glass, energy-saving programs, the court temperature can drop about 2℃. And thus the cooling demond for air-conditioning system can reduce by 1.75×10~4kWh. In the interior zone of the building,only sending the mixture air of fresh air and return air can make temperature reach 18℃.After taking this measure in winter,the amount of heat supplied by the air conditioning system can reduce the 9.16×10~4kWh.
实际调研表明商场人员密度工作日为0.12~0.16人/m~2 ,节假日为0.15~0.21人/m~2 ,远小于0.5~1.5人/m~2的规范规定值,导致空调设计冷量过大,造成制冷机选型过大,使得制冷机冷冻水供回水温差大部分时间处于3~4℃之间,制冷机效率低下。通过模拟得到该商场夏季空调系统部分负荷率主要集中在30%~60%之间,占夏季空调总运行时间的88%,60%以上的情况只有10%,“大马拉小车”情况严重。
对该建筑中庭玻璃屋面采取LOW-E玻璃的节能方案,可使中庭温度下降2℃左右,夏季空调供冷量也可减少1.75×10~4 kWh。冬季对该建筑内部区域只输送新风和室内回风的混合风,室温可达到18℃。采取该方案后空调系统冬季供热量可减少9.16×10~4k Wh。
This method of actual investigation, measurement and simulation by using TRNSYS were used to analyze the operational conditions and energy consumption of the air conditioning system of Xi’an Li Feng Shopping Plaza. The study is set from the insulation periphery structure,occupant density,interior lighting, building orientation, indoor temperature on winter and summer air conditioning load. Periphery structure of the additional insulation is cooling capacity for air conditioning in summer had little effect, but it seriously affected the air conditioning for heat in winter, the winter situation without air conditioning insulation materials for heat insulation material conditions for the addition of 1.72 times. Personnel density on shopping in winter and summer air conditioning loads have a greater impact, working air conditioning load is 1.33 times that of the holidays and weekends. Since energy-saving lamps,and lighting fixtures in the mall had very less effect on air conditioning load. Building orientation for such a small window and wall construction less affected than in the north and south of Xi'an to the building to the building more energy efficient than anything. Summer indoor design temperature change on the impact of air conditioning load is greater than the winter situation.
Shopping personnel density through practical research specifild found that :days 0.12~0.16 person/m~2, holidays 0.15~0.21/m~2, far less than the limiting value 0.5to1.5 person/m~2 [2] leading to excessive cold air conditioning design, resulting in cooler selection is too large, making the cooler chilled water supply and return water temperature in the 3~4℃between the refrigerator and inefficient. Through the simulated part of the mall air-conditioning load in summer mainly concentrated in the 30% rate to 60%, accounting for the total running time of the summer air conditioning to 88%, 60% of the cases only 10%, "big horse cart" in serious condition.
Glass House side of the court building to LOW-E glass, energy-saving programs, the court temperature can drop about 2℃. And thus the cooling demond for air-conditioning system can reduce by 1.75×10~4kWh. In the interior zone of the building,only sending the mixture air of fresh air and return air can make temperature reach 18℃.After taking this measure in winter,the amount of heat supplied by the air conditioning system can reduce the 9.16×10~4kWh.
引文
[1]江亿,《我国供热节能中的问题和解决途径》,暖通空调HV &AC,2006 (DGJ08-107-2004J10307-2003),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[2]《公共建筑节能设计标准》GB50189一2005,中国建筑工业出版社,20055
[3]鞠晓丽.上海市大型超市空调冷热源方案的综合评价研究, [西安建筑科技大学硕士论文],西安:西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,2005
[4]燕达,谢晓娜,宋芳婷,江亿.《建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第一讲》,暖通空调,2004,34(7):48一56.
[5] BLOOM FIELD D P. An overview of validation methods for energy and environmental software[J].ASHRAE Trans,1999,15(2):685-693
[6]张晓亮,谢晓娜,燕达等.建筑热环境动态模拟结果的验证[J],暖通空调, 2004,3
[7]中华人民共和国建设部主编.《上海地区公共建筑节能设计标准》,
[8]徐伟.《<公共建筑节能改造技术规范>解读》,建设科技,2010
[9]涂逢祥,王庆一.《中国建筑节能现状及发展》[J].新型建筑材料,2004,7:40—42.
[10]王鑫肖贺杨秀,《中国公共建筑能耗现状和特点》,清华大学建筑节能研究中心,
[11]王树健.《重庆市大型商场建筑能耗调研与能耗模拟》,重庆大学,2008
[12]王清勤、徐选才、李明玮,《加拿大的建筑节能规范简介》,建筑科学,1997
[13]《建筑照明设计规范》GB50034—2004
[14]苑祥,龙惟定,《区域建筑冷负荷预测中的朝向因素分析及转换》,2009
[15]李峥嵘,彭妓,王宝海,颜宜彪.上海市公共建筑能耗与运行管理现状调查.[J].暖通空调,2005, 35(5):134一136
[16]江亿.我国建筑耗能状况及有效的节能途径[J].暖通空调,2005,35(5):3040.
[17]李本强,赵家宁.大中型商场空调动态冷负荷分析模型的建立[J].建筑热能通风空调,2000(4):19一21
[18]王远,魏庆凡,江亿,薛志峰.大型公建节能会诊(三)一调查分析篇大型公共建筑能耗调查分析:17一19.
[19]关于建筑能耗评价方法的探讨[J1.暖通空调,2006,37(8):87一91.
[20]国家经贸委,节能信息传播中心.大型商场空调系统的节能改造[J].能源工程,2002,(3):63一64
[21]清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展报告2007[R].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007:l
[22]方舟,吴泽玲,王凡,龙惟定.美国商用建筑物能耗调研[J].暖通空调,2006,36(9):91
[23] ASHRAE Handbook-1997 Fundamentals chapter 30.American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers,Atlanta
[24] Druury.B,Crawley,etc.Energyplus:Creating A New-GenerationBuilding Energy Simulation Program[J].Energy and Building,Vol.33(4):443-457
[25] Sowell.E.and Hittle D.C.Evolution of building energy simu-lation methodology . ASHRAE Trans . 1995 vol 101 part 1 [26] ASHRAE,Advanced energy design guides,www.ashrae.org/aedg.
[27] Isaae Turie.Present status of residential appliance energy efficieney standards-an international review[J].Energy and Building,1997(26),5-15.
[28] M.S.A1-Homoud.Computer-aided building energy analysis tech- niques.Building and Environment 2001(36)
[29] PhiliP Bartholo mew.Saving Energy hiLabs.ASHRAEJournal[J],2004,46(2):35-40.
[30]冯雅,杨红.《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》中窗墙面积比的确定[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,33(4):348一351.
[31]邹建忠,袁敏,程咖宁,刘光大.商场空调设计中客流量和新风量取值的探讨[J].长春工程学院学报(自然科学版),2001,2(2):40-42.
[32]李本强,赵家宁.大中型商场空调动态冷负荷分析模型的建立[J].建筑热能通风空调,2000,(4):19一21.
[33]关于建筑能耗评价方法的探讨[J].暖通空调,2006,37(8):87-91.
[34]杨璐.重庆市大中型商场设计研究[D].重庆大学硕士论文,2005.10.
[35]赵加宁,李本强.商场的新风控制方式与空调动态负荷[J].哈尔滨建筑大学学报,2001,34(4):74-78.
[36]吴薇.上海某公共建筑空调系统节能改造实践与研究[D].同济大学硕士论文,2007.3.
[37]沈浩.长沙地区公共建筑的能耗现状与节能分析[D].湖南大学硕士论文,2005.
[38]清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展报告2007[R].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.l.
[39]黄俊鹏,陈芬,李峥嵘.知识经济时代的建筑节能[J].暖通空调,2005,35(6):6-7.
[40]白雪莲,王洪卫,郭林文.公共建筑暖通空调系统提高能效的措施分析.建筑节能,2007,(9):l-5.
[41] National Research Couneil Canada. Canadian Commissionon Building and Fire Codes. National Energy Code for Buildings.1944,20-22.
[42] ]PG.CIeary.Which Types of Analysis Can Be Carried Out With EMS Data. An Examination of Data from an Apartment Building. ASHRAE Transactions,1987.
[43] L.Baizhan,Y.Runming and D.J.Croome,Air-conditioning in China[J],Buildings ResInform 23(1995),P.309～316.
[44] Yao Runming,Li Baizhan,Steemers Koen.Energy policy and standard for built environment in China[J].Renewable Energy,2005,30(13):1973-1988.
[45] J.Wang.Energy conservation and new energy policy and its outlook in China.In: Proceedings of the forum on energy efficiency and conservation[J].Electrical and Mechanical Services Department,Hong Kong SAR Government,Hong Kong SAR,China;2003.p.4-1-5.
[46] E.H.Mathews D.Arndt,M.F Geyser.Reducing the energy consumption of a conference centre-a case study using software[J].Building and Environment, 2002,37:437～444.
[47]李兆坚,江亿,燕达.住宅间歇供暖模拟分析[J ] .暖通空调,2004 ,34 (8)
[48]陆耀庆.实用供热空调设计手册[M] .北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993 : 39240.
[49]张磊.建筑外遮阳系数的确定方法[D] .广州:华南理工大学建筑学院, 2004.
[2]《公共建筑节能设计标准》GB50189一2005,中国建筑工业出版社,20055
[3]鞠晓丽.上海市大型超市空调冷热源方案的综合评价研究, [西安建筑科技大学硕士论文],西安:西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,2005
[4]燕达,谢晓娜,宋芳婷,江亿.《建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第一讲》,暖通空调,2004,34(7):48一56.
[5] BLOOM FIELD D P. An overview of validation methods for energy and environmental software[J].ASHRAE Trans,1999,15(2):685-693
[6]张晓亮,谢晓娜,燕达等.建筑热环境动态模拟结果的验证[J],暖通空调, 2004,3
[7]中华人民共和国建设部主编.《上海地区公共建筑节能设计标准》,
[8]徐伟.《<公共建筑节能改造技术规范>解读》,建设科技,2010
[9]涂逢祥,王庆一.《中国建筑节能现状及发展》[J].新型建筑材料,2004,7:40—42.
[10]王鑫肖贺杨秀,《中国公共建筑能耗现状和特点》,清华大学建筑节能研究中心,
[11]王树健.《重庆市大型商场建筑能耗调研与能耗模拟》,重庆大学,2008
[12]王清勤、徐选才、李明玮,《加拿大的建筑节能规范简介》,建筑科学,1997
[13]《建筑照明设计规范》GB50034—2004
[14]苑祥,龙惟定,《区域建筑冷负荷预测中的朝向因素分析及转换》,2009
[15]李峥嵘,彭妓,王宝海,颜宜彪.上海市公共建筑能耗与运行管理现状调查.[J].暖通空调,2005, 35(5):134一136
[16]江亿.我国建筑耗能状况及有效的节能途径[J].暖通空调,2005,35(5):3040.
[17]李本强,赵家宁.大中型商场空调动态冷负荷分析模型的建立[J].建筑热能通风空调,2000(4):19一21
[18]王远,魏庆凡,江亿,薛志峰.大型公建节能会诊(三)一调查分析篇大型公共建筑能耗调查分析:17一19.
[19]关于建筑能耗评价方法的探讨[J1.暖通空调,2006,37(8):87一91.
[20]国家经贸委,节能信息传播中心.大型商场空调系统的节能改造[J].能源工程,2002,(3):63一64
[21]清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展报告2007[R].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007:l
[22]方舟,吴泽玲,王凡,龙惟定.美国商用建筑物能耗调研[J].暖通空调,2006,36(9):91
[23] ASHRAE Handbook-1997 Fundamentals chapter 30.American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers,Atlanta
[24] Druury.B,Crawley,etc.Energyplus:Creating A New-GenerationBuilding Energy Simulation Program[J].Energy and Building,Vol.33(4):443-457
[25] Sowell.E.and Hittle D.C.Evolution of building energy simu-lation methodology . ASHRAE Trans . 1995 vol 101 part 1 [26] ASHRAE,Advanced energy design guides,www.ashrae.org/aedg.
[27] Isaae Turie.Present status of residential appliance energy efficieney standards-an international review[J].Energy and Building,1997(26),5-15.
[28] M.S.A1-Homoud.Computer-aided building energy analysis tech- niques.Building and Environment 2001(36)
[29] PhiliP Bartholo mew.Saving Energy hiLabs.ASHRAEJournal[J],2004,46(2):35-40.
[30]冯雅,杨红.《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》中窗墙面积比的确定[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,33(4):348一351.
[31]邹建忠,袁敏,程咖宁,刘光大.商场空调设计中客流量和新风量取值的探讨[J].长春工程学院学报(自然科学版),2001,2(2):40-42.
[32]李本强,赵家宁.大中型商场空调动态冷负荷分析模型的建立[J].建筑热能通风空调,2000,(4):19一21.
[33]关于建筑能耗评价方法的探讨[J].暖通空调,2006,37(8):87-91.
[34]杨璐.重庆市大中型商场设计研究[D].重庆大学硕士论文,2005.10.
[35]赵加宁,李本强.商场的新风控制方式与空调动态负荷[J].哈尔滨建筑大学学报,2001,34(4):74-78.
[36]吴薇.上海某公共建筑空调系统节能改造实践与研究[D].同济大学硕士论文,2007.3.
[37]沈浩.长沙地区公共建筑的能耗现状与节能分析[D].湖南大学硕士论文,2005.
[38]清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展报告2007[R].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.l.
[39]黄俊鹏,陈芬,李峥嵘.知识经济时代的建筑节能[J].暖通空调,2005,35(6):6-7.
[40]白雪莲,王洪卫,郭林文.公共建筑暖通空调系统提高能效的措施分析.建筑节能,2007,(9):l-5.
[41] National Research Couneil Canada. Canadian Commissionon Building and Fire Codes. National Energy Code for Buildings.1944,20-22.
[42] ]PG.CIeary.Which Types of Analysis Can Be Carried Out With EMS Data. An Examination of Data from an Apartment Building. ASHRAE Transactions,1987.
[43] L.Baizhan,Y.Runming and D.J.Croome,Air-conditioning in China[J],Buildings ResInform 23(1995),P.309～316.
[44] Yao Runming,Li Baizhan,Steemers Koen.Energy policy and standard for built environment in China[J].Renewable Energy,2005,30(13):1973-1988.
[45] J.Wang.Energy conservation and new energy policy and its outlook in China.In: Proceedings of the forum on energy efficiency and conservation[J].Electrical and Mechanical Services Department,Hong Kong SAR Government,Hong Kong SAR,China;2003.p.4-1-5.
[46] E.H.Mathews D.Arndt,M.F Geyser.Reducing the energy consumption of a conference centre-a case study using software[J].Building and Environment, 2002,37:437～444.
[47]李兆坚,江亿,燕达.住宅间歇供暖模拟分析[J ] .暖通空调,2004 ,34 (8)
[48]陆耀庆.实用供热空调设计手册[M] .北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993 : 39240.
[49]张磊.建筑外遮阳系数的确定方法[D] .广州:华南理工大学建筑学院, 2004.