未来移动通信系统中多网络融合的关键技术研究
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摘要
未来的移动通信系统将是一种基于全IP技术、支持多种无线接入方式和无缝漫游功能的异构融合网络。由于各种网络的体系结构和底层技术存在差异性,不同的接入网络采用了不同的移动性管理技术、业务质量保证机制以及认证、授权和计费(AAA, Authentication, Authorization and Accounting)方案,这些传统的单一网络中的解决方案不能有效的支持异构网络间的协同工作,多网络融合仍然面临着诸如保证服务质量和安全性、提高无缝移动的用户感知、提高融合网络整体性能等难题。为满足未来移动通信系统中多网络融合的发展需要,在任何环境下为用户提供最佳连接,保证无缝的高效可靠的服务,提高融合网络的整体性能和效率,必须设计开放、高效、与接入技术无关的动态服务质量(QoS, Quality of Service)保证机制、自适应移动性管理方案以及快速移动AAA认证方案,本文针对这三个方面进行了深入研究,主要工作和创新点如下：
(1)提出了一种分级移动IPv6 (HMIPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6)框架下基于位置管理的动态QoS预留方案(RM-DQR)。通过周期性测量小区间的历史切换强度或历史业务流量强度,动态自适应地将历史切换强度／业务流量强度较大的邻居小区划归到同一移动锚节点(MAP, Mobility Anchor Point)管理域内,从而在重新进行QoS预留时,能够有效的将重建路径控制在域内范围。所提出算法能够有效减少系统QoS信令开销和QoS路径重建时延。
(2)针对分级移动IP结构存在的负荷集中和单点故障问题,提出了一种基于分级移动IP的自适应移动性管理方案,包括自适应的MAP选择方案和高效的MAP故障发现和恢复机制。自适应的MAP选择方案基于分布式MAP结构,通过采用二层触发机制提供的底层信息,基于策略自适应地选择MAP来有效地进行MAP负荷分担。提出了高效的MAP故障发现和恢复机制,采用互联网控制信息协议(ICMPv6)消息来发现MAP故障,减少了故障发现时间,利用主备用绑定信息加快了MAP故障恢复的过程。理论上分析了自适应移动性管理方案的性能,并同标准的分级移动IPv6协议进行了比较。数值和仿真结果表明,自适应移动性管理方案的MAP可靠性、分组丢失率以及MAP故障发现和恢复时间都得到了优化。
(3)通过分析现有的移动IP和AAA的融合方案不足,提出了一种增强型的AAA认证方案(E-AAA, Enhanced AAA)。该方案中引入快速分层移动IPv6的思想,给出了具体的切换密钥生成和管理方案,该方案的提出,保证了切换过程的安全性。E-AAA方案的提出,在保障切换安全的基础上,进一步地解决了切换过程中由于引入认证过程而造成的过大开销,不仅使得在域内的认证开销得到了降低,而且域间的开销同样得到了进一步地降低。
(4)提出了一种适用于3GPP-WLAN融合网络的融合AAA的最优部署方案。首先给出了一种融合认证架构,并且基于该融合认证架构进行理论分析和仿真。仿真结果表明,通过合理地设置认证矢量组的AV数目、发起AV请求的次数以及每个AV可以使用的重认证次数,可以使得系统开销降低到最小。该方案的提出,将对未来移动IPv6商业部署时,相关AAA设施部署提供理论指导。
Mobile telecommunication system in the future will be heterogeneous converged networks, which based on all IP (Internet protocol) technology, integrate different types of radio access technology, support the seamless handover and roaming between heterogeneous networks. Since different networks has different system architecture and lower layer technologies, the mobility management technology, QoS guarantee mechanism and Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) of different networks are different, these solutions in single network cannot support the cooperation between different networks. The convergence of heterogeneous networks pose a large number of challenging issues, such as, QoS guarantee and security, user experience of seamless mobility, and the overall system performance of the integrated networks. In order to meet the demand for the development of mulitple networks convergence, provide the best connection for each user under any circumstance, guarantee the seamless reliable service, and imporve the performance and efficiency of the integrated networks, the dynamic QoS guarantee mechanism, adaptive mobility management scheme and fast mobile AAA solution, which are open, high efficient and unrelated to access technology should be designed. This paper investigated on these three topics and the contribution of the paper is as follows:
(1) A dynamic QoS reservation mechanism (RM-DQR) based on location information in the framework of HMIPv6 is proposed. The handover and traffic intensity in history can be measured periodically. According to the results reported, neighbor cells, which have high handover or traffic intensity between each other, can be deployed in the management region of the same MAP. Then the re-reservation path can be controlled in the intra-domain when new reservation path should be established. The proposed scheme can greatly reduce the QoS signaling cost and shorten the delay of re-reservation path establishment.
(2) In order to solve the problems of load convergence and single point of failure, a novel adaptive mobility management scheme based on hierarchical mobile IP is proposed, including the adaptive MAP selection scheme and high efficient MAP failure detection and recovery mechanism. The adaptive MAP selection scheme is based on distributed MAP enviroment, the lower layer information are provided by adopting the Layer 2 trigger mechanism, and the policy based MAP selection can efficiently achieve load balancing. The proposed high efficient MAP failure detection and recovery mechanism adopts ICMPv6 protocol to detect the MAP failure, which reduces the failure detection time, the failure recovery process is accelerated by using the primary and backup mobility binding of mobile nodes. The performance of the adaptive mobility management scheme are analysed theoretically, and are compared with the standard hierarchical mobile IPv6 protocol. Mathematical and simulation results show that the MAP reliability, packet loss rate and MAP failure detection and recovery time are optimized with the proposed adaptive mobility management scheme.
(3) By analyzing the disadvantages of current mobile IP and AAA integration schemes, an enhanced AAA authentication scheme (E-AAA) is proposed. This scheme introduces the principle of hierarchical mobile IPv6, which works out the switching key generation and management specifically, in order to ensure the safety of switching process. In addition, under the premise that security is guaranteed, this scheme further resolves the critical overhead because of the authentication. It not only makes the authentication cost in the region reduced, but also the cost inter-domain.
(4)An optimal AAA integration scheme for 3GPP-WLAN has been proposed. A framework of integration authentication is put forward, and then the theoretical analysis and the simulation are carried out based on the integration authentication architecture. As the simulation result shown, the system overhead can be reduced to the minimum, as long as the number of authentication vector group AV, AV request and re-authentication times for each AV is set reasonably. This scheme provides theoretical guidance for AAA facility deployment and commercial deployment of Mobile IPv6 in the future.
(1)提出了一种分级移动IPv6 (HMIPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6)框架下基于位置管理的动态QoS预留方案(RM-DQR)。通过周期性测量小区间的历史切换强度或历史业务流量强度,动态自适应地将历史切换强度／业务流量强度较大的邻居小区划归到同一移动锚节点(MAP, Mobility Anchor Point)管理域内,从而在重新进行QoS预留时,能够有效的将重建路径控制在域内范围。所提出算法能够有效减少系统QoS信令开销和QoS路径重建时延。
(2)针对分级移动IP结构存在的负荷集中和单点故障问题,提出了一种基于分级移动IP的自适应移动性管理方案,包括自适应的MAP选择方案和高效的MAP故障发现和恢复机制。自适应的MAP选择方案基于分布式MAP结构,通过采用二层触发机制提供的底层信息,基于策略自适应地选择MAP来有效地进行MAP负荷分担。提出了高效的MAP故障发现和恢复机制,采用互联网控制信息协议(ICMPv6)消息来发现MAP故障,减少了故障发现时间,利用主备用绑定信息加快了MAP故障恢复的过程。理论上分析了自适应移动性管理方案的性能,并同标准的分级移动IPv6协议进行了比较。数值和仿真结果表明,自适应移动性管理方案的MAP可靠性、分组丢失率以及MAP故障发现和恢复时间都得到了优化。
(3)通过分析现有的移动IP和AAA的融合方案不足,提出了一种增强型的AAA认证方案(E-AAA, Enhanced AAA)。该方案中引入快速分层移动IPv6的思想,给出了具体的切换密钥生成和管理方案,该方案的提出,保证了切换过程的安全性。E-AAA方案的提出,在保障切换安全的基础上,进一步地解决了切换过程中由于引入认证过程而造成的过大开销,不仅使得在域内的认证开销得到了降低,而且域间的开销同样得到了进一步地降低。
(4)提出了一种适用于3GPP-WLAN融合网络的融合AAA的最优部署方案。首先给出了一种融合认证架构,并且基于该融合认证架构进行理论分析和仿真。仿真结果表明,通过合理地设置认证矢量组的AV数目、发起AV请求的次数以及每个AV可以使用的重认证次数,可以使得系统开销降低到最小。该方案的提出,将对未来移动IPv6商业部署时,相关AAA设施部署提供理论指导。
Mobile telecommunication system in the future will be heterogeneous converged networks, which based on all IP (Internet protocol) technology, integrate different types of radio access technology, support the seamless handover and roaming between heterogeneous networks. Since different networks has different system architecture and lower layer technologies, the mobility management technology, QoS guarantee mechanism and Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) of different networks are different, these solutions in single network cannot support the cooperation between different networks. The convergence of heterogeneous networks pose a large number of challenging issues, such as, QoS guarantee and security, user experience of seamless mobility, and the overall system performance of the integrated networks. In order to meet the demand for the development of mulitple networks convergence, provide the best connection for each user under any circumstance, guarantee the seamless reliable service, and imporve the performance and efficiency of the integrated networks, the dynamic QoS guarantee mechanism, adaptive mobility management scheme and fast mobile AAA solution, which are open, high efficient and unrelated to access technology should be designed. This paper investigated on these three topics and the contribution of the paper is as follows:
(1) A dynamic QoS reservation mechanism (RM-DQR) based on location information in the framework of HMIPv6 is proposed. The handover and traffic intensity in history can be measured periodically. According to the results reported, neighbor cells, which have high handover or traffic intensity between each other, can be deployed in the management region of the same MAP. Then the re-reservation path can be controlled in the intra-domain when new reservation path should be established. The proposed scheme can greatly reduce the QoS signaling cost and shorten the delay of re-reservation path establishment.
(2) In order to solve the problems of load convergence and single point of failure, a novel adaptive mobility management scheme based on hierarchical mobile IP is proposed, including the adaptive MAP selection scheme and high efficient MAP failure detection and recovery mechanism. The adaptive MAP selection scheme is based on distributed MAP enviroment, the lower layer information are provided by adopting the Layer 2 trigger mechanism, and the policy based MAP selection can efficiently achieve load balancing. The proposed high efficient MAP failure detection and recovery mechanism adopts ICMPv6 protocol to detect the MAP failure, which reduces the failure detection time, the failure recovery process is accelerated by using the primary and backup mobility binding of mobile nodes. The performance of the adaptive mobility management scheme are analysed theoretically, and are compared with the standard hierarchical mobile IPv6 protocol. Mathematical and simulation results show that the MAP reliability, packet loss rate and MAP failure detection and recovery time are optimized with the proposed adaptive mobility management scheme.
(3) By analyzing the disadvantages of current mobile IP and AAA integration schemes, an enhanced AAA authentication scheme (E-AAA) is proposed. This scheme introduces the principle of hierarchical mobile IPv6, which works out the switching key generation and management specifically, in order to ensure the safety of switching process. In addition, under the premise that security is guaranteed, this scheme further resolves the critical overhead because of the authentication. It not only makes the authentication cost in the region reduced, but also the cost inter-domain.
(4)An optimal AAA integration scheme for 3GPP-WLAN has been proposed. A framework of integration authentication is put forward, and then the theoretical analysis and the simulation are carried out based on the integration authentication architecture. As the simulation result shown, the system overhead can be reduced to the minimum, as long as the number of authentication vector group AV, AV request and re-authentication times for each AV is set reasonably. This scheme provides theoretical guidance for AAA facility deployment and commercial deployment of Mobile IPv6 in the future.
引文
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[3]X. Fu, S. Jeong, J. Manner, H. Tschofenig, "Applicability Statement of NSIS Protocols in Mobile Environments draft-ietf-nsis-applicability-mobility-signaling-12. txt", Mar.9,2009
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[1]原玲；下一代移动通信网络的移动性管理[J]；无线通信技术；2003年04期；pp.30-34
[2]窦燕,秦玉；下一代无线网络的移动性管理[J]；山东通信技术；2007年03期；pp.9-12
[3]徐鹏,廖建新,吴乃星；下一代网络中的移动性管理[J]；计算机应用研究；2006年12期,pp.65-86
[4]C. Perkins, "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC3344, August 2002
[5]H. Soliman, C. Castelluccia, K. El Malki, L. Bellier, "Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Management (HMIPv6)", RFC4140, August 2005
[6]D. Johnson, C. Perkins and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in IPv6", RFC 3775, IETF, June 2004.
[7]H. Omar, T. Saadawi and M. Lee. Supporting Reduced Location Management Overhead and Fault Tolerance in Mobile-IP System. In Proc. of the 4th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communictions. pp.347-353,1999.
[8]Masaki Bandai and Iwao Sasase. A Load Balancing Mobility Management for Multilevel Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Networks. The 14th IEEE 2003 International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings, pp.460-464,2003.
[9]Jun-Zhao Sun, J. Sauvola. "Mobility and mobility management:a conceptual framework",10th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON 2002), pp.205-210, Nov.2002.
[10]I. F. Akyildiz, J. Xie and S. Mohanty. A Survey of Mobility Management in Next-Generation All-IP-Based Wireless Systems. IEEE Wirelss Communication, Vol.11, No.4, pp.16-28, August 2004.
[11]R. Koodli, "Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6", rfc4068, July 2005.
[12]P. Flegkas, P. Trimintzios, G. Pavlou. "A policy-based quality of service management system for IP DiffServ networks", IEEE Network, vol.16, no.2, pp. 50-56,2002.
[13]Rajib Ghosh and George Varghese. Fault-Tolerance Mobile IP. Washington University Technical Report WUCS-98-11, April 1998.
[14]Bjorn Chambless and Jim Binkely. HARP -- Home Agent Redundancy Protocol. dratf-chambless-mobileip-harp-OO.txt, Oct.1997.
[15]R. Hinden. Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP). IETF RFC 3768, Aprile 2004.
[16]Cisco Co.Ltd. Mobile IP Home Agent Redundancy. http://www.cisco.com/univerecd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios120/120newft/12 0t/120t2/haredun.htm
[17]Cisco Co.Ltd. Using HSRP for Fault-Tolerant IP Routing. http://www.cisco.com/univerecd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ics/cs009.htm
[18]Taewan You, Sangheon Pack and Yanghee Choi. Robust Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (RH-MIPv6)-An enhancement for survivability & fault-tolerance in mobile IP systems [A]. Proc. IEEE VTC 2003 Fall [C].2003.
[1]Madjid Nakhjiri and Mahsa Nakhjiri. AAA and Network Security for Mobile Access-Radius,Diameter, EAP,PKI and IP Mobility. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005.
[2]P.Calhoun, T.Johansson, C.Perkins, et al."Diameter Mobile Ipv4 Application",IETF RFC 4004, August 2005.
[3]F. Le, B. Patil, C. Perkins, et al." Diameter Mobile IPv6 Application", IETF draft, draft-le-aaa-diameter-mobileipv6-04.txt, November 2004.
[4]D. Johnson, C. Perkins, and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in IPv6," IETF RFC3775, June 2004.
[5]C.Rigney, S.Willens, A.Rubens,et al. "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", IETF RFC 2865, June 2000.
[6]P.Calhoun, J. Loughney, E.Guttman, et al. "Diameter Base Protocol", IETF RFC 3588, September 2003.
[7]田野.基于身份密码学的MIPv6安全切换研究,中科院计算所,博士论文,2006年.
[8]王莉.未来无线异构融合网络中AAA的相关理论和关键技术研究.北京邮电大学博士学位论文2009.
[9]B.Aboba and P. Calhoun. "RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", IETF RFC 3579, September 2003.
[10]B.Aboba and D. Simon. "PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol", IETF RFC 2716, October 1999.
[11]B. Aboba and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", IETF RFC 3579, September 2003.
[12]D.Simon, B.Aboba and R.Hurst. "The EAP-TLS Authentication Protocol", IETF RFC 5216, March 2008.
[13]P.Funk and S.Blake-Wilson."Extensible Authentication Protocol Tunneled Transport Layer Security Authenticated Protocol Version 0(EAP-TTLSv0)", IETF RFC 5281,August 2008.
[14]A. Palekar, D. Simon, G Zorn, J. Salowey, H. Zhou, S. Josefsson." Protected EAP Protocol (PEAP) Version 2", IETF draft, draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-10.txt, October 2004.
[15]T.Clancy and H.Tschofenig."Extensible Authentication Protocol-Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) Method",IETF RFC 5433,February 2009.
[16]H.Haverinen and J.Salowey."Extensible authentication protocol method for mobile communications (GSM) subscriber identity modules(EAP-SIM) ", IETF RFC 4186,2006.
[17]J.Arkko and H.Haverinen. "Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA)", IETF RFC 4187, Jan 2006.
[18]Miyoung Kim, Misun Kim, and Youngsong Mun, "A Hierarchical Authentication Scheme for MIPv6 Node with Local Movement Property," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2005),Singapore, May 2005, pp.550-558.
[19]C.Kim, Y.S. Kim and Y.Mun. "Performance improvement in mobile IPv6 using AAA and fast handoff', International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA2004).LNCS 3043, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag,2004, pp.738-745.
[20]Kyunghye Lee and Youngsong Mun. "An Efficient Macro Mobility Scheme Supporting Fast Handover in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2005), Singapore, May 2005, pp.408-417.
[21]R. Jain, T.Raleigh, C.Graff and M. Bereshinsky. "Mobile Internet Access and Qos Guarantees using Mobile IPv6 and RSVP with Location Registers", Proceeding of ICC 98,1998, pp.1690-1695.
[22]B.Aboba, D.Simon and P. Eronen. "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework", IETF RFC 5247, August 2008.
[23]K.Hoeper and Y.Ohba. "Distribution of EAP based keys for handover and re-authentication",draft-ietf-hokey-key-mgm-06, April 2009.
[24]V.Narayanan, N.Venkitaraman and H.Tschofenig."Establishing Handover Keys using Shared Keys",draft-vidya-mipshop-handover-keys-aaa-04,March 2007.
[25]L.Dondeti, J.Bournelle and L.Morand etc. "Diameter Support for EAP Re-authentication Protocol",draft-ietf-dime-erp-00, January 2009.
[26]T.Clancy, M. Nakhjiri, V. Narayanan and L. Dondeti. "Handover Key Management and Re-Authentication Problem Statement", RFC 5169, March 2008.
[27]V.Narayanan and L. Dondeti. "EAP Extensions for EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP)", RFC 5296, August 2008.
[28]Y.ohba."EAP Pre-authentication Problem Statement",draft-ietf-hokey preauth-ps-05, December 2008.
[29]Y.Ohba. "Pre-authentication Support for PANA",draft-ietf-pana-preauth-04, (work in progress), December 2008.
[1]3GPP TS33.234 v8.1.0. "3G Security; Wireless Local Area. Network (WLAN) interworking security", (2008, Release 8).
[2]3GPP TS23.234 v8.0.0,3GPP system to wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interworking, (2008, Release 8).
[3]3GPP2 X.S0028-200-0, cdma2000 Packet Data Services; Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Interworking;Access to Operator Service and Mobility, Version 1.0, March 2007.
[4]ITU-T Rec. Q.3201." EAP-based Security Signaling Protocol Architecture for Network Attachment",2007.
[5]WiMAX Forum Network Architecture, Stage 2 and Stage 3 Abbreviations, (Stage 2:Architecture Tenets, Reference Model and Reference Points) WMF-T32-005-R010v04, February 2009. (Release 1.0 Version 4)
[6]Final Report on Project of "Investigation on unified AAA and efficient handoff in future heterogeneous networks", Intel,2009.04.
[7]Y.B.LIN, Y.K.CHEN."Reducing authentication signaling traffic in third-generation mobile network," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol.2(3), May 2003, pp.493-501.
[8]蒋军,何晨,蒋铃鸽.“3GPP-无线局域网异构互联的认证信令优化”,上海交通大学学报,Vol.40(1),Jan 2008,pp.76-81.
[9]Y.W. Lin and Y.B. Lin. "Authentication Vector Management for UMTS", IEEE Transactions on wireless communications,2007,6(11),pp.4101-4107.
[2]Suk Yu Hui and kai hau Yeung, "Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems, " IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.41, Issue:12, pp.54-59, Dec.2003
[3]Luca Becchetti etc. "Enhancing IP Service Provision over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks:A Path toward 4G", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.39, No.8,2001, pp.74-81
[4]http://www. ietf. org/html. charters/wg-dir. html
[5]A. K. Salkintizis etc. "WLAN-GPRS Integration for Next Generation Mobile Data Networks", IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol.9, No.5, 2002, pp.112-124
[6]Kwang-cheng Chen etc. "Internetworking between HIPERLAN/2 and UMTS", Wireless Personal Communications 26:179-202,2003
[7]J. Manner and X. Fu. "Analysis of Existing Quality-of-Service Signaling Protocols", May 2005
[8]L. Delgrossi and L. Berger, " Internet Stream Protocol Version 2 (ST2)Protocol Specification-Version ST2+, Aug.1995
[9][R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog, S. Jamin," Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)-Version 1 Functional Specification", Sep.1997
[10]P. Pan, and H. Schulzrinne, "YESSIR:A Simple Reservation Mechanism for the Internet". Proceedings of NOSSDAV, Cambridge, UK, July 1998.
[11]G. Feher, K. Nemeth, M. Maliosz, I. Cselenyi, J. Bergkvist, D. Ahlard, T. Engborg, "Boomerang A Simple Protocol for Resource Reservation in IP Networks", IEEE RTAS,1999
[12]R. Hancock, G. Karagiannis, J. Loughney, S. Van den Bosch, "Next Steps in Signaling(NSIS):Framework", Jun.2005
[13]朱艺华,无线移动网络的移动性管理,人民邮电出版社,2005.10.
[14]Manner and M. Kojo. Mobility Related Terminology. IETF draft-ietf-seamoby-mobility-terminology-03.txt, April,2003
[15]A. T. Campbell, J. Gomez, and A. G. Valko. An overview of cellular IP. Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conf. (WCNC'99), New Orleans, LA, Sept.1999, pp.606-610.
[16]R. Ramjee, K. Varadhan, L. Salgarelli, S. R. Thuel, S.-Y. Wang, and T. La Porta. HAWAII:a domain-based approach for supporting mobility in wide-area wireless networks. IEEE/ACMTrans. Networking, vol.10, pp.396-410, June 2002.
[17]S. Das, A. Misra, P. Agrawal, and S. K. Das. TeleMIP: telecommunications-enhanced mobile IP architecture for fast intradomain mobility. IEEE Pers. Commun., vol.7, pp.50-58, Aug. 2000.
[18]P. Calhoun, J. Loughney, E. Guttman, et al. "Diameter Base Protocol", IETF RFC 3588, September 2003.
[19]Aboba, B., Zorn, G. and D. Mitton, "RADIUS and IPv6", IETF RFC 3162, August 2001.
[20]田野.基于身份密码学的MIPv6安全切换研究,中科院计算所,博士论文,2006年.
[21]M. Parthasarathy. "Protocol for carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA) Threat Analysis and Security Requirements", IETF RFC 4016, March 2005.
[22]C. Adams and S. Farrel. "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Management Protocols", IETF RFC 2510,1999.
[23]B. Aboba and P. Calhoun. "RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", IETF RFC 3579, September 2003.
[24]A. Yegin, Y. Ohba, R.. Penno, et al. "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA) Requirements", IETF RFC 4058, May 2005.
[25]P. Jayaraman, R.Lopez, et al. "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA) Framework", IETF RFC 5193, May 2008.
[26]南湘浩著.CPK标识认证,国防工业出版社,2006年10月,第1版.
[27]陈前斌,黄琼,隆克平,下一代网络通用移动性管理技术初探,通信学报,Vol.25(12)：pp.65-70,Dec.2005.
[28]http://www. euqos. eu/index.php
[29]X. Fu, S. Jeong, J. Manner, H. Tschofenig, "Applicability Statement of NSIS Protocols in Mobile Environments draft-ietf-nsis-applicability-mobility-signaling-12.txt", Mar.9,2009
[30]B. Benmammar and F. Krief, "MQoS NSLP:a mobility profile management based approach for advance resource reservation in a mobile environment". In IFIP IEEE MWCN,2005, pp.19-21
[31]Eraldo Silveira Silva, Florin Racaru, Jean-Marie Farines and Michel Diaz, "Inter-Domain QoS Signaling under Mobility",2008
[32]Sooyong Lee, Myungchul Kim, Kyounghee Lee, Soonuk Seol and Gabsoo Lee, "Seamless QoS Guarantees in Mobile Internet using NSIS with Advance Resource Reservation",21nd international Conference on Advanced Informantion Networking and Applications,2008, pp.464-471
[33]PerKins C. IP mobility support for IPv4. RFC3220,2002.
[34]D. Johnson, C.Perkins and J. Arkko, Mobility Support in IPv6. IETF RFC 3775, June 2004.
[35]H. Soliman, C. Catelluceccia, K. El Markie and L. Belliar, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Management (HMIPv6). IETF RFC 4140, Aug.2005.
[36]Jiang X, Akyildiz LF. A novel distributed dynamic location management scheme for minimizing signaling costs in mobile IP. IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing,2002,1(3):163175.
[37]Das S, Misra A, Agrawal P. TeleMIP:Telecommunications-Enhanced mobile IP architecture for fast intradomain mobility. IEEE Wireless Communications,2000,7(4):5058.
[38]Kyungjoo S. Regional mobile IPv6 mobility management.2003. draft-suh-mobileip-rmm-00. txt
[39]Cisco Co. Ltd. Mobile IP Home Agent Redundancy. http://www. cisco. com/ univerecd/cc/td/doc/product/software/iosl20/120newft/120t/120t2/ haredun.htm
[40]Rajib Ghosh and George Varghese. Fault-Tolerance Mobile IP. Washington University Technical Report WUCS-98-11, April 1998.
[41]Cisco Co. Ltd. Using HSRP for Fault-Tolerant IP Routing. http://www. cisco. com/univerecd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ics/cs009. htm
[42]Jenn-Wei Lin, Jichiang Tsai and Chin-Yu Huang. A Dynamical Redirection Approach to Enhancing Mobile IP with Fault Tolerance in Cellular Systems. In Proc. of the IEEE Globecom 2002, Vol.1, pp.646-650, Nov.2002.
[43]H. Omar, T. Saadawi and M. Lee. Supporting Reduced Location Management Overhead and Fault Tolerance in Mobile-IP System. In Proc. of the 4th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communictions. pp.347-353, 1999.
[44]Taewan You, Sangheon Pack and Yanghee Choi. Robust Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (RH-MIPv6)-An enhancement for survivability & fault-tolerance in mobile IP systems. Proc. IEEE VTC 2003 Fall, Oct. 2003.
[45]Yuguang Fang, I. Chlamtac and H. B. Fei. Analytical Results for Optimal Choice of Location Update Interval for Mobility Database Failure Restoration in PCS Networks. IEEE Trans. On Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol.11, No.6, pp.615-624, June 2000.
[46]Jinho Ahn and C. Hwang. Efficient Fault-Tolerant Protocol for Mobility Agents in Mobile IP. In Proc.15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. Pp.1273-1280,2001.
[47]3GPP TS33.234 v8.1.0. "3G Security; Wireless Local Area. Network (WLAN) interworking security", (2008, Release 8).
[48]3GPP TS23.234 v8.0.0,3GPP system to wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interworking, (2008, Release 8).
[49]B. Aboba and P. Calhoun. "RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", IETF RFC 3579, September 2003.
[50]R. Koodli. "Fast handovers for mobile IPv6". IETF RFC 4068, July 2005.
[51]H. Soliman,C. Catellucia, K. E. Malki and L. Bellier. "Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Management, "IETF RFC 4140, Aug 2005.
[52]V. Devarapalli, R. Wakikawa, A. Petrescu, and P. Thubert. " Network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol", IETF RFC3963, Jan.2005.
[53]Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander, "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", IETF RFC 3971, March 2005.
[54]T. Narten, E. Nordmark and W. Simpson. "Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", IETF RFC 2461, December 1998.
[55]B. Aboba, D. Simon and P. Eronen. "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework", IETF RFC 5247, August 2008.
[56]K. Hoeper and Y. Ohba. "Distribution of EAP based keys for handover and re-authentication", draft-ietf-hokey-key-mgm-06, April 2009.
[57]WiMAX Forum Network Architecture, Stage 2 and Stage 3 Abbreviations, (Stage 2:Architecture Tenets, Reference Model and Reference Points) WMF-T32-005-R010v04, February 2009. (Release 1.0 Version 4)
[58]Final Report on Project of "Investigation on unified AAA and efficient handoff in future heterogeneous networks", Intel,2009.04.
[1]R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog, S. Jamin," Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)-Version 1 Functional Specification", RFC 2205,Sep.1997
[2]J. Manner and X. Fu, "Analysis of Existing Quality-of-Service Signaling Protocols", RFC 4094, May 2005
[3]X. Fu, S. Jeong, J. Manner, H. Tschofenig, "Applicability Statement of NSIS Protocols in Mobile Environments draft-ietf-nsis-applicability-mobility-signaling-12. txt", Mar.9,2009
[4]R. Hancock, G. Karagiannis, J. Loughney, S. Van den Bosch, "Next Steps in Signaling(NSIS):Framework", RFC 4080, Jun.2005
[5]H. Schulzrinne,R. Hancock, " GIST:General Internet Signaling Transport draft-ietf-nsis-ntlp-19",Mar.23,2009
[6]J. Manner,G. Karagiannis and A. McDonald,NSLP for Quality-of-Service Signaling draft-ietf-nsis-qos-nslp-16, February 7,2008.
[7]M. Stiemerling, H. Tschofenig, C. Aoun, E. Davies, "NAT/Firewall NSIS Signaling Layer Protocol(NSLP) draft-ietf-nsis-ntlp-natfw-20. txt", Nov.3,2008
[8]B. Benmammar and F. Krief, "MQoS NSLP:a mobility profile management based approach for advance resource reservation in a mobile environment". In IFIP IEEE MWCN,2005, pp.19-21
[9]Eraldo Silveira Silva, Florin Racaru, Jean-Marie Farines and Michel Diaz, "Inter-Domain QoS Signaling under Mobility",2008
[10]Sooyong Lee, Myungchul Kim, Kyounghee Lee, Soonuk Seol and Gabsoo Lee, "Seamless QoS Guarantees in Mobile Internet using NSIS with Advance Resource Reservation",21nd international Conference on Advanced Informantion Networking and Applications,2008, pp.464-471
[11]H. Soliman, C. Castelluccia, K. El Malki. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Management (HMIPv6).RFC 4140, August 2005
[12]Gustafsson E., Jonsson A., Perkins C., Mobile IP Regional Registration, Internet Draft, IETF, July 2000.
[13]李伟征,胡爱群,陈立全,区域注册移动IP中的分布式位置管理方案,电路与系统学报,Vol.10(3),pp32-39,2005.6。
[14]Xie J, AKYILDIZ I F. A Novel Distributed Dynamic Location Management Scheme for Minimizing Signaling Costs in Mobile IP, IEEE Trans, on Mobile Computing, Vol.1(3), pp163-174,2002.
[15]方波,宋俊德,一种新的基于分级移动IPv6的移动性管理方案,计算机应用研究,Vol.21(8),pp244-246,2004.8。
[16]Jiang Xie and Ian F. Akyildiz, "A Novel Distributed Dynamic Location Management Scheme for Minimizing Signaling Costs in Mobile IP", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol.1, No.3, Jul.-Sep.2002
[17]Song Mei, Feng Rui-jun, Huang Jian-wen, Song Jun-de, "A distributed location management strategy for next-generation IP-based wireless networks ", The Journal of China University of Posts and Telecommunications,Vol.13, Issue.3, Sep.,2006, pp:38"42
[1]原玲；下一代移动通信网络的移动性管理[J]；无线通信技术；2003年04期；pp.30-34
[2]窦燕,秦玉；下一代无线网络的移动性管理[J]；山东通信技术；2007年03期；pp.9-12
[3]徐鹏,廖建新,吴乃星；下一代网络中的移动性管理[J]；计算机应用研究；2006年12期,pp.65-86
[4]C. Perkins, "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC3344, August 2002
[5]H. Soliman, C. Castelluccia, K. El Malki, L. Bellier, "Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Management (HMIPv6)", RFC4140, August 2005
[6]D. Johnson, C. Perkins and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in IPv6", RFC 3775, IETF, June 2004.
[7]H. Omar, T. Saadawi and M. Lee. Supporting Reduced Location Management Overhead and Fault Tolerance in Mobile-IP System. In Proc. of the 4th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communictions. pp.347-353,1999.
[8]Masaki Bandai and Iwao Sasase. A Load Balancing Mobility Management for Multilevel Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Networks. The 14th IEEE 2003 International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings, pp.460-464,2003.
[9]Jun-Zhao Sun, J. Sauvola. "Mobility and mobility management:a conceptual framework",10th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON 2002), pp.205-210, Nov.2002.
[10]I. F. Akyildiz, J. Xie and S. Mohanty. A Survey of Mobility Management in Next-Generation All-IP-Based Wireless Systems. IEEE Wirelss Communication, Vol.11, No.4, pp.16-28, August 2004.
[11]R. Koodli, "Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6", rfc4068, July 2005.
[12]P. Flegkas, P. Trimintzios, G. Pavlou. "A policy-based quality of service management system for IP DiffServ networks", IEEE Network, vol.16, no.2, pp. 50-56,2002.
[13]Rajib Ghosh and George Varghese. Fault-Tolerance Mobile IP. Washington University Technical Report WUCS-98-11, April 1998.
[14]Bjorn Chambless and Jim Binkely. HARP -- Home Agent Redundancy Protocol. dratf-chambless-mobileip-harp-OO.txt, Oct.1997.
[15]R. Hinden. Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP). IETF RFC 3768, Aprile 2004.
[16]Cisco Co.Ltd. Mobile IP Home Agent Redundancy. http://www.cisco.com/univerecd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios120/120newft/12 0t/120t2/haredun.htm
[17]Cisco Co.Ltd. Using HSRP for Fault-Tolerant IP Routing. http://www.cisco.com/univerecd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ics/cs009.htm
[18]Taewan You, Sangheon Pack and Yanghee Choi. Robust Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (RH-MIPv6)-An enhancement for survivability & fault-tolerance in mobile IP systems [A]. Proc. IEEE VTC 2003 Fall [C].2003.
[1]Madjid Nakhjiri and Mahsa Nakhjiri. AAA and Network Security for Mobile Access-Radius,Diameter, EAP,PKI and IP Mobility. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005.
[2]P.Calhoun, T.Johansson, C.Perkins, et al."Diameter Mobile Ipv4 Application",IETF RFC 4004, August 2005.
[3]F. Le, B. Patil, C. Perkins, et al." Diameter Mobile IPv6 Application", IETF draft, draft-le-aaa-diameter-mobileipv6-04.txt, November 2004.
[4]D. Johnson, C. Perkins, and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in IPv6," IETF RFC3775, June 2004.
[5]C.Rigney, S.Willens, A.Rubens,et al. "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", IETF RFC 2865, June 2000.
[6]P.Calhoun, J. Loughney, E.Guttman, et al. "Diameter Base Protocol", IETF RFC 3588, September 2003.
[7]田野.基于身份密码学的MIPv6安全切换研究,中科院计算所,博士论文,2006年.
[8]王莉.未来无线异构融合网络中AAA的相关理论和关键技术研究.北京邮电大学博士学位论文2009.
[9]B.Aboba and P. Calhoun. "RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", IETF RFC 3579, September 2003.
[10]B.Aboba and D. Simon. "PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol", IETF RFC 2716, October 1999.
[11]B. Aboba and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", IETF RFC 3579, September 2003.
[12]D.Simon, B.Aboba and R.Hurst. "The EAP-TLS Authentication Protocol", IETF RFC 5216, March 2008.
[13]P.Funk and S.Blake-Wilson."Extensible Authentication Protocol Tunneled Transport Layer Security Authenticated Protocol Version 0(EAP-TTLSv0)", IETF RFC 5281,August 2008.
[14]A. Palekar, D. Simon, G Zorn, J. Salowey, H. Zhou, S. Josefsson." Protected EAP Protocol (PEAP) Version 2", IETF draft, draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-10.txt, October 2004.
[15]T.Clancy and H.Tschofenig."Extensible Authentication Protocol-Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) Method",IETF RFC 5433,February 2009.
[16]H.Haverinen and J.Salowey."Extensible authentication protocol method for mobile communications (GSM) subscriber identity modules(EAP-SIM) ", IETF RFC 4186,2006.
[17]J.Arkko and H.Haverinen. "Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA)", IETF RFC 4187, Jan 2006.
[18]Miyoung Kim, Misun Kim, and Youngsong Mun, "A Hierarchical Authentication Scheme for MIPv6 Node with Local Movement Property," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2005),Singapore, May 2005, pp.550-558.
[19]C.Kim, Y.S. Kim and Y.Mun. "Performance improvement in mobile IPv6 using AAA and fast handoff', International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA2004).LNCS 3043, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag,2004, pp.738-745.
[20]Kyunghye Lee and Youngsong Mun. "An Efficient Macro Mobility Scheme Supporting Fast Handover in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2005), Singapore, May 2005, pp.408-417.
[21]R. Jain, T.Raleigh, C.Graff and M. Bereshinsky. "Mobile Internet Access and Qos Guarantees using Mobile IPv6 and RSVP with Location Registers", Proceeding of ICC 98,1998, pp.1690-1695.
[22]B.Aboba, D.Simon and P. Eronen. "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework", IETF RFC 5247, August 2008.
[23]K.Hoeper and Y.Ohba. "Distribution of EAP based keys for handover and re-authentication",draft-ietf-hokey-key-mgm-06, April 2009.
[24]V.Narayanan, N.Venkitaraman and H.Tschofenig."Establishing Handover Keys using Shared Keys",draft-vidya-mipshop-handover-keys-aaa-04,March 2007.
[25]L.Dondeti, J.Bournelle and L.Morand etc. "Diameter Support for EAP Re-authentication Protocol",draft-ietf-dime-erp-00, January 2009.
[26]T.Clancy, M. Nakhjiri, V. Narayanan and L. Dondeti. "Handover Key Management and Re-Authentication Problem Statement", RFC 5169, March 2008.
[27]V.Narayanan and L. Dondeti. "EAP Extensions for EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP)", RFC 5296, August 2008.
[28]Y.ohba."EAP Pre-authentication Problem Statement",draft-ietf-hokey preauth-ps-05, December 2008.
[29]Y.Ohba. "Pre-authentication Support for PANA",draft-ietf-pana-preauth-04, (work in progress), December 2008.
[1]3GPP TS33.234 v8.1.0. "3G Security; Wireless Local Area. Network (WLAN) interworking security", (2008, Release 8).
[2]3GPP TS23.234 v8.0.0,3GPP system to wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interworking, (2008, Release 8).
[3]3GPP2 X.S0028-200-0, cdma2000 Packet Data Services; Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Interworking;Access to Operator Service and Mobility, Version 1.0, March 2007.
[4]ITU-T Rec. Q.3201." EAP-based Security Signaling Protocol Architecture for Network Attachment",2007.
[5]WiMAX Forum Network Architecture, Stage 2 and Stage 3 Abbreviations, (Stage 2:Architecture Tenets, Reference Model and Reference Points) WMF-T32-005-R010v04, February 2009. (Release 1.0 Version 4)
[6]Final Report on Project of "Investigation on unified AAA and efficient handoff in future heterogeneous networks", Intel,2009.04.
[7]Y.B.LIN, Y.K.CHEN."Reducing authentication signaling traffic in third-generation mobile network," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol.2(3), May 2003, pp.493-501.
[8]蒋军,何晨,蒋铃鸽.“3GPP-无线局域网异构互联的认证信令优化”,上海交通大学学报,Vol.40(1),Jan 2008,pp.76-81.
[9]Y.W. Lin and Y.B. Lin. "Authentication Vector Management for UMTS", IEEE Transactions on wireless communications,2007,6(11),pp.4101-4107.