心血管系统的电路建模及电磁生物效应研究
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摘要
随着科学技术的飞速发展,电磁辐射成为危害人们健康的重要隐患。经过国内外学者长时间的研究,发现电磁场对心血管系统会产生影响。所以,就有必要去研究电磁场对心血管系统的影响。
本文在对心血管系统的生理知识和心血管系统建模的基本方法论证的基础上,采用建立电路模型与仿真的方法来研究电磁场对心血管系统的影响。分析了心脏、动脉系统的电路模型以及神经调节机制中的颈动脉窦-主动脉弓减压反射的数学模型。从能量角度和血流动力学角度详细阐述了生理上的耦合机制,并根据血液流动的基本参量与电学参量之间的比拟关系对心脏电路模型和动脉系统电路模型进行耦合,进行了MATLAB仿真。针对电磁场对心血管系统的影响主要是神经调节功能,进一步对模型加入神经调节机制的数学模型,进行正常生理情况下的仿真和分析,结果完全符合生理学上的心脏泵血机制,说明本文所建立的心血管系统的电路模型是正确的,与人体正常生理情况相符合。通过分析心血管系统的电磁生物效应的机理以及流行病学调查和动物实验,发现电磁波会引起交感传出频率和迷走传出频率发生变化,据此对模型相应参数进行调整,从外周血管阻力、心肌收缩能力和心动周期三个方面分别对电路模型进行仿真,用数字定量地说明了电磁场对心血管系统确实有影响,而且还会诱发疾病。
With the rapid development of science and technology, electromagnetic radiation has become an important hidden danger to people's health. After a long period of research, scholars at home and abroad have found that electromagnetic fields do have an impact on the cardiovascular system, and therefore, the impact is necessary to be studied.
Based on the arguments of the physiological knowledge and the basic method of modeling of the cardiovascular system, this paper employs the methods of establishing the circuit model and simulating to study the impacts of electromagnetic fields on the cardiovascular system. It analyses the circuit model of the heart and arterial system and the mathematical model of the depressurized reflection of carotid sinus - aortic arch mechanism in the neural adjustment. From the perspectives of energy and hemodynamics, it details the coupling mechanisms in physiology, afterward, according to the compared relationship between the basic parameters of blood flowing and the electrical parameters, the circuit models of the heart and arterial system are coupled, besides, it is simulated with MATLAB. On the ground that the major impact of electromagnetic fields on the cardiovascular system is the neural regulation, it adds the mathematical model of the mechanism of neural regulation, simulates and analyses under normal physiological simulation. And the results fully consistent with the physiology of the heart pump mechanism, which illustrates that the cardiovascular system established in this paper is feasible and the circuit model accords with the normal physiological situation of the human body. Through the analysis of the mechanism of electromagnetic biological impacts on the cardiovascular system, the epidemiological investigations, and the animal experiments, it is found that the electromagnetic field will cause the changes of the sympathetic efferent impulse and vagal efferent impulse. Whereafter, the parameters of the model are adjusted accordingly, and the circuit model is simulated from the three aspects of the peripheral vascular resistance, myocardial contractility and cardiac cycle. It is described quantitatively with data that the electromagnetic field do affect the cardiovascular system and will induce diseases.
本文在对心血管系统的生理知识和心血管系统建模的基本方法论证的基础上,采用建立电路模型与仿真的方法来研究电磁场对心血管系统的影响。分析了心脏、动脉系统的电路模型以及神经调节机制中的颈动脉窦-主动脉弓减压反射的数学模型。从能量角度和血流动力学角度详细阐述了生理上的耦合机制,并根据血液流动的基本参量与电学参量之间的比拟关系对心脏电路模型和动脉系统电路模型进行耦合,进行了MATLAB仿真。针对电磁场对心血管系统的影响主要是神经调节功能,进一步对模型加入神经调节机制的数学模型,进行正常生理情况下的仿真和分析,结果完全符合生理学上的心脏泵血机制,说明本文所建立的心血管系统的电路模型是正确的,与人体正常生理情况相符合。通过分析心血管系统的电磁生物效应的机理以及流行病学调查和动物实验,发现电磁波会引起交感传出频率和迷走传出频率发生变化,据此对模型相应参数进行调整,从外周血管阻力、心肌收缩能力和心动周期三个方面分别对电路模型进行仿真,用数字定量地说明了电磁场对心血管系统确实有影响,而且还会诱发疾病。
With the rapid development of science and technology, electromagnetic radiation has become an important hidden danger to people's health. After a long period of research, scholars at home and abroad have found that electromagnetic fields do have an impact on the cardiovascular system, and therefore, the impact is necessary to be studied.
Based on the arguments of the physiological knowledge and the basic method of modeling of the cardiovascular system, this paper employs the methods of establishing the circuit model and simulating to study the impacts of electromagnetic fields on the cardiovascular system. It analyses the circuit model of the heart and arterial system and the mathematical model of the depressurized reflection of carotid sinus - aortic arch mechanism in the neural adjustment. From the perspectives of energy and hemodynamics, it details the coupling mechanisms in physiology, afterward, according to the compared relationship between the basic parameters of blood flowing and the electrical parameters, the circuit models of the heart and arterial system are coupled, besides, it is simulated with MATLAB. On the ground that the major impact of electromagnetic fields on the cardiovascular system is the neural regulation, it adds the mathematical model of the mechanism of neural regulation, simulates and analyses under normal physiological simulation. And the results fully consistent with the physiology of the heart pump mechanism, which illustrates that the cardiovascular system established in this paper is feasible and the circuit model accords with the normal physiological situation of the human body. Through the analysis of the mechanism of electromagnetic biological impacts on the cardiovascular system, the epidemiological investigations, and the animal experiments, it is found that the electromagnetic field will cause the changes of the sympathetic efferent impulse and vagal efferent impulse. Whereafter, the parameters of the model are adjusted accordingly, and the circuit model is simulated from the three aspects of the peripheral vascular resistance, myocardial contractility and cardiac cycle. It is described quantitatively with data that the electromagnetic field do affect the cardiovascular system and will induce diseases.
引文
[1]刘亚宁.电磁生物效应[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2002.
[2]凌大好译,威廉·哈维著.心血运动论[M].陕西:陕西人民出版社,2001.
[3]邹盛铨.血液流动力学与心血管人工器官[M].成都科技大学出版社,1991.
[4]乐嘉春,马晨明.血管输入阻抗的拟合方法与初值选取[J].力学季刊,2001,22(4):497-501.
[5]Frank O Z.Die Grundform des arterielen pulses erste abhandlung:mathemematische Analyse[J].Biol,1899,37:483-526.
[6]Westerhof N.Analog Studies of Human Systemic Arterial Hemodynamics[M],PhD Disser,Univ.Pennsylvania,1968.
[7]Nooedergraaf A.Circulatory System Dynamics[M].Academic Press,1978.
[8]Burattini R.and G Gnudi.Computer identification of models for the arterial tree input impendence:comparison between two new simple models and first experimental results[J].Med Biol Comput,1982,20:134-144.
[9]杨桂通,吴望一.生物力学进展[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[10]冯忠刚,吴望一,孙东宁.心血管系统体循环后负荷的集中参数模型[J].中国生物医学工程学报,1997,16(3):212-218.
[11]Campbell K,Zeglen M,Kagehiro T,et,al.A Pulsatile cardiovascular computer model for teaching heart-blood vessel interaction[J].The Physiologist,1982,25(3):155-162.
[12]Coleman T G,Randall,et,al.HUMAN:A Comprehensive physiological model[J].The Physiologist,1983,26:15-21.
[13]Beyar R,Kishon Y,Sideman S,et,al.Computer studies of systemic and regional blood flow mechanisms during cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J].Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.1984,22:499-506.
[14]Beyar R,Goldstein Y.Model studies of the effects of the thoracic pressure on the circulation[J].Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.1987,15:373-83.
[15]Goldstein Y,Beyar R,Sideman S.Influence of pleural pressure variations on cardiovascular system dynamics:a model study[J].Med.&Biol.Eng.&Comput.1988, 26:251-259.
[16]Tsuruta H,Sato T,Shirataka M,et,al.Mathematical model of cardiovascular mechanics for diagnostic analysis and treatment of heart failure:Part 1.Model description and theoretical analysis[J].Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.1994a,32(1):3-11.
[17]Ursino M.Interaction between carotid baroregulation and the pulsating heart:a mathematical model[J].Am.J.Physiol.1998,275:1773-1747.
[18]Ursino M,Magosso E.Acute cardiovascular response to isocapnic hypoxia[J].Am.J.Physiol.Heart Circ.Physiol,2000,279:149-175.
[19]Ursino M,Magosso E.Role of short-term cardiovascular regulation in heart period variability:a modeling study[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2003,284:1479-1493.
[20]Korakianitis,et al.Aconcentrated parameter model for the human cardiovascular system including heart valve dynamics and atrioventricular interaction[J].Medical engineering & Physics,2006,28(7):613-628.
[21]白净.血液循环系统仿真[M].吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,1995.
[22]冯宇军,杭晓明,田树军.多分支心血管循环系统的建模和仿真研究[J].生物医学工程学杂志,2000,17(2):186-191.
[23]胡喆等.心脏—肺循环—体循环系统建模初探[J].同济大学学报,2002,30(1):61-65.
[24]李新胜,白净等.心肺交互作用的心血管系统模型及仿真研究[J].中国生物医学工程学报,2003,22(3):241-249.
[25]代开勇.心血管系统键合图模型仿真研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2006.
[26]徐雨维,高春圃.工程生理学[M].浙江:浙江大学,1997.
[27]戈应滨,王正山.生理学[M].江苏:东南大学,2006.
[28]郑筱祥,戴品忠,白净等.生理系统仿真建模[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2003.
[29]张镜如,乔健天等.生理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000.
[30]王鸿儒,文宗曜.血液循环力学[M].北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1990.
[31]H Suga,K Sagawa.Instantaneous pressure-volume relationships and their ratio in the excised supported canine left ventricle[J].Circ.Res.1974,35:117-126.
[32]Sagawa K,Maughan WL,Suga H,et al.Cardiac contraction and the pressure volume relationship.New York:Oxford University Press,1988.
[33]Shroff S.Left Ventricular Active Pressure Waveform[J].Cardiovasculra System Modeling(BioE 2515),2003.
[34]Rosenherg G,Winfred M,et al.Design and Evaluation of the Pennsylvania State University Mock Circulatory S ystem[J].Asaio J,1981,4(2):41-49.
[35]柳兆荣,李惜惜.弹性腔理论及其在心血管系统分析中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[36]柳兆荣,李惜惜.血液动力学原理和方法[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1997.
[37]柳兆荣,沈峰.血管输入阻抗[J].力学进展,1998,18(1):27-51.
[38]Nichols WW,Conti CR,Walker WW,et al.Input impedance of the systemic circulation in man[J].Circulation research,1977,40:451-458.
[39]王庆伟,许世雄.心血管系统体循环输入阻抗的几种集中参数模型的比较和应用[J].医用生物力学,2003,18(1):7-12.
[40]吴望一,孙东宁,冯忠刚.心室-血管的物理模型与动态耦合[J].中国生物医学工程学报,2001,20(5):451-458.
[41]Yih-Chong Yu,J Robert Boston,Marwan A Simaan,James F Antaki.Sensitivity Analysis of Cardiovascular Model for Minimally Invasive Estimation of Systemic Vascular Parameters[D].Proceedings of the American Control Conference San Diego,California June 1999.
[42]邱关源.电路[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[43]赵录怀,杨育霞,张震.电路与系统分析—使用MATLAB[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[44]伍林,李汝恒,李杰森.生物电磁学研究进展[J].生物磁学,2004,(1):27-28.
[45]陈国璋,陈惠晓.谈谈生物电磁学研究热点—非热效应[J].物理,1998,27(3):151-155.
[46]王少光,陈友珍,杨文娟,周安寿等.民航系统非电离辐射对人体健康影响的研究[J].卫生研究,1985,14(6):42-43.
[47]王少光.微波及微波炉对人体健康的影响[J].中国乡村医药,1995,2(11):491-492.
[48]赵清波,金永哲,张云生,郑传海.通讯微波辐射对作业人员健康影响的调查[J].中国工业医学杂志,1994,7(5):293-294.
[49]陈涛,刘文魁.高频电磁波作业人员心电图的观察[J].山西医学院学报,1992,23(3):228-230.
[50]杨超敏.高频辐射对作业人员心电图的影响[J].职业医学,1998,25(3):24-25.
[51]丁超,崔俊玉,何振山,高岩,齐书英.蜂窝移动电话对永久起搏器干扰作用的初步观察[J].中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志,1999,13(2):128.
[52]李振杰,郭丰涛,乐秀鸿,柯文棋等.某导航台电磁场对人体部分生理指标的影响[A].全国电磁兼容学术会议论文集[C],2001.
[53]董胜璋,黄方经,章孟本,周琴娥等.超高压输变电工频电场对生物影响的研究[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,1984,2(3):152-154.
[2]凌大好译,威廉·哈维著.心血运动论[M].陕西:陕西人民出版社,2001.
[3]邹盛铨.血液流动力学与心血管人工器官[M].成都科技大学出版社,1991.
[4]乐嘉春,马晨明.血管输入阻抗的拟合方法与初值选取[J].力学季刊,2001,22(4):497-501.
[5]Frank O Z.Die Grundform des arterielen pulses erste abhandlung:mathemematische Analyse[J].Biol,1899,37:483-526.
[6]Westerhof N.Analog Studies of Human Systemic Arterial Hemodynamics[M],PhD Disser,Univ.Pennsylvania,1968.
[7]Nooedergraaf A.Circulatory System Dynamics[M].Academic Press,1978.
[8]Burattini R.and G Gnudi.Computer identification of models for the arterial tree input impendence:comparison between two new simple models and first experimental results[J].Med Biol Comput,1982,20:134-144.
[9]杨桂通,吴望一.生物力学进展[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[10]冯忠刚,吴望一,孙东宁.心血管系统体循环后负荷的集中参数模型[J].中国生物医学工程学报,1997,16(3):212-218.
[11]Campbell K,Zeglen M,Kagehiro T,et,al.A Pulsatile cardiovascular computer model for teaching heart-blood vessel interaction[J].The Physiologist,1982,25(3):155-162.
[12]Coleman T G,Randall,et,al.HUMAN:A Comprehensive physiological model[J].The Physiologist,1983,26:15-21.
[13]Beyar R,Kishon Y,Sideman S,et,al.Computer studies of systemic and regional blood flow mechanisms during cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J].Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.1984,22:499-506.
[14]Beyar R,Goldstein Y.Model studies of the effects of the thoracic pressure on the circulation[J].Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.1987,15:373-83.
[15]Goldstein Y,Beyar R,Sideman S.Influence of pleural pressure variations on cardiovascular system dynamics:a model study[J].Med.&Biol.Eng.&Comput.1988, 26:251-259.
[16]Tsuruta H,Sato T,Shirataka M,et,al.Mathematical model of cardiovascular mechanics for diagnostic analysis and treatment of heart failure:Part 1.Model description and theoretical analysis[J].Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.1994a,32(1):3-11.
[17]Ursino M.Interaction between carotid baroregulation and the pulsating heart:a mathematical model[J].Am.J.Physiol.1998,275:1773-1747.
[18]Ursino M,Magosso E.Acute cardiovascular response to isocapnic hypoxia[J].Am.J.Physiol.Heart Circ.Physiol,2000,279:149-175.
[19]Ursino M,Magosso E.Role of short-term cardiovascular regulation in heart period variability:a modeling study[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2003,284:1479-1493.
[20]Korakianitis,et al.Aconcentrated parameter model for the human cardiovascular system including heart valve dynamics and atrioventricular interaction[J].Medical engineering & Physics,2006,28(7):613-628.
[21]白净.血液循环系统仿真[M].吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,1995.
[22]冯宇军,杭晓明,田树军.多分支心血管循环系统的建模和仿真研究[J].生物医学工程学杂志,2000,17(2):186-191.
[23]胡喆等.心脏—肺循环—体循环系统建模初探[J].同济大学学报,2002,30(1):61-65.
[24]李新胜,白净等.心肺交互作用的心血管系统模型及仿真研究[J].中国生物医学工程学报,2003,22(3):241-249.
[25]代开勇.心血管系统键合图模型仿真研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2006.
[26]徐雨维,高春圃.工程生理学[M].浙江:浙江大学,1997.
[27]戈应滨,王正山.生理学[M].江苏:东南大学,2006.
[28]郑筱祥,戴品忠,白净等.生理系统仿真建模[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2003.
[29]张镜如,乔健天等.生理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000.
[30]王鸿儒,文宗曜.血液循环力学[M].北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1990.
[31]H Suga,K Sagawa.Instantaneous pressure-volume relationships and their ratio in the excised supported canine left ventricle[J].Circ.Res.1974,35:117-126.
[32]Sagawa K,Maughan WL,Suga H,et al.Cardiac contraction and the pressure volume relationship.New York:Oxford University Press,1988.
[33]Shroff S.Left Ventricular Active Pressure Waveform[J].Cardiovasculra System Modeling(BioE 2515),2003.
[34]Rosenherg G,Winfred M,et al.Design and Evaluation of the Pennsylvania State University Mock Circulatory S ystem[J].Asaio J,1981,4(2):41-49.
[35]柳兆荣,李惜惜.弹性腔理论及其在心血管系统分析中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[36]柳兆荣,李惜惜.血液动力学原理和方法[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1997.
[37]柳兆荣,沈峰.血管输入阻抗[J].力学进展,1998,18(1):27-51.
[38]Nichols WW,Conti CR,Walker WW,et al.Input impedance of the systemic circulation in man[J].Circulation research,1977,40:451-458.
[39]王庆伟,许世雄.心血管系统体循环输入阻抗的几种集中参数模型的比较和应用[J].医用生物力学,2003,18(1):7-12.
[40]吴望一,孙东宁,冯忠刚.心室-血管的物理模型与动态耦合[J].中国生物医学工程学报,2001,20(5):451-458.
[41]Yih-Chong Yu,J Robert Boston,Marwan A Simaan,James F Antaki.Sensitivity Analysis of Cardiovascular Model for Minimally Invasive Estimation of Systemic Vascular Parameters[D].Proceedings of the American Control Conference San Diego,California June 1999.
[42]邱关源.电路[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[43]赵录怀,杨育霞,张震.电路与系统分析—使用MATLAB[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[44]伍林,李汝恒,李杰森.生物电磁学研究进展[J].生物磁学,2004,(1):27-28.
[45]陈国璋,陈惠晓.谈谈生物电磁学研究热点—非热效应[J].物理,1998,27(3):151-155.
[46]王少光,陈友珍,杨文娟,周安寿等.民航系统非电离辐射对人体健康影响的研究[J].卫生研究,1985,14(6):42-43.
[47]王少光.微波及微波炉对人体健康的影响[J].中国乡村医药,1995,2(11):491-492.
[48]赵清波,金永哲,张云生,郑传海.通讯微波辐射对作业人员健康影响的调查[J].中国工业医学杂志,1994,7(5):293-294.
[49]陈涛,刘文魁.高频电磁波作业人员心电图的观察[J].山西医学院学报,1992,23(3):228-230.
[50]杨超敏.高频辐射对作业人员心电图的影响[J].职业医学,1998,25(3):24-25.
[51]丁超,崔俊玉,何振山,高岩,齐书英.蜂窝移动电话对永久起搏器干扰作用的初步观察[J].中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志,1999,13(2):128.
[52]李振杰,郭丰涛,乐秀鸿,柯文棋等.某导航台电磁场对人体部分生理指标的影响[A].全国电磁兼容学术会议论文集[C],2001.
[53]董胜璋,黄方经,章孟本,周琴娥等.超高压输变电工频电场对生物影响的研究[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,1984,2(3):152-154.