降压型开关稳压电源芯片电路的研究与设计
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摘要
开关稳压电源具有集成度高、外围电路简单、电源效率高等优点,在各种电子产品中得到广泛的应用。尤其是基于电池供电的便携式系统数量日益增长,开关稳压电源已经取代效率较低的线性稳压器,成为现代超大规模集成系统中不可或缺的部分。
论文阐述了电源管理芯片的市场前景与发展,研究了降压型DC-DC变换器的实现技术。在深入分析降压型开关电源工作机理的基础上,采用BUCK型拓扑结构,设计了一种PWM电流控制模式降压型DC-DC变换器控制芯片电路,该电路在4.75V～30V的输入电压范围内可实现达0.8～16V的降压功能,工作温度范围为0℃～150℃,转换效率达到90%。对基准电压源、振荡器、误差放大器、限流比较器、采样电路、锁存器、驱动电路、短路保护和过温保护等9个子电路进行了电路设计与原理分析,并在此基础上,运用EDA软件对各功能模块的各项指标、参数进行了仿真、分析。最后,进行了整体电路的功能和典型性能参数的联合仿真,仿真结果表明,设计电路达到了预定的设计目标。该芯片具有短路保护,在输出电压低于3.75V时,自动调整振荡频率;具有软启动功能,可以避免启动时的电感电流过冲;具有斜坡补偿功能,保证了芯片在电流控制模式下反馈环路工作的稳定;具有过温保护功能可以防止高温造成电路永久的损坏。
芯片采用2um、36V双极工艺和SOP-8E封装形式。对设计的芯片进行了点测以及成品应用测试,测试结果表明,标准负载电流下转换效率接近90%;输入电压在7～30V下负载电流变化了0.6A;温度在20～140℃负载变化了0.3V;具有良好的电压调整率和负载调整率。设计电路基本达到设计要求。
Switching regulators have been widely applied in the electronic product field,due to their high integration level,simple peripheral circuits,highly power efficiency.Especially, with the development of the battery-operated portable systems,the switching regulators are becoming an essential building block in the contemporary VLSI systems,replacing the linear voltage regulator with low power efficiency.
In the thesis,the market and the development of power manager chip are described, and the technique for buck DC-DC converters is analyzed.After the basic operation principle of buck switching power supply is in detail investigated,the chip circuits of PWM current mode buck DC-DC converters are designed based on buck topology structure.This regulator can generate output voltage as low as 0.8V to 16V with wide input voltage range of 4.75V to 30V.Operating temperature range is 0℃～150℃,and conversion efficiency reaches 90%.Nine sub-block circuits including voltage references,oscillators, error amplifiers,current limiting comparators,sampling circuits,latch,driving circuits, short-circuit protection and over-temperature protection are analyzed and designed.Then several electrical characteristics are simulated and analyzed by using cadence EDA tools. Finally,the whole chip performances are simulated.And the simulation results show the designed circuits can realize the designed targets.The chip has a short-circuit protection function.When the output voltage is lower than 3.75V,the oscillation frequency can be automatically adjusted.The soft-start function can avoid the inductor current overshoot when the chip starts.The slope compensation ensures that the feedback loops in the chip circuit can stability work in the current control mode.The over-temperature protection function can prevent permanent damage because of high temperatures.
2um 36V bipolar process and SOP-8E encapsulation are applied.The point measurement and the tests for product application are carried out.The test results show the conversion efficiency approaches 90%under standard load current.When the input voltage is changed from 7V to 30V,the load current will changes 0.6A.When the temperature changes from 20℃to140℃,the load current will change 0.3V.The chip has good voltage adjusting ratio and load adjusting ratio.The designed chip performances basically meet the design requirements.
论文阐述了电源管理芯片的市场前景与发展,研究了降压型DC-DC变换器的实现技术。在深入分析降压型开关电源工作机理的基础上,采用BUCK型拓扑结构,设计了一种PWM电流控制模式降压型DC-DC变换器控制芯片电路,该电路在4.75V～30V的输入电压范围内可实现达0.8～16V的降压功能,工作温度范围为0℃～150℃,转换效率达到90%。对基准电压源、振荡器、误差放大器、限流比较器、采样电路、锁存器、驱动电路、短路保护和过温保护等9个子电路进行了电路设计与原理分析,并在此基础上,运用EDA软件对各功能模块的各项指标、参数进行了仿真、分析。最后,进行了整体电路的功能和典型性能参数的联合仿真,仿真结果表明,设计电路达到了预定的设计目标。该芯片具有短路保护,在输出电压低于3.75V时,自动调整振荡频率;具有软启动功能,可以避免启动时的电感电流过冲;具有斜坡补偿功能,保证了芯片在电流控制模式下反馈环路工作的稳定;具有过温保护功能可以防止高温造成电路永久的损坏。
芯片采用2um、36V双极工艺和SOP-8E封装形式。对设计的芯片进行了点测以及成品应用测试,测试结果表明,标准负载电流下转换效率接近90%;输入电压在7～30V下负载电流变化了0.6A;温度在20～140℃负载变化了0.3V;具有良好的电压调整率和负载调整率。设计电路基本达到设计要求。
Switching regulators have been widely applied in the electronic product field,due to their high integration level,simple peripheral circuits,highly power efficiency.Especially, with the development of the battery-operated portable systems,the switching regulators are becoming an essential building block in the contemporary VLSI systems,replacing the linear voltage regulator with low power efficiency.
In the thesis,the market and the development of power manager chip are described, and the technique for buck DC-DC converters is analyzed.After the basic operation principle of buck switching power supply is in detail investigated,the chip circuits of PWM current mode buck DC-DC converters are designed based on buck topology structure.This regulator can generate output voltage as low as 0.8V to 16V with wide input voltage range of 4.75V to 30V.Operating temperature range is 0℃～150℃,and conversion efficiency reaches 90%.Nine sub-block circuits including voltage references,oscillators, error amplifiers,current limiting comparators,sampling circuits,latch,driving circuits, short-circuit protection and over-temperature protection are analyzed and designed.Then several electrical characteristics are simulated and analyzed by using cadence EDA tools. Finally,the whole chip performances are simulated.And the simulation results show the designed circuits can realize the designed targets.The chip has a short-circuit protection function.When the output voltage is lower than 3.75V,the oscillation frequency can be automatically adjusted.The soft-start function can avoid the inductor current overshoot when the chip starts.The slope compensation ensures that the feedback loops in the chip circuit can stability work in the current control mode.The over-temperature protection function can prevent permanent damage because of high temperatures.
2um 36V bipolar process and SOP-8E encapsulation are applied.The point measurement and the tests for product application are carried out.The test results show the conversion efficiency approaches 90%under standard load current.When the input voltage is changed from 7V to 30V,the load current will changes 0.6A.When the temperature changes from 20℃to140℃,the load current will change 0.3V.The chip has good voltage adjusting ratio and load adjusting ratio.The designed chip performances basically meet the design requirements.
引文
[1]王志强等译.[美]Abraham I.Pressman.开关电源设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2005.
[2]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2002.
[3]王红义,来新泉,李玉山.减小DC-DC中斜坡补偿对带载能力的影响.半导体学报,2006,27(8):1484-1488.
[4]杨汝.峰值电流控制模式中斜坡补偿电路的设计.电力电子技术,2001,35(3):35-38.
[5]高原,邱新芸,汪晋宽.峰值电流控制开关电源斜坡补偿的研究.仪器仪表学报,2003,24(4)增刊:118-120.
[6]来新泉,郭仲杰,张倩.可提高Buck型DC-DC转换器带载能力的斜坡补偿设计.微电子学,2007,37(1):33-37.
[7]左琛,胡莹,常越.开关电源中电磁干扰的产生及其抑制.电力电子技术,2007,41(1):78-80.
[8]应建华,邹擎天.峰值电流控制补偿电路的设计.通信电源技术,2007,24(3):47-49.
[9]常昌远,谭春玲等.全负载下实现高效率的DC-DC转换器芯片设计.东南大学学报,2007,37(1):22-25.
[10]马红波,冯全源.一种低功耗、高性能BICMOS DC-DC限流电路的设计.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):49-53.
[11]沙占友等.新型单片开关电源设计与应用技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2004:1-3.
[12]V.Vorperian,"Simplified Analysis of PWM Converters Using the Model of the PWM Switch:Parts Ⅰ and Ⅱ",IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,March 1990,Vol.26,No.2.
[13]C.K.Tse,Y.M.Lai.Control of bifurcation in current-programmed DC/DC converters:areexamination of slope compensation.ISCAS,2000,1:671-674.
[14]Behzad Razavi.模拟CMOS集成电路设计(陈贵灿,程军,张瑞智等译).西安:西安交通大学出版社,2003:372-373.
[15]Cheung Fai Lee and Philip K.T.Mok,A Monolithic Current-Mode CMOS DC-DC Converter With On-chip Current-Sensing Technique,IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,Vol.39,No.1,Jan 2004.
[16]Ronald B.Koo.Fast-and Precise Current-Sense Circuit For High-voltage Switch,U.S.Patent 6,384,636,May 7,2002.
[17]杜中义.开关电源输出纹波抑制措施的研究.电力电子技术.1996,4(11):55-57.
[18]黄晨,汪贵平.带隙型集成电压基准源的原理及应用.西安公路学院学报,1994,14(2):148-152.
[19]马克·皮尔森,金国峰.电压基准源的合理选择.电测与仪表,2001,38(424):52-53.
[20]高工,许刚.精密基准电压源的设计思路与应用考虑(上).模拟器件天地,1999,6:9-11.
[21]R.D.Middlebrook and Suk,A General Unified Appoach to Modeling Switching Converter Power Stages,IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Record,1976,pp.18-34.
[22]A.Hastings,The Art of Analog Layout,Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,2001.
[23]David A.Johns and Ken Martin,Analog Integrated Circuit Design,New York:John Wiley&Sons,1997,pp.256-259.
[24]Kunrong Wang,Fred C.Lee,Jason Lai.Operation principle of hi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter with unified soft-switching scheme and soft-starting capability[A].IEEE APEC 2000[C].2000:111-118.
[25]Victor Yakushev,Valery Meleshin,Simon Fraidlin.Full-bridge isolated current fed converter with active clamp[A].IEEE APEC 1999,1999:560-566.
[26]K.Venkatesan.Current mode controlled bi-directional flyback converter[A].IEEE PESC'89[C].1989:835-842.
[27]Rudy Severns.The history of the forward converter.Switching Power Magazine.July,2000pp:20-22.
[28]杨胜君,程君侠等.一种高性能Folded-Cascode运算放大器的设计.半导体技术,2002,27(6):33-38.
[29]朱正涌.半导体集成电路.清华大学出版社,2001:282-285.
[30]J.F.Duque-Carrillo,R.Perez-Aloe et al.A family of bias circuits for high input swing CMOS operational amplifiers,IEEE,1992:3021-3024.
[31]常敏慧,申功迈,何希才.开关电源应用、设计与维修.北京:科学技术出版社,2001第一版,19.
[32]张林.高速、高精度集成运算放大器的设计:(硕士学位论文).北京:北京理工大学,2003.2,5-8.
[33]王晋,仇玉林,田泽.全差分增益提高运算放大器的分析与设计.电子器件,2005,28(2).
[34]柳逊,闫娜,吴晓铁等.一种高性能运算放大器的设计.微电子学与计算机,2005,22.
[35]Charge-Pump and Step-Up DC-DC Converter Solutions for Powering White LEDs in Series or Parallel Connections.http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn,2002-04.
[36]Oliver Nachbaur.White LED power supply techniques:charge pump and boost converter.Texas Instruments Application Note,http://www.ti.com/,June 2003.
[37]林中岳.电力电子变换技术.重庆:重庆大学出版社,1990(2):33-36.
[38]叶惠珍,杨兴州.新颖开关稳压电源.北京:国防工业出版社,1999(5):69-72.
[39]卢伟国,刘选忠.未来电源发展的趋势及成功之路.北京:中国电源学会通讯,1999(12):53-55.
[40]张国安.开关稳压电源芯片及其应用.电测与仪表,1999(10):36.
[41]赵忠文,曾峦,熊伟.开关电源技术分析和应用分析.指挥技术学院学报,2001,12(6):90-93.
[2]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2002.
[3]王红义,来新泉,李玉山.减小DC-DC中斜坡补偿对带载能力的影响.半导体学报,2006,27(8):1484-1488.
[4]杨汝.峰值电流控制模式中斜坡补偿电路的设计.电力电子技术,2001,35(3):35-38.
[5]高原,邱新芸,汪晋宽.峰值电流控制开关电源斜坡补偿的研究.仪器仪表学报,2003,24(4)增刊:118-120.
[6]来新泉,郭仲杰,张倩.可提高Buck型DC-DC转换器带载能力的斜坡补偿设计.微电子学,2007,37(1):33-37.
[7]左琛,胡莹,常越.开关电源中电磁干扰的产生及其抑制.电力电子技术,2007,41(1):78-80.
[8]应建华,邹擎天.峰值电流控制补偿电路的设计.通信电源技术,2007,24(3):47-49.
[9]常昌远,谭春玲等.全负载下实现高效率的DC-DC转换器芯片设计.东南大学学报,2007,37(1):22-25.
[10]马红波,冯全源.一种低功耗、高性能BICMOS DC-DC限流电路的设计.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):49-53.
[11]沙占友等.新型单片开关电源设计与应用技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2004:1-3.
[12]V.Vorperian,"Simplified Analysis of PWM Converters Using the Model of the PWM Switch:Parts Ⅰ and Ⅱ",IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,March 1990,Vol.26,No.2.
[13]C.K.Tse,Y.M.Lai.Control of bifurcation in current-programmed DC/DC converters:areexamination of slope compensation.ISCAS,2000,1:671-674.
[14]Behzad Razavi.模拟CMOS集成电路设计(陈贵灿,程军,张瑞智等译).西安:西安交通大学出版社,2003:372-373.
[15]Cheung Fai Lee and Philip K.T.Mok,A Monolithic Current-Mode CMOS DC-DC Converter With On-chip Current-Sensing Technique,IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,Vol.39,No.1,Jan 2004.
[16]Ronald B.Koo.Fast-and Precise Current-Sense Circuit For High-voltage Switch,U.S.Patent 6,384,636,May 7,2002.
[17]杜中义.开关电源输出纹波抑制措施的研究.电力电子技术.1996,4(11):55-57.
[18]黄晨,汪贵平.带隙型集成电压基准源的原理及应用.西安公路学院学报,1994,14(2):148-152.
[19]马克·皮尔森,金国峰.电压基准源的合理选择.电测与仪表,2001,38(424):52-53.
[20]高工,许刚.精密基准电压源的设计思路与应用考虑(上).模拟器件天地,1999,6:9-11.
[21]R.D.Middlebrook and Suk,A General Unified Appoach to Modeling Switching Converter Power Stages,IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Record,1976,pp.18-34.
[22]A.Hastings,The Art of Analog Layout,Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,2001.
[23]David A.Johns and Ken Martin,Analog Integrated Circuit Design,New York:John Wiley&Sons,1997,pp.256-259.
[24]Kunrong Wang,Fred C.Lee,Jason Lai.Operation principle of hi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter with unified soft-switching scheme and soft-starting capability[A].IEEE APEC 2000[C].2000:111-118.
[25]Victor Yakushev,Valery Meleshin,Simon Fraidlin.Full-bridge isolated current fed converter with active clamp[A].IEEE APEC 1999,1999:560-566.
[26]K.Venkatesan.Current mode controlled bi-directional flyback converter[A].IEEE PESC'89[C].1989:835-842.
[27]Rudy Severns.The history of the forward converter.Switching Power Magazine.July,2000pp:20-22.
[28]杨胜君,程君侠等.一种高性能Folded-Cascode运算放大器的设计.半导体技术,2002,27(6):33-38.
[29]朱正涌.半导体集成电路.清华大学出版社,2001:282-285.
[30]J.F.Duque-Carrillo,R.Perez-Aloe et al.A family of bias circuits for high input swing CMOS operational amplifiers,IEEE,1992:3021-3024.
[31]常敏慧,申功迈,何希才.开关电源应用、设计与维修.北京:科学技术出版社,2001第一版,19.
[32]张林.高速、高精度集成运算放大器的设计:(硕士学位论文).北京:北京理工大学,2003.2,5-8.
[33]王晋,仇玉林,田泽.全差分增益提高运算放大器的分析与设计.电子器件,2005,28(2).
[34]柳逊,闫娜,吴晓铁等.一种高性能运算放大器的设计.微电子学与计算机,2005,22.
[35]Charge-Pump and Step-Up DC-DC Converter Solutions for Powering White LEDs in Series or Parallel Connections.http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn,2002-04.
[36]Oliver Nachbaur.White LED power supply techniques:charge pump and boost converter.Texas Instruments Application Note,http://www.ti.com/,June 2003.
[37]林中岳.电力电子变换技术.重庆:重庆大学出版社,1990(2):33-36.
[38]叶惠珍,杨兴州.新颖开关稳压电源.北京:国防工业出版社,1999(5):69-72.
[39]卢伟国,刘选忠.未来电源发展的趋势及成功之路.北京:中国电源学会通讯,1999(12):53-55.
[40]张国安.开关稳压电源芯片及其应用.电测与仪表,1999(10):36.
[41]赵忠文,曾峦,熊伟.开关电源技术分析和应用分析.指挥技术学院学报,2001,12(6):90-93.