模拟氮沉降对暖温带油松林土壤碳循环过程的影响
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摘要
我国已成为全球三大N沉降区之一。日益增加的N沉降能否增加森林土壤C吸存以及N沉降驱动下的森林土壤C吸存潜力有多大,目前科学界仍存在很大的争论。油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)是我国特有树种,研究N沉降对油松林土壤C循环过程的影响既可以填补我国有关N沉降对暖温带森林生态系统研究的空白,又可为该地区进一步开展N沉降以及全球变化研究打下基础。
本文通过原位模拟N沉降方法,N沉降水平分为NO(0kg N·hm-2·a-1)、N1(50kg N·hm-2·a-1)、N2(100kg N·hm-2·a-1)和N3(150kg N-hm·a-1),对比分析了油松人工林和天然林土壤C循环关键过程对模拟N沉降的响应过程和机制。主要研究结果如下：
(1)N沉降对人工林土壤微生物量无显著影响,而显著降低了天然林表层土壤微生物量。不同凋落物处理显著影响过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,对照样方土壤酶活性显著高于去凋切根或去凋样方的土壤酶活性。N1水平表现为促进上壤过氧化氢酶活性,而N2和N3水平表现出抑制效应；N沉降抑制了多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和蔗糖酶活性,而对纤维素酶、脲酶和磷酸酶影响并不显著。
(2)N沉降显著促进了人工林针叶分解,抑制了天然林辽东栎阔叶分解,促进了天然林针叶早期分解,抑制其后期分解,分解12个月时,N沉降促进油松-辽东栎混合叶分解,随后对混合叶分解无显著影响。凋落物中K元素在整个分解过程中为释放模式,其他各元素均有不同程度的富集。在前期营养控制阶段,凋落物养分释放速度较快,而在分解后期木质素等难降解物质的积累导致凋落物释放养分速度变慢。
(3)凋落物处理显著影响土壤呼吸速率,去凋切根和去凋样方上壤呼吸速率显著低于对照样方。人工林和天然林去凋切根样方,N沉降均降低了土壤呼吸速率,但不同N水平间无显著差异；去凋样方,N沉降均促进了土壤呼吸,且人工林土壤呼吸速率随N沉降量增加而增加,而天然林N2水平土壤呼吸速率最大；对照样方,N沉降亦促进了土壤呼吸。对照样方土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10显著高于去凋切根和去凋样方且N沉降降低了人工林和天然林土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。
(4)N沉降引起上壤各层有机C含量的减少,表层土壤(0-20cm)有机C下降幅度大于深层土壤(20-40cm,40-60cm)且有机C含量下降幅度随N沉降增加而增大。N沉降显著增加了人工林表层土壤全N含量,但对天然林表层土壤全N含量影响并不明显。
N沉降通过促进油松林土壤呼吸,减小了整个生态系统土壤C贮存。未来持续N沉降背景下,油松林生态系统土壤C库对N沉降的响应值得进一步深入研究。
China has become one of the three biggest area of nitrogen deposition in the world. There has been a lasting controversy over the point that if nitrogen deposition can enhance forest soil carbon sequestration and how is the potential of forest soil carbon sequestration under the drive of nitrogen deposition. Chinese pine(Pinus tabulaefortnis) is endemic to China, researches on the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil carbon cycling processes in Chinese pine forests can not only fill the gap of nitrogen deposition studies in warm temperate area, but also lay a solid foundation for researches on the nitrogen deposition and global change in this region.
Through in situ simulated nitrogen deposition, nitrogen levels were implemented as:NO (0kg N·hm-2·a-1), N1(50kg N·hm·a-1), N2(100kg N·hm·a-1), and N3(150kg N·hm·a-1). We compared and investigated the responses and underlying mechanisms of soil carbon cycling key processes to nitrogen deposition in both plantation (PF) and natural forests (NF) of Chinese pine. The main results were as follows:
(1) Nitrogen deposition had no significant effect on soil microbial biomass in PF, but significantly decreased soil microbial biomass at0-10cm depth in NF. Litter treatment significantly affected hydrogen peroxidase, cellulase, urease and invertase activities. It showed that soil enzyme activities were higher in control (CK.) subplot than those in both litter and root exclusion (LRE), and only litter exclusion (LE) subplots. Hydrogen peroxidase activity was increased at N1level, but decreased at N2and N3levels. Nitrogen deposition inhibited polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and invertase activities, but had no significant effects on cellulase, urease and phosphatase activities.
(2) Nitrogen deposition significantly promoted P. tabulaeformis decomposition in PF. The decomposition of Quercus liaotungensis was suppressed by nitrogen deposition in NF. Nitrogen deposition promoted P. tabulaeformis decomposition at the beginning of decomposition and suppressed its decomposition at the end of decomposition in NF. Nitrogen deposition facilitated P. tabulaeformis-Q. liaotungensis mixed litter decomposition before12months and then had no significant effect on mixed litter decomposition. K was almost realeased while other nutrients were showed enrichment during decomposition. At the beginning of early nutrition control stage, the litter nutrient release was very fast. The accumulation of lignin at the end of decomposition led to slow release of litter nutrients.
(3) Litter treatment significantly affected soil respiration. Soil respiraiton in LRE and LE subplots was significantly lower than that in CK subplot. Nitrogen deposition reduced soil respiration in LRE subplot in both PF and NF, however, soil respiration was not significantly different between different nitrogen levels. Nitrogen deposition increased soil respiration in LE subplot in both PF and NF, and soil respiration increased with nitrogen levels in PF while soil respiration was the highest in the N2level in NF. Nitrogen deposition also increased soil respiration in CK subplot in both PF and NF. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration Q10was significantly higher in CK subplot than that in both LRE and LE subplots. Nitrogen deposition decreased Q10in both PF and NF.
(4) Nitrogen deposition decreased soil organic carbon at different depths. The decrease of soil organic carbon at0-20cm depth was larger than that at20-40cm and40-60cm depth and soil organic carbon decreased with nitrogen levels. Nitrogen deposition significantly increased soil total nitrogen at0-20cm depth in PF, but had no significant effect on the soil total nitrogen at0-20cm depth in NF.
Nitrogen deposition reduced soil C storage by promoting soil respiration in Chinese pine forests. How soil carbon pool respond to nitrogen deposition under the background of future high nitrogen deposition is worth further study.
本文通过原位模拟N沉降方法,N沉降水平分为NO(0kg N·hm-2·a-1)、N1(50kg N·hm-2·a-1)、N2(100kg N·hm-2·a-1)和N3(150kg N-hm·a-1),对比分析了油松人工林和天然林土壤C循环关键过程对模拟N沉降的响应过程和机制。主要研究结果如下：
(1)N沉降对人工林土壤微生物量无显著影响,而显著降低了天然林表层土壤微生物量。不同凋落物处理显著影响过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,对照样方土壤酶活性显著高于去凋切根或去凋样方的土壤酶活性。N1水平表现为促进上壤过氧化氢酶活性,而N2和N3水平表现出抑制效应；N沉降抑制了多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和蔗糖酶活性,而对纤维素酶、脲酶和磷酸酶影响并不显著。
(2)N沉降显著促进了人工林针叶分解,抑制了天然林辽东栎阔叶分解,促进了天然林针叶早期分解,抑制其后期分解,分解12个月时,N沉降促进油松-辽东栎混合叶分解,随后对混合叶分解无显著影响。凋落物中K元素在整个分解过程中为释放模式,其他各元素均有不同程度的富集。在前期营养控制阶段,凋落物养分释放速度较快,而在分解后期木质素等难降解物质的积累导致凋落物释放养分速度变慢。
(3)凋落物处理显著影响土壤呼吸速率,去凋切根和去凋样方上壤呼吸速率显著低于对照样方。人工林和天然林去凋切根样方,N沉降均降低了土壤呼吸速率,但不同N水平间无显著差异；去凋样方,N沉降均促进了土壤呼吸,且人工林土壤呼吸速率随N沉降量增加而增加,而天然林N2水平土壤呼吸速率最大；对照样方,N沉降亦促进了土壤呼吸。对照样方土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10显著高于去凋切根和去凋样方且N沉降降低了人工林和天然林土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。
(4)N沉降引起上壤各层有机C含量的减少,表层土壤(0-20cm)有机C下降幅度大于深层土壤(20-40cm,40-60cm)且有机C含量下降幅度随N沉降增加而增大。N沉降显著增加了人工林表层土壤全N含量,但对天然林表层土壤全N含量影响并不明显。
N沉降通过促进油松林土壤呼吸,减小了整个生态系统土壤C贮存。未来持续N沉降背景下,油松林生态系统土壤C库对N沉降的响应值得进一步深入研究。
China has become one of the three biggest area of nitrogen deposition in the world. There has been a lasting controversy over the point that if nitrogen deposition can enhance forest soil carbon sequestration and how is the potential of forest soil carbon sequestration under the drive of nitrogen deposition. Chinese pine(Pinus tabulaefortnis) is endemic to China, researches on the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil carbon cycling processes in Chinese pine forests can not only fill the gap of nitrogen deposition studies in warm temperate area, but also lay a solid foundation for researches on the nitrogen deposition and global change in this region.
Through in situ simulated nitrogen deposition, nitrogen levels were implemented as:NO (0kg N·hm-2·a-1), N1(50kg N·hm·a-1), N2(100kg N·hm·a-1), and N3(150kg N·hm·a-1). We compared and investigated the responses and underlying mechanisms of soil carbon cycling key processes to nitrogen deposition in both plantation (PF) and natural forests (NF) of Chinese pine. The main results were as follows:
(1) Nitrogen deposition had no significant effect on soil microbial biomass in PF, but significantly decreased soil microbial biomass at0-10cm depth in NF. Litter treatment significantly affected hydrogen peroxidase, cellulase, urease and invertase activities. It showed that soil enzyme activities were higher in control (CK.) subplot than those in both litter and root exclusion (LRE), and only litter exclusion (LE) subplots. Hydrogen peroxidase activity was increased at N1level, but decreased at N2and N3levels. Nitrogen deposition inhibited polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and invertase activities, but had no significant effects on cellulase, urease and phosphatase activities.
(2) Nitrogen deposition significantly promoted P. tabulaeformis decomposition in PF. The decomposition of Quercus liaotungensis was suppressed by nitrogen deposition in NF. Nitrogen deposition promoted P. tabulaeformis decomposition at the beginning of decomposition and suppressed its decomposition at the end of decomposition in NF. Nitrogen deposition facilitated P. tabulaeformis-Q. liaotungensis mixed litter decomposition before12months and then had no significant effect on mixed litter decomposition. K was almost realeased while other nutrients were showed enrichment during decomposition. At the beginning of early nutrition control stage, the litter nutrient release was very fast. The accumulation of lignin at the end of decomposition led to slow release of litter nutrients.
(3) Litter treatment significantly affected soil respiration. Soil respiraiton in LRE and LE subplots was significantly lower than that in CK subplot. Nitrogen deposition reduced soil respiration in LRE subplot in both PF and NF, however, soil respiration was not significantly different between different nitrogen levels. Nitrogen deposition increased soil respiration in LE subplot in both PF and NF, and soil respiration increased with nitrogen levels in PF while soil respiration was the highest in the N2level in NF. Nitrogen deposition also increased soil respiration in CK subplot in both PF and NF. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration Q10was significantly higher in CK subplot than that in both LRE and LE subplots. Nitrogen deposition decreased Q10in both PF and NF.
(4) Nitrogen deposition decreased soil organic carbon at different depths. The decrease of soil organic carbon at0-20cm depth was larger than that at20-40cm and40-60cm depth and soil organic carbon decreased with nitrogen levels. Nitrogen deposition significantly increased soil total nitrogen at0-20cm depth in PF, but had no significant effect on the soil total nitrogen at0-20cm depth in NF.
Nitrogen deposition reduced soil C storage by promoting soil respiration in Chinese pine forests. How soil carbon pool respond to nitrogen deposition under the background of future high nitrogen deposition is worth further study.
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