深地震反射与深地震测深联合探测及其在地壳结构研究中的应用
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摘要
地壳内部结构差异、物理化学变化以及与地幔的相互作用深刻影响着地球表层地质构造、地貌过程以及人类的生活。对地壳内部构造和演化的研究一直是全球地学界关注的焦点。利用人工源地震的两种方法：深地震测深和深地震反射对地壳及上地幔顶部精细结构进行探测是勘查地球深部油藏、矿藏资源,认识地球内部地震、火山活动和地球动力学过程的重要途径。其中,前者能够提供壳内精细“构造形态”,而后者则能得到可靠的地壳“速度结构”。在回顾国内外研究现状基础上,论文围绕“构造形态”及“速度结构”探讨了深地震反射与深地震测深联合探测及其在地壳结构研究中的应用相关的问题,其主要研究内容包括以下三个部分：
1、深地震反射剖面构造信息识别
受长距离传播能量吸收衰减和深部复杂地质体等因素影响,深地震反射剖面中下地壳的地震波组经常表现为能量弱、不连续、带状或交织状,给资料解释带来了困难。为了提取剖面中的构造信息辅助解释,论文第二部分在总结前人模式识别、人工神经网络、χ2分布等方法基础上,开发了两种深地震反射剖面信息进行识别技术。第一种方法以数字图像处理理论为基础,使用一阶微分Sobel边缘检测算子提取剖面中的主要反射特征,并根据剖面的振幅直方图分布,用密度分割方法形成假彩色图像改善剖面效果。第二种方法借鉴Skeletonization方法的思想,通过数据预处理、振幅提取、对象识别、连续性计算和连续性滤波快速实现地震反射剖面构造格架识别,并将对象编号、元素个数、元素的位置、对象长度、对象倾角等信息存入关系数据库。通过对复杂区域对象进行倾角计算从而实现定量分析。该方法识别效果较图像处理方法有显著改善,由于去除了波形特征描述和迭代等复杂步骤,较模式识别法更为高效。
2、深地震测深地壳结构成像及其与深地震反射联合探测方法
论文第一部分回顾了深地震测深资料初至波层析成像、全地壳射线追踪反演的基本原理,探讨了处理解释中几个值得注意的问题及其成像策略。认为根据走时误差的收敛情况采用由粗至细的变参数策略能够有效避免层析成像出现局部极小。射线反演计算首先对模型进行正演模拟修正,当误差达到一定标准时,再反演可防止阻尼最小二乘反演产生虚假信息。
地震测深与深地震反射沿同一剖面联合探测,一方面两种资料可以通过互相约束、联合反演减小结果的非唯一性,另一方面可节约成本、提高效率。论文第三章阐述了同测线宽角反射与折射与近垂直反射地震联合探测的两种方法。当二者资料精度相当时,将反射速度分析结果与宽角反射与折射速度结构融合,可改善反射深层速度分析上的局限性,进而优化深度偏移剖面成像效果。另外,拾取反射叠加时间剖面零偏移距反射走时和宽角反射并与折射走时进行联合射线追踪反演,可获得更可靠的速度结构。对于数据分辨能力及各向异性等方面存在差异的深地震反射与深地震测深资料,可利用深地震反射剖面提供的界面形态、浅层速度等作为先验信息指导和约束深地震测深资料成像。
3、在华北克拉通北缘和鄂尔多斯西南缘地壳结构研究中的应用
遵循约束成像的思路,论文第三部分对华北克拉通北缘怀来-苏尼特右旗和青藏高原东北缘-六盘山-鄂尔多斯西南缘深地震测深剖面资料通过初至层析成像和射线追踪反演获得了研究区二维P波地壳速度结构的一些重要认识：
中亚造山带地壳厚度～40km,变化平缓,低于全球平均造山带地壳平均厚度,可能为造山后区域伸展的结果。阴山-燕山带附近莫霍明显加深,推测其为侏罗纪造山过程中形成的山根,但该山根很可能在后期被改造。测线中部地壳上部速度较高对应地表大面积花岗岩出露,而下地壳速度较低速度梯度低,呈通道状,推测其可能曾为古亚洲洋向南俯冲消亡的主动陆缘,并在碰撞后演变为伸展环境下岩浆侵入的通道。华北克拉通北缘与中亚造山带显示出不同速度变化特征,前者变化相对缓而后者则变化剧烈,二者的分界出现在赤峰-白云鄂博断裂附近。
鄂尔多斯盆地地壳上部速度低,速度等值钱呈近水平状,显示了沉积盆地的特征；六盘山以西浅层速度相对较高,横向变化剧烈,呈褶皱状,为新生代青藏高原向东北方向挤压的结果。挤压褶皱区与稳定沉积区的边界出现在六盘山东侧,推测其为海原-六盘山逆冲走滑断裂。鄂尔多斯地壳速度梯度较大,下地壳速度高,组成为铁镁质,反映了稳定古老克拉通的特征；祁连造山带一侧地壳速度总体较低,具有典型造山带的特征。研究区莫霍面自西至东抬升,六盘山以西地壳厚度～50km,以东-42km,六盘山下方莫霍面出现叠置。这一现象揭示新生代在青藏高原物质向东北方向流动挤压作用下,该区地壳上部主要以逆冲、褶皱作用为主,而地壳中下部刚性的鄂尔多斯下地壳挤入到较软的祁连地壳中。横向挤入作用产生的纵向效应导致六盘山上层莫霍面及上部壳内界面发生不同程度地向上弯曲,我们推测该区地震活动可能与挤压弯曲的刚性地壳发生弹性回跳、应力释放有关。
Structural difference, chemical and physical changes of the crust and interaction with mantle profoundly affect surface geology, geomorphologic processes and human life. Thus, research on crustal structure and evolution always focus geoscientists'attention. Two active seismic methods:deep seismic sounding and deep seismic reflection, which provided detail structure information of crust and uppermost mantle, are important channels for explorating of reservoir, mineral resources and understanding of the earthquakes, volcanic activity and geodynamic processes. The former could provide reliable crustal velocity structure, and the latter could provide fine crustal structural configuration. Based on a summary of research progress of domestic and international, this thesis investigates some problems about joint exploration of deep seismic sounding and deep seismic reflection with its application in crust structure research. And its research contents could be departed into3portions below:
1、 Structure information recognition of deep seismic reflection profiles
Because of the attenuation effect of long distance propagation and complex geologic body in deep crust, the seismic events from the middle and lower crust in deep seismic reflection section are always displayed as energy weak, discontinuous, zonary or interlaced. These make the interpretation became difficult. In the second portion, we summarized pattern recognition method, artificial neural network method and x2distribution method, and developed two new methods to recognize structure information from deep seismic reflection profiles. With considering the character of deep seismic reflection data and problems encountered in interpretation, the first method is based on digital image processing theory. First order differential Sobel edge detection operator was employed to extract the reflected framework of the section. According to the histogram of amplitude distribution, density slicing algorithm was used to acquire false color image which improved the sections'display effect. The second method based on skeletonization technique and digital image processing theory is composed of the following module:data pretreatment, amplitude analysis, median filtering, object recognition, continuity calculating and continuity filtering. We save the objects'identification number, number of elements, elements'position, object length, angle and other information in a relational database. Besides to recognize structure information from deep seismic profiles, this method is also used to analyze the seismic events angle distribution of structure complex area. This method gets better recognized effect than the image processing method. Because we removed waveform characterization and iterative steps, this method is more efficient than the pattern recognition method.
2、 Crustal structure imaging of deep seismic sounding and joint exploration methods with deep seismic reflection data.
The first portion reviewed basic theory of first arrivals finite difference tomography and seismic travel time inversion methods. Several noticeable problems and modeling strategies during processing and interpretation were discussed. We considered that:according to the convergence of travel time RMS error, variable parameters utilised from coarse to fine will effectively avoid appearance of local minima during topographic inversion. Forward modeling with the traditional "trial-and-error" way is necessary. When travel time RMS error reaches a certain standard, then inversion using damped least squares method could prevents generation of artificial information.
If the deep seismic sounding data was collected along the same profile with deep seismic reflection, their non-uniqueness will be constrained by two different kinds of data through reciprocal constraint processing or joint inversion. The third Chapter introduces two joint exploration methods with wide angle reflection\refraction data and near vertical reflection data. In case both data precision are close, merging the reflection velocity analysis result and wide angle reflection\refraction velocity structure will improve the limitation of near vertical reflection velocity analysis, and optimize the depth migrated section. In addition, picking zero-offset travel time from two way travel time stacked reflection profile and joint ray tracing inversion with wide-angle reflection and refraction data will obtain more reliable velocity structure. If both data's precision and anisotropy are different, we can use information provided by coincident deep seismic reflection section profiles, such as interface morphology, surface velocity etc., as priori information to constrain the deep seismic sounding modeling.
3、 Application in crustal structure research of the northern margin of the north China craton and the southwestern margin of the Ordos block.
Following the constraint modeling approach, Hole's first arrival tomography program was used to obtain the upper crustal velocity structure and Zelt's2D travel time ray tracing and inversion program was used to obtain the full crustal structure of the northern margin of the north China craton Huailai-Sonid Youqi profile and the northeastern margin of the Tibet plateau Ordos-Liupanshan profile.2D P-wave velocity modeling was done layer by layer using the top to bottom approach. The velocity model was altered by trial and error, and the forward model was updated by damped least-squares inversion. Finally, we draw the following conclusions respectively:
The flat and relatively shallow Moho (-40km) of the central Asian orogenic belt may be attributed to the extension; thicker crust appears beneath the Yinshan-Yanshan belt and was probably generated by compression in the Jurassic-Cretaceous and modified during the latter extension. Relatively high Velocities in the upper crust of the middle port of the profile may represent the outcrop of large area granites. Strong velocity variations beneath the Bainaimiao arc and Ondor Sum subduction accretion complex indicate that multiple pulses of magmatism occurred during the complex tectonic evolution of this area. The velocity structure varies significantly from the north China craton to the central Asian orogenic belt, and the boundary between them appears at the Chifeng-Bayan Obo fault.
The upper crust of the Ordos basin has relatively lower velocities, and the velocity contour is sub-horizontal which represents stable sediments. The upper crust of the Qilian orogen has strong velocity variation. It should be a result of northeastward compression of the Tibet plateau during the Cenozoic. Different characteristics in the first arrival topographic model indicated that the Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault is the boundary between the Ordos basin and the Qilian orogen. The Qilian orogen has relatively lower velocity in the middle and lower crust, while the Ordos block has higher velocity and relatively simple crust which indicated it is a stable old craton. The crustal thickness varies from～50km in the west to～42km in the east, and double Moho appears beneath the Liupanshan area. It suggests that the thin and rigid Ordos crust was pushed into the thick and soft Qilian crust with the far field effect of the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. Transverse compression leads to all layers above Moho upswept in this region. We inferred that strong earthquake activity should be related with the upswept rigid crust's elastic rebound and release of stress.
1、深地震反射剖面构造信息识别
受长距离传播能量吸收衰减和深部复杂地质体等因素影响,深地震反射剖面中下地壳的地震波组经常表现为能量弱、不连续、带状或交织状,给资料解释带来了困难。为了提取剖面中的构造信息辅助解释,论文第二部分在总结前人模式识别、人工神经网络、χ2分布等方法基础上,开发了两种深地震反射剖面信息进行识别技术。第一种方法以数字图像处理理论为基础,使用一阶微分Sobel边缘检测算子提取剖面中的主要反射特征,并根据剖面的振幅直方图分布,用密度分割方法形成假彩色图像改善剖面效果。第二种方法借鉴Skeletonization方法的思想,通过数据预处理、振幅提取、对象识别、连续性计算和连续性滤波快速实现地震反射剖面构造格架识别,并将对象编号、元素个数、元素的位置、对象长度、对象倾角等信息存入关系数据库。通过对复杂区域对象进行倾角计算从而实现定量分析。该方法识别效果较图像处理方法有显著改善,由于去除了波形特征描述和迭代等复杂步骤,较模式识别法更为高效。
2、深地震测深地壳结构成像及其与深地震反射联合探测方法
论文第一部分回顾了深地震测深资料初至波层析成像、全地壳射线追踪反演的基本原理,探讨了处理解释中几个值得注意的问题及其成像策略。认为根据走时误差的收敛情况采用由粗至细的变参数策略能够有效避免层析成像出现局部极小。射线反演计算首先对模型进行正演模拟修正,当误差达到一定标准时,再反演可防止阻尼最小二乘反演产生虚假信息。
地震测深与深地震反射沿同一剖面联合探测,一方面两种资料可以通过互相约束、联合反演减小结果的非唯一性,另一方面可节约成本、提高效率。论文第三章阐述了同测线宽角反射与折射与近垂直反射地震联合探测的两种方法。当二者资料精度相当时,将反射速度分析结果与宽角反射与折射速度结构融合,可改善反射深层速度分析上的局限性,进而优化深度偏移剖面成像效果。另外,拾取反射叠加时间剖面零偏移距反射走时和宽角反射并与折射走时进行联合射线追踪反演,可获得更可靠的速度结构。对于数据分辨能力及各向异性等方面存在差异的深地震反射与深地震测深资料,可利用深地震反射剖面提供的界面形态、浅层速度等作为先验信息指导和约束深地震测深资料成像。
3、在华北克拉通北缘和鄂尔多斯西南缘地壳结构研究中的应用
遵循约束成像的思路,论文第三部分对华北克拉通北缘怀来-苏尼特右旗和青藏高原东北缘-六盘山-鄂尔多斯西南缘深地震测深剖面资料通过初至层析成像和射线追踪反演获得了研究区二维P波地壳速度结构的一些重要认识：
中亚造山带地壳厚度～40km,变化平缓,低于全球平均造山带地壳平均厚度,可能为造山后区域伸展的结果。阴山-燕山带附近莫霍明显加深,推测其为侏罗纪造山过程中形成的山根,但该山根很可能在后期被改造。测线中部地壳上部速度较高对应地表大面积花岗岩出露,而下地壳速度较低速度梯度低,呈通道状,推测其可能曾为古亚洲洋向南俯冲消亡的主动陆缘,并在碰撞后演变为伸展环境下岩浆侵入的通道。华北克拉通北缘与中亚造山带显示出不同速度变化特征,前者变化相对缓而后者则变化剧烈,二者的分界出现在赤峰-白云鄂博断裂附近。
鄂尔多斯盆地地壳上部速度低,速度等值钱呈近水平状,显示了沉积盆地的特征；六盘山以西浅层速度相对较高,横向变化剧烈,呈褶皱状,为新生代青藏高原向东北方向挤压的结果。挤压褶皱区与稳定沉积区的边界出现在六盘山东侧,推测其为海原-六盘山逆冲走滑断裂。鄂尔多斯地壳速度梯度较大,下地壳速度高,组成为铁镁质,反映了稳定古老克拉通的特征；祁连造山带一侧地壳速度总体较低,具有典型造山带的特征。研究区莫霍面自西至东抬升,六盘山以西地壳厚度～50km,以东-42km,六盘山下方莫霍面出现叠置。这一现象揭示新生代在青藏高原物质向东北方向流动挤压作用下,该区地壳上部主要以逆冲、褶皱作用为主,而地壳中下部刚性的鄂尔多斯下地壳挤入到较软的祁连地壳中。横向挤入作用产生的纵向效应导致六盘山上层莫霍面及上部壳内界面发生不同程度地向上弯曲,我们推测该区地震活动可能与挤压弯曲的刚性地壳发生弹性回跳、应力释放有关。
Structural difference, chemical and physical changes of the crust and interaction with mantle profoundly affect surface geology, geomorphologic processes and human life. Thus, research on crustal structure and evolution always focus geoscientists'attention. Two active seismic methods:deep seismic sounding and deep seismic reflection, which provided detail structure information of crust and uppermost mantle, are important channels for explorating of reservoir, mineral resources and understanding of the earthquakes, volcanic activity and geodynamic processes. The former could provide reliable crustal velocity structure, and the latter could provide fine crustal structural configuration. Based on a summary of research progress of domestic and international, this thesis investigates some problems about joint exploration of deep seismic sounding and deep seismic reflection with its application in crust structure research. And its research contents could be departed into3portions below:
1、 Structure information recognition of deep seismic reflection profiles
Because of the attenuation effect of long distance propagation and complex geologic body in deep crust, the seismic events from the middle and lower crust in deep seismic reflection section are always displayed as energy weak, discontinuous, zonary or interlaced. These make the interpretation became difficult. In the second portion, we summarized pattern recognition method, artificial neural network method and x2distribution method, and developed two new methods to recognize structure information from deep seismic reflection profiles. With considering the character of deep seismic reflection data and problems encountered in interpretation, the first method is based on digital image processing theory. First order differential Sobel edge detection operator was employed to extract the reflected framework of the section. According to the histogram of amplitude distribution, density slicing algorithm was used to acquire false color image which improved the sections'display effect. The second method based on skeletonization technique and digital image processing theory is composed of the following module:data pretreatment, amplitude analysis, median filtering, object recognition, continuity calculating and continuity filtering. We save the objects'identification number, number of elements, elements'position, object length, angle and other information in a relational database. Besides to recognize structure information from deep seismic profiles, this method is also used to analyze the seismic events angle distribution of structure complex area. This method gets better recognized effect than the image processing method. Because we removed waveform characterization and iterative steps, this method is more efficient than the pattern recognition method.
2、 Crustal structure imaging of deep seismic sounding and joint exploration methods with deep seismic reflection data.
The first portion reviewed basic theory of first arrivals finite difference tomography and seismic travel time inversion methods. Several noticeable problems and modeling strategies during processing and interpretation were discussed. We considered that:according to the convergence of travel time RMS error, variable parameters utilised from coarse to fine will effectively avoid appearance of local minima during topographic inversion. Forward modeling with the traditional "trial-and-error" way is necessary. When travel time RMS error reaches a certain standard, then inversion using damped least squares method could prevents generation of artificial information.
If the deep seismic sounding data was collected along the same profile with deep seismic reflection, their non-uniqueness will be constrained by two different kinds of data through reciprocal constraint processing or joint inversion. The third Chapter introduces two joint exploration methods with wide angle reflection\refraction data and near vertical reflection data. In case both data precision are close, merging the reflection velocity analysis result and wide angle reflection\refraction velocity structure will improve the limitation of near vertical reflection velocity analysis, and optimize the depth migrated section. In addition, picking zero-offset travel time from two way travel time stacked reflection profile and joint ray tracing inversion with wide-angle reflection and refraction data will obtain more reliable velocity structure. If both data's precision and anisotropy are different, we can use information provided by coincident deep seismic reflection section profiles, such as interface morphology, surface velocity etc., as priori information to constrain the deep seismic sounding modeling.
3、 Application in crustal structure research of the northern margin of the north China craton and the southwestern margin of the Ordos block.
Following the constraint modeling approach, Hole's first arrival tomography program was used to obtain the upper crustal velocity structure and Zelt's2D travel time ray tracing and inversion program was used to obtain the full crustal structure of the northern margin of the north China craton Huailai-Sonid Youqi profile and the northeastern margin of the Tibet plateau Ordos-Liupanshan profile.2D P-wave velocity modeling was done layer by layer using the top to bottom approach. The velocity model was altered by trial and error, and the forward model was updated by damped least-squares inversion. Finally, we draw the following conclusions respectively:
The flat and relatively shallow Moho (-40km) of the central Asian orogenic belt may be attributed to the extension; thicker crust appears beneath the Yinshan-Yanshan belt and was probably generated by compression in the Jurassic-Cretaceous and modified during the latter extension. Relatively high Velocities in the upper crust of the middle port of the profile may represent the outcrop of large area granites. Strong velocity variations beneath the Bainaimiao arc and Ondor Sum subduction accretion complex indicate that multiple pulses of magmatism occurred during the complex tectonic evolution of this area. The velocity structure varies significantly from the north China craton to the central Asian orogenic belt, and the boundary between them appears at the Chifeng-Bayan Obo fault.
The upper crust of the Ordos basin has relatively lower velocities, and the velocity contour is sub-horizontal which represents stable sediments. The upper crust of the Qilian orogen has strong velocity variation. It should be a result of northeastward compression of the Tibet plateau during the Cenozoic. Different characteristics in the first arrival topographic model indicated that the Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault is the boundary between the Ordos basin and the Qilian orogen. The Qilian orogen has relatively lower velocity in the middle and lower crust, while the Ordos block has higher velocity and relatively simple crust which indicated it is a stable old craton. The crustal thickness varies from～50km in the west to～42km in the east, and double Moho appears beneath the Liupanshan area. It suggests that the thin and rigid Ordos crust was pushed into the thick and soft Qilian crust with the far field effect of the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. Transverse compression leads to all layers above Moho upswept in this region. We inferred that strong earthquake activity should be related with the upswept rigid crust's elastic rebound and release of stress.
引文
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