实时流媒体内容分发系统优化研究
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摘要
随着计算机和网络的普及,音视频编解码技术的发展以及人们对生活要求的提高,流媒体技术受到了学术界和产业界越来越多的关注。由于流媒体应用具有带宽要求高、占用时间长、QoS要求严格等特性,研究具有大规模承载能力、高可扩展性、高性价比,及具有良好QoS保障的、可运营可管理的流媒体内容分发系统成为一个全球范围内流媒体应用领域的挑战性课题。
本文针对实时流媒体内容分发服务这个课题进行了深入细致的研究,对于分发性能、无线传输等方面进行了优化,其主要成果包含如下：
1、针对实时流媒体内容分发系统中时移操作带来的影响,本文基于控制论设计了一种新的调度算法Clear Schedule,该算法能够有效的进行干扰抑制,帮助流媒体内容分发系统在时移环境下保证视频质量。测试数据表明运用了Clear Schedule算法的流媒体内容分发系统在响应速度、缓冲区控制、码率平滑方面都取得了较好的效果。
2、分析了带时移服务在系统I／0的瓶颈所在,提出了一种针对快进快退优化的媒体封装格式,该封装格式在支持现有的视频编码格式(如MPEG4, H.264)的基础上,加快了关键帧的查找和读写速度,在快进快退操作时,可以大大减少无用数据的读取,提高了磁盘的利用率。
3、经过分析,舍弃了在有线流媒体领域广泛采用的UDP传输协议,提出了一套RTP-on-TCP交互传输模式,设计并实现了一种多TCP连接的传输技术,并通过实验证明在无线环境下RTP-on-TCP优于原先的UDP传输模式。
With the wide spread of computer and network, the development of audio and video codec technology and the increment of life requirement, streaming media technology has been a focus in both academic circles and industrial world. As streaming media requires high bandwidth, long duration and strict QoS, it poses a great challenge for researchers to develop a large-scale capable, cost-effective, QoS guaranteeing, ISPs-friendly Streaming Content Delivery System.
This dissertation is a further research on the subject of live streaming content delivery system; optimizing the distribution of content delivery performance and wireless transmission. The contributions of the dissertation are:
1. For the performance challenge, which is generated by time-shifting operations based on the original live streaming content delivery system, a novel control theory based schedule algorithm called CLEAR SCHEDULE is proposed. The algorithm can effectively restrain the disturbance, help live streaming content delivery system to ensure the video quality under time-shifting conditions. Tests show that the live streaming content delivery system using CLEAR SCHEDULE algorithm has achieved good results in aspects of response speed, buffer control and rate smoothing.
2. A media encapsulation format, which can optimize the fast forwarding & fast back-warding operations, is brought forward after the analysis of the bottlenecks of system I/O. This media encapsulation format support existing video encoding formats (such as MPEG4, H.264), can speed up the key frame search and read speed, reduce the unwanted data, and improve disk utilization.
3. After analysis, UDP protocol is abandoned in favor of the RTP-on-TCP transport mode based on the characteristics of wireless multimedia transmission. A Multi-TCP transport mode has been designed and implemented. Experiments show it is better than the original UDP transfer mode in the wireless environment.
本文针对实时流媒体内容分发服务这个课题进行了深入细致的研究,对于分发性能、无线传输等方面进行了优化,其主要成果包含如下：
1、针对实时流媒体内容分发系统中时移操作带来的影响,本文基于控制论设计了一种新的调度算法Clear Schedule,该算法能够有效的进行干扰抑制,帮助流媒体内容分发系统在时移环境下保证视频质量。测试数据表明运用了Clear Schedule算法的流媒体内容分发系统在响应速度、缓冲区控制、码率平滑方面都取得了较好的效果。
2、分析了带时移服务在系统I／0的瓶颈所在,提出了一种针对快进快退优化的媒体封装格式,该封装格式在支持现有的视频编码格式(如MPEG4, H.264)的基础上,加快了关键帧的查找和读写速度,在快进快退操作时,可以大大减少无用数据的读取,提高了磁盘的利用率。
3、经过分析,舍弃了在有线流媒体领域广泛采用的UDP传输协议,提出了一套RTP-on-TCP交互传输模式,设计并实现了一种多TCP连接的传输技术,并通过实验证明在无线环境下RTP-on-TCP优于原先的UDP传输模式。
With the wide spread of computer and network, the development of audio and video codec technology and the increment of life requirement, streaming media technology has been a focus in both academic circles and industrial world. As streaming media requires high bandwidth, long duration and strict QoS, it poses a great challenge for researchers to develop a large-scale capable, cost-effective, QoS guaranteeing, ISPs-friendly Streaming Content Delivery System.
This dissertation is a further research on the subject of live streaming content delivery system; optimizing the distribution of content delivery performance and wireless transmission. The contributions of the dissertation are:
1. For the performance challenge, which is generated by time-shifting operations based on the original live streaming content delivery system, a novel control theory based schedule algorithm called CLEAR SCHEDULE is proposed. The algorithm can effectively restrain the disturbance, help live streaming content delivery system to ensure the video quality under time-shifting conditions. Tests show that the live streaming content delivery system using CLEAR SCHEDULE algorithm has achieved good results in aspects of response speed, buffer control and rate smoothing.
2. A media encapsulation format, which can optimize the fast forwarding & fast back-warding operations, is brought forward after the analysis of the bottlenecks of system I/O. This media encapsulation format support existing video encoding formats (such as MPEG4, H.264), can speed up the key frame search and read speed, reduce the unwanted data, and improve disk utilization.
3. After analysis, UDP protocol is abandoned in favor of the RTP-on-TCP transport mode based on the characteristics of wireless multimedia transmission. A Multi-TCP transport mode has been designed and implemented. Experiments show it is better than the original UDP transfer mode in the wireless environment.
引文
[1]第23次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[R]。 北京,CNNIC,2009年1月
[2]Everett M. Rogers.创新的扩散[M]。北京：中央编译出版社,2002年
[3]Accustream iMedia Research Homepage [EB/OL], http://www. Accustreamresearch. com
[4]Youtube. Youtube HomePage.http://www. youtube. com,2009
[5]B. Quinn, K. Almeroth. IP Multicast Applications:Challenges and solutions [A]. In proceedings of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Draft[C]. March,2001.
[6]RFC2475:An Architecture for Differentiated Service [S]. Dec.1998.
[7]STEVENS W. R., TCP/IP详解,卷1：协议[M].北京,机械工业出版社,2000.
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[13]RFC 3095:Robust Header Compression (ROHC):Framework and four profiles:RTP, UDP, ESP, and uncompressed [S]. IETF,2001
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[28]Wenjun Luo and Magda EI Zarki, Qulity Control for VBR Video over ATM Networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications[J], August 1997.
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[36]Songan Yang, Hua Yang, Yuhan Yang. Architecture of high capacity VOD server and the implementation of its prototype[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.2003.
[37]ISO/IEC 13818-2, Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information:Video [S]
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[2]Everett M. Rogers.创新的扩散[M]。北京：中央编译出版社,2002年
[3]Accustream iMedia Research Homepage [EB/OL], http://www. Accustreamresearch. com
[4]Youtube. Youtube HomePage.http://www. youtube. com,2009
[5]B. Quinn, K. Almeroth. IP Multicast Applications:Challenges and solutions [A]. In proceedings of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Draft[C]. March,2001.
[6]RFC2475:An Architecture for Differentiated Service [S]. Dec.1998.
[7]STEVENS W. R., TCP/IP详解,卷1：协议[M].北京,机械工业出版社,2000.
[8]钟玉琢,向哲,沈洪.流媒体和视频服务器[M].清华大学出版社,2003：1-82.
[9]RFC 2326:Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [S]. IETF,1998.
[10]RFC 2327:SDP:Session Description Protocol [S]. IETF,1998.
[11]RFC 1889:RTP:A transport protocol for real-time applications [S]. IETF, 1996
[12]RFC 3550:RTP:A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications [S]. IETF, 2003.
[13]RFC 3095:Robust Header Compression (ROHC):Framework and four profiles:RTP, UDP, ESP, and uncompressed [S]. IETF,2001
[14]叶德建.流媒体系统的视频质量与发送速率控制研究,清华大学博士论文,2003
[15]YE Dejian, Cam Barker, et al. Wavelet-Based Smoothing of VBR Video Traffic. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia[J]. August 2004, VOL.6, NO.4, pp.611-623.
[16]YE Dejian, ZHANG Zuo, WU Qiufeng. A receiver-buffer-driven approach to adaptive internet video streaming [J] IEE ELECTRONICS LETTERS,2002,38(22):1405-1406.
[17]叶德建,基于速率平滑和缓冲区控制的主从式可扩展跨平台多请求流媒体服务器[简称：ClearServerVl.0] [P],中国专利：SR9346,2003.
[18]R. Rejaje, M. Handley, and D. Estrin, Layered quality adaptation for Internet video streaming, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications [J], December 2000.
[19]Nick Feamster, Deepak Bansal, and Huri Balakrishnan, On the Interactions Between Layered Quality Adaptation and Congestion Control for Streaming Video, Proc.11th International Packet Video Workshop[C], Kyongju, Korea, April 2001.
[20]D. Bansal and H. Balakrishnan, Binomial congestion control algorithms, Proc. Infocom[C],2001.
[21]S. Jacobs and A. Eleftheriadis, Streaming video using TCP flow control and dynamic rate shaping, Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation [J], September 1998.
[22]罗万明,林闯,阎保平.TCP/IP拥塞控制研究[J].计算机学报,2001,24(1)
[23]X. Li, M. Ammar and S. Paul, Layered Video Multicast with Retransmission(LVMR): Evaluation of Hierarchical Rate Control, Proc. IEEE Infocom[C], March 1998.
[24]Reza Rejaie, Mark Handley, Deborah Estrin, RAP:An End-to-end Rate-based Congestion Control Mechanism for Realtime Streams in the Internet, Proc. IEEE Infocom[C],1999.
[25]John Byers, Michael Luby, Michael Mitzenmacher, Fine-Grained Layered Multicast, Proc. IEEE Infocom[C].2001.
[26]N. Duffield, K. Ramakrishnan, and A. Reibman, SAVE:An algorithm for smoothed adaptive video over explicit rate networks, IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking[J], December 1998.
[27]Zhi-Li Zhang, Srihari Nelakuditi, Rahul Aggarwal and Rose P. Tsang, Efficient Selective Frame Discard Algorithms for Stored Video Delivery Across Resource Constrained Networks, Real-Time Imaging[J],2001.
[28]Wenjun Luo and Magda EI Zarki, Qulity Control for VBR Video over ATM Networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications[J], August 1997.
[29]Jonathan Walpole, Rainer Koster, Shanwei Cen, Crispin Cowan, David Maier, Dylan McNamee, Calton Pu, David Steere and Liu jin Yu, A player for adaptive MPEG video streaming over the Internet, Proceedings of the 26th Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop AIPR-97[C], SPIE, (Washington DC), Oct.1997.
[30]Viktor S. Wold Eide, Ole-Christoffer Granmo, Frank Eliassen, et al. Real-time video content analysis:QoS-aware application composition and parallel processing [J]. May 2006
[31]JAMES F, KEITH W.申震杰王金伦杜江译.计算机网络。北京：清华大学出版社,2003
[32]Ahmed.T, Mehaoua. A, Boutaba. R, Iraqi. Y. Adaptive Packet Video Streaming Over IP Networks:A Cross-Layer Approach, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications[J], Feb.2005
[33]徐良基,叶德建.流媒体直播(时移)系统的设计[J].中国图象图形学报.2006.
[34]顾铁成,陈道蓄.影响多媒体服务器性能的关键因素研究[J].小型微型计算机系统,2002.
[35]王荣生.VoD系统性能的综合研究[J].计算机工程,2005.
[36]Songan Yang, Hua Yang, Yuhan Yang. Architecture of high capacity VOD server and the implementation of its prototype[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.2003.
[37]ISO/IEC 13818-2, Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information:Video [S]
[38]Huan Chen, Zhu Chenjie, Li Yi, et al. Dedicated Disk I/O Strategies for IPTV Live Streaming Servers Supporting Timeshift Functions[C]. IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, Aizu-wakamatsu City, Fukushima, Japan:,2007.
[39]Gemmell D J, Vin H M, Kandlur D D, Rangan P V and Rowe R A. Multimedia storage servers:a tutorial [J]. IEEE Computer Magazine,1995.
[40]Senthil Sengodan, Victor 0. K. Li. A generalized Grouping and retrieval schemes for stored MPEG video [A]. In:Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications[C]. Montreal,1997.
[41]Jack Y. B. Lee. Scalable continuous media streaming system:Architecture, design, analysis and implementation[M]. John Wiley& Sons Ltd,2005.
[42]Asit Dan, Daniel M. Dias, Rajat Mukherjee, Dinkar Sitaram, Renu Tewari. Buffering and caching in large-scale video servers [A]. In:Compcon 1995 [C].1995.
[43]Asit Dan, Dinkar Sitaram, Buffer Management Policy for an On-Demand Video Server [R]. IBM Research Report RC.1994
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