基于知识网络的创新型大学一流学科生成机理研究
|
摘要
随着知识经济、全球化和信息时代的到来，大学已经从社会边缘走向社会中心，成为社会的知识中枢。以麻省理工学院和斯坦福大学为代表的研究型大学，利用自身研究成果，积极主动参与国家和区域经济发展，不断强化大学服务社会职能，引发了大学的第二次学术革命，催生了创新型大学的发展模式。目前，将基础研究和教学与创业创新相结合的创新型大学发展模式，正在成为学院界的榜样。许多国家都开始重视创新型大学建设，一些世界知名大学也积极向创新型大学转型。
我国政府自20世纪90年代以来先后实施了“211工程”和“985工程”，出台多项规划和措施，积极推进世界一流大学建设。虽然国家已经明确提出到2020年，我国要有若干所大学达到或接近世界一流大学水平，但对于如何建设世界一流大学，目前许多中国大学还没有明确思路，还在积极探索中。随着创新型国家战略和科教兴国战略的提出和实践，大学作为国家创新体系的重要组成部分和人才培养的重要基地在国家现代化建设进程中必将发挥越来越重要的作用。创新型大学的发展为中国大学迈向世界一流水平提供了一种重要的参考模式。学科是大学的肌体和细胞，世界一流大学建设最终是个学科接轨的问题，要建设创新型大学首先要建设一流学科。因此，对创新型大学一流学科生成机理进行研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本文在对国内外现有研究成果梳理和总结的基础上，以知识网络理论为理论基础，引入社会网络理论、组织成长理论、知识管理理论等多种理论和方法，从内部知识网络、外部知识网络和内外部知识网络耦合三个视角深入分析了创新型大学一流学科的生成机理，进而提出了创新型大学一流学科生成的治理策略。
首先，本文分析了大学职能的演进及各类型大学的主要特征，凝练了创新型大学的典型特征。总结了对学科内涵的界定，回顾了大学学科的演进历程。将社会网络理论、组织成长理论、知识管理理论迁移到研究中，为后续研究提供理论支撑。界定了创新型大学、学科、一流学科、生成、知识、学科知识网络等核心概念，分析了创新型大学一流学科知识网络的功能及连接，总结了创新型大学与一流学科建设的关系，揭示了创新型大学一流学科的生成本质，提出了全文的研究架构。
其次，从知识管理理论和社会网络的理论方法出发，结合定性和定量分析方法，分析了学科内部知识网络的内涵及成因，探讨了创新型大学一流学科内部知识网络的知识传播、知识生产和知识应用活动。选取了H大学D学科作为典型案例，深入分析了学科内部知识网络的演化和特征，进而从内部知识网络视角揭示了创新型大学一流学科的生成机理。从外部知识网络结构维度、关系维度和认知维度三个构面对创新型大学一流学科生成的外部知识网络影响因素进行实证研究。构建了概念模型并提出研究假设，进行问卷调查和回收并进行数据分析，运用结构方程模型方法，详细论证了假设中提出的影响因素的作用大小和作用方式，并据此对模型和假设进行了检验，揭示了各影响因素的作用机理与实际效应。
再次，提出了创新型大学一流学科生成和演化机理理论模型，选取H大学W学科作为典型案例进行了纵向的精致案例研究，从初创期、恢复发展期、改革创新期和成熟期四个阶段详细分析了学科的发展演化进程，对案例学科的成长规律进行了总结，并通过多个案例对结论进行了验证。
最后，结合当前我国创新型大学一流学科建设的实践，分别从内部知识网络、外部知识网络及内外部知识网络耦合三个角度提出了创新型大学一流学科生成的治理策略。
As the times of knowledge economic, globalization and informatization hasarrived, universities have transited from the margins to the center of our society,which have become the main knowledge center. Some research universitiesrepresented by MIT and Stanford utilized their own research accomplishments totake an initiative part in domestic and regional economic development, which havetriggered the second academic revolution and in turn promoted the developmentpatterns of innovative universities. So far, the development patterns of innovativeuniversities which integrated fundamental research, teaching and entrepreneurialinnovation are becoming the representative models of the academic community.Many countries have started to focus on the establishment of innovative universitiesand many world-famous universities have been transforming into innovativeuniversities initiatively.
Since1990's, Chinese Government had been implementing the "211project"and "985projects" successively, and had established a series of schemes andmeasures to enhance the construction of world-class universities vigorously.Although China has specifically proposed that several universities should haveachieved or approximated the criteria of world-class universities by2020, yetuniversities in China have not come up with a specific plan and have always beenexploring it actively. As the strategy of "building up an innovative country" and"revitalizing China through science and education" being proposed andimplemented, universities, which are the significant part of domestic innovationsystem and talents' cultivation, have been making tremendous influence in themodernization process of China. The development of innovative universities hasprovided an important reference pattern for universities in China to approximate thecriteria of world-class universities. Disciplines are the body and cells of universities,and the construction of world-class universities will ultimately become the issue ofdisciplinary integration, the construction of innovative universities must focus onestablishing first-class disciplines. Therefore, the study for the generating dynamicsof first-class disciplines in innovative universities has both theoretically andpractically Significance.
This paper analyzed and summarized domestic and overseas accomplishments,and introduced many theories and methods, such as the theories of social network,organizational growth and knowledge management.from the internal knowledgenetwork, external knowledge network, internal knowledge network and externalknowledge network coupling perspectives, revealed the generating dynamics offirst-class disciplines in innovative universities,and then the governance strategiesfor establishing first-class disciplines in innovative universities were presented.
Firstly, this paper analyzed the evolution of university function and the maincharacteristics of universities in various types, and then summarized the typicalfeatures of innovative universities. Summed up the meaning of the definition ofdiscipline and recalled the Evolution of the disciplines in university.The coreviewpoints of social network, organizational growth and knowledge managementtheories were introduced, which provided theoretical foundation for this research.The concept of innovative universities, disciplines, first-class disciplines,generating, knowledge and knowledge network of disciplinary were defined, thenode function of external knowledge network was analyzed, and the relationshipbetween the construction of innovative universities and first-class disciplines wassummarized, revealed the generate essence of first-class disciplines in innovativeuniversities, and the research framework was proposed finally.
Secondly, based on the theoretical methods of knowledge management andsocial network, integrated with the method of qualitative and quantitative analysis,the connotation and Causes of disciplinary internal knowledge network wasanalyzed, and the knowledge transmission, production and application activitieswere discussed from the perspective of disciplinary internal knowledge network.Taken the D discipline in H University as representative cases, the evolution andcharacteristic of internal knowledge networks was analyzed deeply, and thenrevealed the generating dynamics of first-class disciplines in innovative universitiesfrom the internal knowledge network perspective.a practical study on theinfluencing factors of external knowledge network in establishing first-classdisciplines of innovative universities was conducted based on dimensionalities ofexternal knowledge structural, relationship and connotations. A conceptual modelwas constructed and research hypothesis was proposed. Then a questionnaire surveywas performed and the data was collected and analyzed. Ultimately, the impact and pattern of the influencing factors presented in hypothesis was particularlydemonstrated, and based on which the model and hypothesis was inspected, and thefunction mechanism as well as realistic effect of various influencing factors wasproclaimed.
Thirdly, the study framework on the generation and enovation mechanism offirst-class disciplines in innovative universities was presented. Taken the Wdisciplinary in H University as representative cases, the disciplinary evolutionprocess was analyzed according to the phases of establishment, redevelopment,revolutionary innovation and maturity and then the development patterns of thecases were summarized, the Conclusion were verified through many cases.
Finally, the governance strategies for establishing first-class disciplines ininnovative universities were presented from the perspectives of internal knowledgenetwork, external knowledge network as well as internal knowledge network andexternal knowledge network coupling integrated with the current practice inestablishing first-class disciplines in innovative universities of China.
我国政府自20世纪90年代以来先后实施了“211工程”和“985工程”，出台多项规划和措施，积极推进世界一流大学建设。虽然国家已经明确提出到2020年，我国要有若干所大学达到或接近世界一流大学水平，但对于如何建设世界一流大学，目前许多中国大学还没有明确思路，还在积极探索中。随着创新型国家战略和科教兴国战略的提出和实践，大学作为国家创新体系的重要组成部分和人才培养的重要基地在国家现代化建设进程中必将发挥越来越重要的作用。创新型大学的发展为中国大学迈向世界一流水平提供了一种重要的参考模式。学科是大学的肌体和细胞，世界一流大学建设最终是个学科接轨的问题，要建设创新型大学首先要建设一流学科。因此，对创新型大学一流学科生成机理进行研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本文在对国内外现有研究成果梳理和总结的基础上，以知识网络理论为理论基础，引入社会网络理论、组织成长理论、知识管理理论等多种理论和方法，从内部知识网络、外部知识网络和内外部知识网络耦合三个视角深入分析了创新型大学一流学科的生成机理，进而提出了创新型大学一流学科生成的治理策略。
首先，本文分析了大学职能的演进及各类型大学的主要特征，凝练了创新型大学的典型特征。总结了对学科内涵的界定，回顾了大学学科的演进历程。将社会网络理论、组织成长理论、知识管理理论迁移到研究中，为后续研究提供理论支撑。界定了创新型大学、学科、一流学科、生成、知识、学科知识网络等核心概念，分析了创新型大学一流学科知识网络的功能及连接，总结了创新型大学与一流学科建设的关系，揭示了创新型大学一流学科的生成本质，提出了全文的研究架构。
其次，从知识管理理论和社会网络的理论方法出发，结合定性和定量分析方法，分析了学科内部知识网络的内涵及成因，探讨了创新型大学一流学科内部知识网络的知识传播、知识生产和知识应用活动。选取了H大学D学科作为典型案例，深入分析了学科内部知识网络的演化和特征，进而从内部知识网络视角揭示了创新型大学一流学科的生成机理。从外部知识网络结构维度、关系维度和认知维度三个构面对创新型大学一流学科生成的外部知识网络影响因素进行实证研究。构建了概念模型并提出研究假设，进行问卷调查和回收并进行数据分析，运用结构方程模型方法，详细论证了假设中提出的影响因素的作用大小和作用方式，并据此对模型和假设进行了检验，揭示了各影响因素的作用机理与实际效应。
再次，提出了创新型大学一流学科生成和演化机理理论模型，选取H大学W学科作为典型案例进行了纵向的精致案例研究，从初创期、恢复发展期、改革创新期和成熟期四个阶段详细分析了学科的发展演化进程，对案例学科的成长规律进行了总结，并通过多个案例对结论进行了验证。
最后，结合当前我国创新型大学一流学科建设的实践，分别从内部知识网络、外部知识网络及内外部知识网络耦合三个角度提出了创新型大学一流学科生成的治理策略。
As the times of knowledge economic, globalization and informatization hasarrived, universities have transited from the margins to the center of our society,which have become the main knowledge center. Some research universitiesrepresented by MIT and Stanford utilized their own research accomplishments totake an initiative part in domestic and regional economic development, which havetriggered the second academic revolution and in turn promoted the developmentpatterns of innovative universities. So far, the development patterns of innovativeuniversities which integrated fundamental research, teaching and entrepreneurialinnovation are becoming the representative models of the academic community.Many countries have started to focus on the establishment of innovative universitiesand many world-famous universities have been transforming into innovativeuniversities initiatively.
Since1990's, Chinese Government had been implementing the "211project"and "985projects" successively, and had established a series of schemes andmeasures to enhance the construction of world-class universities vigorously.Although China has specifically proposed that several universities should haveachieved or approximated the criteria of world-class universities by2020, yetuniversities in China have not come up with a specific plan and have always beenexploring it actively. As the strategy of "building up an innovative country" and"revitalizing China through science and education" being proposed andimplemented, universities, which are the significant part of domestic innovationsystem and talents' cultivation, have been making tremendous influence in themodernization process of China. The development of innovative universities hasprovided an important reference pattern for universities in China to approximate thecriteria of world-class universities. Disciplines are the body and cells of universities,and the construction of world-class universities will ultimately become the issue ofdisciplinary integration, the construction of innovative universities must focus onestablishing first-class disciplines. Therefore, the study for the generating dynamicsof first-class disciplines in innovative universities has both theoretically andpractically Significance.
This paper analyzed and summarized domestic and overseas accomplishments,and introduced many theories and methods, such as the theories of social network,organizational growth and knowledge management.from the internal knowledgenetwork, external knowledge network, internal knowledge network and externalknowledge network coupling perspectives, revealed the generating dynamics offirst-class disciplines in innovative universities,and then the governance strategiesfor establishing first-class disciplines in innovative universities were presented.
Firstly, this paper analyzed the evolution of university function and the maincharacteristics of universities in various types, and then summarized the typicalfeatures of innovative universities. Summed up the meaning of the definition ofdiscipline and recalled the Evolution of the disciplines in university.The coreviewpoints of social network, organizational growth and knowledge managementtheories were introduced, which provided theoretical foundation for this research.The concept of innovative universities, disciplines, first-class disciplines,generating, knowledge and knowledge network of disciplinary were defined, thenode function of external knowledge network was analyzed, and the relationshipbetween the construction of innovative universities and first-class disciplines wassummarized, revealed the generate essence of first-class disciplines in innovativeuniversities, and the research framework was proposed finally.
Secondly, based on the theoretical methods of knowledge management andsocial network, integrated with the method of qualitative and quantitative analysis,the connotation and Causes of disciplinary internal knowledge network wasanalyzed, and the knowledge transmission, production and application activitieswere discussed from the perspective of disciplinary internal knowledge network.Taken the D discipline in H University as representative cases, the evolution andcharacteristic of internal knowledge networks was analyzed deeply, and thenrevealed the generating dynamics of first-class disciplines in innovative universitiesfrom the internal knowledge network perspective.a practical study on theinfluencing factors of external knowledge network in establishing first-classdisciplines of innovative universities was conducted based on dimensionalities ofexternal knowledge structural, relationship and connotations. A conceptual modelwas constructed and research hypothesis was proposed. Then a questionnaire surveywas performed and the data was collected and analyzed. Ultimately, the impact and pattern of the influencing factors presented in hypothesis was particularlydemonstrated, and based on which the model and hypothesis was inspected, and thefunction mechanism as well as realistic effect of various influencing factors wasproclaimed.
Thirdly, the study framework on the generation and enovation mechanism offirst-class disciplines in innovative universities was presented. Taken the Wdisciplinary in H University as representative cases, the disciplinary evolutionprocess was analyzed according to the phases of establishment, redevelopment,revolutionary innovation and maturity and then the development patterns of thecases were summarized, the Conclusion were verified through many cases.
Finally, the governance strategies for establishing first-class disciplines ininnovative universities were presented from the perspectives of internal knowledgenetwork, external knowledge network as well as internal knowledge network andexternal knowledge network coupling integrated with the current practice inestablishing first-class disciplines in innovative universities of China.
引文
[1] MIT: The Impact of Innovation [DB/OL]. http://web.mit.edu/newsofficefounders/TofC.html.
[2] Entrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT [EB/OL]. Http: Mwww. kauffman.Org/uploadedFiles/MIT-impact-full-report.pdf.
[3] Chesbrough, H.W. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating andProfiting from Technology. Harvard University Press. Boston. Massachusetts.2003:7.
[4] Carayannis, E., Campbell, D. Mode: meaning and implications from aknowledge systems perspective. In: Carayannis, E., Campbell, D.(Eds.),Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and use in Innovation Networks andKnowledge Clusters. Praeger, Westport Connecticut,2006(30):1-25.
[5] Jan Youtie, Philip Shapira. Building an innovation hub: A case study of theransformation of university roles in regional technological and economicdevelopment. Research Policy,2008(3):1188-1204.
[6]田华,王沛民.“知识中枢”:大学创业转型的新功能.高等工程教育研究,2009(1):24.
[7]王义遒.建设世界一流大学究竟靠什么.高等教育研究,2011(1):2.
[8]斯劳特.学术资本主义-政治、政策和创业型大学.北京大学出版社,2008(11):54-55.
[9] Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, Hetal.The New production of knowledge:The Dynamics of science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London:Sage,1994:2-7.
[10] Geuna A. The economies of knowledge production: funding and the structureof university research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar,1999:268.
[11] Youtie J， Shapira P. Building an innovation hub: a case study of thetransformation of university roles in regional technological and economicdevelopment.Research Policy,2008(8):1188-1204.
[12] Mckelvey M D. Emerging environments in biotechnology. Etzkowitz H,Leydesdorff L. Universities and the global knowledge economy. Triple-Helixof University-Industry-Government Relations. London: Printer,1997:163.
[13]亨利·埃兹科维茨.创业型大学与创新的三螺旋模型.科学学研究,2009(4):481-488.
[14]林辉,张磊.创新型大学发展模式研究—以英国沃里克大学为例.辽宁教育研究,2004(6):24-26.
[15]李元元.建设创新型大学全面提升自主创新能力.中国高等教育,2005(18):16-17.
[16]刘则渊,韩震.知识活动系统与大学知识管理.大连理工大学学报(社科版),2003(2):31-35.
[17] Etzkowitz H, Leydesdorff L. The endless transition: A “triple helix” ofUniversity-Industry-Government relations. A Review of Science, Learning&Policy,1998(3):203-208.
[18] Etzkowitz H. MIT and the rise of entrepreneurial science. London: Routledge,2002:36.
[19]亨利·埃兹科维茨.麻省理工学院与创业科学的兴起.清华大学出版社,2008:29.
[20]伯顿·克拉克著,王承绪译.建立创业型大学:组织上转型的途径.人民教育出版社,2003:10.
[21] Clark B. R. Sustaining change in universities: continuities in case studies andconcepts. Berkshire: Open University Press,2004:114-115.
[22] Slaughter S. Leslie L. Academic capitalism: politics, policies, and theentrepreneurial university. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press,1997:8.
[23]王雁.创业型大学-美国研究型大学模式变革的研究.浙江大学博士学位论文,2005:70.
[24]彭绪梅.创业型大学的兴起与发展研究.大连理工大学博士学位论文,2008:41.
[25]李健.建设创新型大学为创新型国家提供科技和人才支撑.中国高等教育,2006(3):25.
[26]唐小艳.试论创新型大学的基本特征.当代教育论坛,2006(3):105-106.
[27]夏征农.辞海.上海辞书出版社,1988:112.
[28]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典.商务印书馆,2000:1429.
[29]伯顿·R·克拉克.高等教育系统—学术组织的跨国研究.杭州大学出版社,1994:33-35.
[30]宣勇,凌健.“学科”考辨.高等教育研究,2006(4):18-23.
[31]杨玉良.关于学科和学科建设有关问题的认识.中国高等教育,2009(19):4-7.
[32]潘云鹤,顾建民.大学学科的发展与重构.高等工程教育研究,1999(3):8.
[33]徐小洲,梅伟惠.论世界一流学科建设的战略起点.高等教育研究,2007(11):1-6.
[34]冯向东.张力下的动态平衡:大学中的学科发展机制.现代大学教育,2002(2):67-71.
[35]秦明,赵伯飞,龙建成.学科生态系统模型的建构和解读.西安电子科技大学学报,2007(4):153-158.
[36]郭树东.研究型大学学科生态系统发展模型及仿真研究.北京交通大学博士学位论文,2009:48.
[37]张金福,宣勇,王才领.我国大学学科发展模式的反思与创新.高等工程教育研究,2008(1):95-98.
[38]宣勇,张凤娟,黄一岚.大学学科组织的生成逻辑.高等工程教育研究,2008(3):69.
[39]宣勇,张鹏.组织生命周期视野中的大学学科组织发展.科学学研究,2006(12):366.
[40]宣勇,凌健.大学学科组织化建设:价值与路径.教育研究,2009(8):31.
[41]方文.学科制度:以知识行动者为中心.学术批评网,2005年1月17日.
[42]方文.欧洲社会心理学的成长历程.心理学报,2002(6):651-654.
[43]周志发,孔令帅.美国大学从“地方性”走向“世界一流”的发展历程(1876-1950)-从物理学科发展的视角.清华大学教育研究,2009(1):61-66.
[44]张丽华.知网节与知识网络.现代图书情报技术,2006(9):85-88.
[45]李江.基于知识网络的企业网络化创新能力研究.天津大学博士学位论文,2008:24.
[46] Bechmann M. Economic Models of Knowledge Networks in Action. NewYork Tokyo,1995:26.
[47] Stemberg, Rolf. Entrepreneurship in Deutschland. Edition sigma Berlin,2000:126.
[48] Sharda R, Frankwick G L, Turetken O. Group Knowledge Networks: AFramework and an Implementation. Information Systems Frontiers,1999(3):221-239.
[49] Seufert A, von Krogh G, Bach A. Towards knowledge networking. Journal ofKnowledge Management,1999(3):180-190.
[50] Jarvenpaa S K, Tanriverdi H. Leading virtual knowledge networks.Organizational Dynamics,2003(4):403-412.
[51]竹内弘高,野中郁次郎.知识创造的螺旋—知识管理理论与案例研究.知识产权出版社,2006:45.
[52] Kratke, S. Regional knowledge networks: A network analysis approach to theinterlinking of knowledge resources. European Urban and Regional Studies,2010(1):83-97.
[53]李丹,俞竹超,樊治平.知识网络的构建过程分析.科学学研究,2002(12):620-623.
[54]张丽妮.基于KnoW-Net的知识管理研究.现代情报,2004(5):201-202.
[55] Seufert A, von Krogh G, Bach A. Towards knowledge networking. Journal ofKnowledge Management,1999(3):180-190.
[56] Seufert A, Back a, von Krogh G. Knowledge Management an NetworkedEnvironments: Leveraging Intellectual Capital in Virtual BusinessCommunities．New York: Amacom,2003:99-136.
[57]陈克云,戚啸艳.产业集群中的知识共享网络.合作经济与科技,2008(1):22-23.
[58] Estades J, S.V. Ramani. Technological competence and influence of networks:A comparative Analysis of new biotechnological firms in France and Britain.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,1998(10):483-495.
[59]纪慧生,卢凤君.企业知识网络研究综述.现代商业,2007(27):130-133.
[60]张龙.知识网络结构及其对知识管理的启示.研究与发展管理,2007(2):86-92.
[61]刘红丽,赵蕾,陈智高.知识网络研究综述.情报科学,2010(6):947.
[62]马德辉,包昌火.论企业知识网络能力的培育.情报理论与实践，2008(1):65-69.
[63] Büchel B, Raub S. Building Knowledge-creating Value Networks. EuropeanManagement Journal,2002(6):587-596.
[64]李丹,俞竹超,樊治平.知识网络的构建过程分析.科学学研究,2002(12):620-623.
[65]钟琦,汪克夷.基于社会网络分析法的组织知识网络及其优化.情报杂志,2008(9):59-62.
[66]李久平,顾新.基于知识转化SECI模型的企业知识网络.情报杂志,2008(8):13-15.
[67] Pouder, R S, and John, C H. Hot spots and blind spots: Geographical clustersof firms and innovation. Academy of Management Review,1996(4):192-220.
[68] Hyatt, A, Jones, P M. Computational organizational network modeling:Strategies and an example. Computational and Mathematical OrganizationalTheory,1996(4):285-300.
[69] D. J. Watts, S. H. Strogatz. Collective Dynamics of "Small-World" Networks.Nature,1998(3):440-442.
[70] Dyer, J.H, K.Nobeoka. Creating and managing a high-performanceknowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal,2000(3):345-367.
[71] Lechner, C, Michael Dowling. Firm networks: External relationships assources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms.Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,2003(15):1-26.
[72] Chu，P. Social Network Models of Overseas Chinese Entreneurship: TheExperience in Hong Kong AND Canada. Canadian Journal of AdministrativeSciences,1996(4):358-365.
[73] Butler, J., Hansen, G.S. Network Evolution, Entrepreneurial success andRegional Development. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,1991(3):1-16.
[74]陈红.知识创新导向的组织知识网络研究.天津大学博士学位论文,2005:15.
[75]纪慧生.知识网络演化及其知识活动分析.沈阳工业大学学报,2010(4):350.
[76]任志安.企业知识共享网络理论及其治理研究.西南交通大学博士学位论文,2006:131.
[77] Saz-Carranza Ange,l Vernis Alfred. The Dynamics of Public Networks.International Journal of Public Sector Management,2006:416.
[78]彭正银.网络治理理论探析.中国软科学,2002(3):50-54.
[79]李维安,周建.网络治理:内涵、结构、机制与价值创造.天津社会科学,2005(5):60.
[80]约翰·S·布鲁贝克著,王承绪等译.高等教育哲学.浙江教育出版社,2002:30.
[81] Clark keer,陈学飞等译.大学的功用.江西教育出版社出版,1993:82.
[82] Ruth hayhoe. China’s Universities1895-1995-A century of Cultural conflict.New York and London:Garland Publishing.Inc,1996:4
[83]康健.从历史的演变看大学的第三职能.高等教育研究,1995(2):83.
[84] Wolf, A著,周昌忠等译.十六、十七纪科学技术和哲学史.商务印书馆,1985:49.
[85] Bernal,J.D著,伍况甫等译.历史上的科学.科学出版社,1983:42.
[86]张国祥.大学职能的历史演变及启示.黑龙江高教研究,2000(6):107.
[87]冯向东.大学职能的演变与大学的开放性.中国高等教育,2007(10):25-27.
[88]王雁.创业型大学-美国研究型大学模式变革的研究.浙江大学博士学位论文,2005(10):27.
[89] Bernal,J.D著,陈体芳译.科学的社会功能.商务印书馆,1982:65.
[90] Jencks, C., Riesman, D. The Academic Revolution. Doubleday,1968:32.
[91]赫·乔·韦尔斯著,吴文藻译.世界史纲.人民教育出版社,1991:1113.
[92] Julianne Basinger. A new way of classifying college elates some and perturbsothers. The Chronicle of Higher Education,2000(11):31-41.
[93]王雁,孔寒冰,王沛民.两次学术革命与大学的两次转型.浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2005(3):163.
[94]李寿德,李垣.研究型大学的特征分析.比较教育研究,1999(1):23-26.
[95]王战军.中国研究型大学建设与发展.高等教育出版社,2003:52.
[96]李勇,闵维方.论研究型大学的特征.教育研究,2004(1):26-30.
[97]刘元芳,林莉.国内外知名的高水平研究型大学:概念和特征.大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2002(3):5-7.
[98]亨利·埃茨科维茨.三螺旋.东方出版社,2005:31-54.
[99]邹晓东,陈汉聪.创业型大学:概念内涵、组织特征与实践路径.高等工程教育研究,2011(3):56-59.
[100] Etzkowitz, H. The Second Academic Revolution: MIT and the Rise ofEntrepreneurial Science. New York: Gor-don&Breach,2002:51.
[101] Wallenfeldt, E.C. Roots of Social Interests in American Higher Education: ASocial Psychological Historical Perspective. Lanham Mad1son: UniversityPress,1986:141.
[102]周春彦,亨利·埃茨科威兹.美国创业型大学的历史演化及主要特征.http://www.edu.cn/20050922/3153106.shtml.
[103] Etzkowitz, Henry., Asplund, Patrik, Nordman, Niklas. Beyond Humboldt: theentrepreneurial university, the third mission and the triple helix. VEST Journalfor Science and Technology Studies,2003(1):21-45.
[104] David C. Mowery, Bhaven N. Sampat. The Bayh-Dole Act of1980andUniversity-Industry Technology Transfer: A Model for Other OECDGovernments. Journal of Technology Transfer,2005(1):115-127.
[105]伯顿·克拉克著,王承绪等译.高等教育新论.浙江教育出版社,2001:146.
[106]刘永芳,龚放.创业型大学的生成机制、价值重构与途径选择.高等教育研究,2012(10):96.
[107]亨利.埃茨科维兹,周春彦.区域创新发动者一不同三螺旋模式下的创业型大学.第6届国际二螺旋会议,2007(5):22.
[108]陈笃彬.正确处理八个关系,建设创业型大学.福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(4):25.
[109]德里克·博克著,徐小洲等译．走出象牙塔—现代大学的杜会责任．浙江教育出版社,2001:73.
[110] GJERDING A N, et al. Twenty practices of an entrepreneurial university.Higher Education Management and Policy,2006(33):88.
[111]邹晓东,陈汉聪.创业型大学:概念内涵、组织特征与实践路径.高等工程教育研究,2011(3):57.
[112]刘林青,夏清华,周潞.创业型大学的创业生态系统初探.高等教育研究,2009(3):19-26.
[113]施冠群,刘林青,陈晓霞.创新创业教育与创业型大学的创业网络构建.外国教育研究,2009(6):82.
[114]杨天平.学科概念的沿演与指谓.大学教育科学,2004(1):13.
[115]王续棍.交叉学科结构论.大连理工大学出版社,2003:5-6.
[116]胡建雄.学科组织创新.浙江大学出版社,2001:243-244.
[117]华勒斯坦等著,刘健芝等编译.学科·知识·权力.生活·读书·新知三联出版社,1999:14.
[118]黄福涛.外国高等教育史.上海教育出版社,2003:64.
[119]万力维.控制与分等—权力视角下的大学学科制度的理论研究.南京师范大学博士学位论文,2005(5):40.
[120]罗洪波.博洛尼亚大学.湖南教育出版社,1993:47.
[121]庞青山.大学学科结构与学科制度研究.华东师范大学博士学位论文,2004:22-23.
[122]贾莉莉.基于学科的大学学术组织研究.华东师范大学博士论文,2008(4):45.
[123]华勒斯坦等著,刘锋译.开放社会科学重建社会科学报告书.生活书店,1997:9.
[124]廖益.大学学科专业评价研究.厦门大学博士学位论文,2006(10):21.
[125]罗家德.社会网分析讲义.社会科学文献出版社,2010(1):9,188.
[126] Krackhardt D, Brass D. Intraorganizational Networks: The Micro Side, InStanley Wasserman&Joseph Galaskiewicz（Eds.), Advances in the Socialand Behavioral Sciences from Social Network Analysis, Beverly Hills: Sage,1994:209-230.
[127] Granovetter M. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology,1973(6):1360-1380.
[128] Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press,1977:82.
[129] Coleman,J. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journalof Sociology,1988:95-120.
[130] Brown, Thomas Ford. Theoretical perspectives on social capital. Workingpaper,http://hal.lamar.edu/.
[131] Nahapiet, J., Ghoshal, S. social capital, intellectual capital and theorganization advantage. academy of management review,1998(2):242-266．
[132] Inkpen, A.C. Tsang, E. Network, social capital and learning. Academy ofManagement Review,2005(1):146-165．
[133] Gupta, A.K.Govindarajan, v. Knowledge Flow within multinationalcorporations. Strategic Management Journal,2000(2):473-496．
[134] Wenpin Tsai. Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects ofnetwork position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation andperformance. Academy of management journal,2001(5):996-1004.
[135] W Tsai, S Ghoshal. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirmnetworks. Academy of management Journal,1998(4):464-476．
[136] Raymond wan Wijk, JUSTIN J.P.Jansen, Marjorie A.lyles. Inter andintreorganizational knowledge transfer: A MetaAnalytic Review andAssessment of its Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of managementstudies,2008(4):830-853.
[137] Burt R.S. Structure Holes: the Social Structure of Competition. HarvardUniversity Press,1992:18.
[138] Rowley T. J. Baum J. A. C. Introduction: Evolving Webs in NetworkEconomics. Advances in Strategic Management,2008(25):1-20.
[139] Koza M. P., Lewin A. Y. The Coevolution of Strategic Alliances.Organization Science,1998(3):255-264.
[140]戴汝为.复杂巨系统科学—一门21世纪的科学.自然杂志,1997:19.
[141]约翰·霍兰.隐秩序—适应性造就复杂性.上海科技教育出版社,2000:8.
[142]刘洪.经济系统预测的混沌原理与方法.科学出版社,2003:15.
[143] Dooley K J. Complexity science models of organizational change andinnovation. Marshall Scott Poole, An-drewH. Handbook of OrganizationalChange and Innovation Van de Ven. Oxford University Press,2004:354-373.
[144]黄恒振,杨博文.技术与组织变迁—基于复杂适应系统理论的研究.科学学研究,2009(2):281.
[145]爱迪思.企业生命周期.中国社会科学出版社,1997(10):123-131.
[146]陈佳贵.关于企业生命周期与企业蜕变的探讨.中国工业经济,1995(11):32-35.
[147] TUCKMAN BW, JENSENM A C. Stages of Small-Group DevelopmentRevisited. Group Organization Studies,1977(12):419-427.
[148]陈春花,叶飞.科研团队生命周期管理的理论框架研究.科技管理研究,2002(3):83-86.
[149]曹云飞,蔡翔.基于科研团队生命周期的“个体-团队”动态功能匹配研究.科技进步与对策,2012(6):1-4.
[150]井润田,王蕊,周家贵.科研团队生命周期阶段特点研究—多案例比较研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2011(4):173-179.
[151]陈劲,王焕祥.演化经济学.清华大学出版社,2008(2):103.
[152] Nelson, R.R. and winter, S.G. An evolutionary theory of economic change.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1982:58.
[153] Grant, R. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm.strategic managementjournal,1996(17):109-122．
[154]野中郁次郎,竹内弘高.创造知识的企业.知识产权出版社,2006:62.
[155] Krogh, C. care in the knowledge creation.California management review,1998(3):297-317．
[156] Alavi, M., Leidner, D. knowledge management and knowledge managementsystem: conceptual foundations and research issues. mis quarterly,2001(1):107-136．
[157]李浩.社会资本视角下的网络知识管理框架及进展研究.管理世界,2012(3):158-169.
[158]潘黎,刘元芳,林莉.基于知识活动系统全息性的高校分类的理论构建.辽宁教育研究,2006(8):13.
[159]托尼·比彻,保罗·特罗勒尔.学术部落及其领地.北京大学出版社,2008(6):181.
[160]路甬祥.学科交叉与交叉学科的意义.中国科学院院刊,2005:1.
[161]刘献君.大学之思与大学之治.华中理工大学出版社,2000:32.
[162]吴越.世界一流大学的学科建设理念-基于MIT的个案研究.西北师大学报(社会科学版),2010(2):80.
[163] T. Davenport and L. Prusak. Working knowledge: how organizations managerwhat they know. Harvard Business School Press,1998:46.
[164] LuthansF, ChurehA. Positive organizational behavior: Developing andmanaging Psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive,2002(1):57-75.
[165]李涛,王兵.我国知识工作者组织内知识共享问题的研究.南开管理评论,2003(5):16-19.
[166]鲁若愚,陈力.企业知识管理中的分享与整合.研究与发展管理,2003(l):16-20.
[167] Cross R., Parker A. Charged up: Creating energy in organizations. Journal ofOrganizational Excellence,2004(4):3-14.
[168] I. Nonaka, H. Takeuchi. The Knowledge-creating Company. New York:NewYork,1995:32.
[169]王雁,孔寒冰,王沛民.创业型大学:研究型大学的挑战和机遇.高等教育研究,2003(3):54.
[170]刘军.整体网分析讲义.格致出版社,2009:105,110,179.
[171] Adler P. S., Kwon S. W. Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept.Academy of Management Review,2002(1):17-40.
[172]郭雷,许晓明.复杂网络.上海科技教育出版社,2006:5-20.
[173]马汀·奇达夫,蔡文彬著,王凤彬,朱超威译.社会网络与组织.中国人民大学出版社,2009:103.
[174] Sparrowe R, Liden R, Kraimer M. Social Networks and the Performance ofIndividuals and Groups. Academy of Management Journal,2001(2):316-325．
[175] Josephine C L. Social context and social capital as enablers of knowledgeintegration. Journal of Knowledge Management,2004(3):89-105.
[176] Rodan S, Galunic C. More than Network Structure: How KnowledgeHeterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness.Strategic Management Journal,2004(6):541-562.
[177] Ahuja, G. Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: Alongitudinal study. Administrative science quarterly,2000(3):425-455.
[178] March, J. G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning.Organization Science,1991(1):71-87.
[179] Inkpen, A. C. and Tsang, E. Networks, Social Capital and Learning. Academyof Management Review,2005(30):146-65.
[180] Burt R.S., M.J.Minor (Eds). Applied network analysis: A methodologicalintroduction. BeverlyHills, CA: Sage.1983(20):176-194.
[181] Zahra, S.A.&George, G. Absorptive capacity: A review, reconce Ptualization,and extension. The Academy of Management Review,2002(2):185-203.
[182] Burt R S．Structural holes and good ideas．American Journal of Sociology,2004(110):349-399.
[183] Reagans, R, McEvily, B. Network structure and knowledge transfer: Theeffects of cohesion and range. Administrative Science Quarterly,2003(2):240-267.
[184] Powell, W.W., KoPut, K.W, Smith-Doerr, L. Interorganizational Collaborationand the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology.Administrative Science Quarterly,1996(l):116-145.
[185] Zhao L, Aram J D. Networking and Growth of Young Technology-intensiveVentures in China. Journal of BusinessVeniuring,1995(5):349-370.
[186]王晓娟.知识网络与企业竞争优势研究.浙江大学博士论文,2007:65.
[187] Mom T J M，Van Den Bosch F A J，Volberda H W. Investigating managers'exploration and exploitation activities: The influence of top-down, bottom-upand horizontal knowledge inflows. Journal of Management Studies,2007(3):910-931.
[188] Ahuja, G. the Duality of Collaboration. Inducements and Opportunities in theFormation of Interfirm Linkages. Strategic Management Journal,2000(21):317-43.
[189] Tsai, W. Knowledge Transfer in Intraorganizational Networks. Effects ofNetwork Position and Absorptive Capacity on Business Unit Innovation andPerformance. Academy of Management Journal,2001(2):996-1004.
[190] Burt, R. S. Structural Holes.The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press,1992:26.
[191]钱锡红,杨永福,徐万里.企业网络位置、吸收能力与创新绩效-一个交互效应模型.管理世界,2010(5):118-127.
[192] Ozcan P，Eisenhardt K. Origin of alliance portfolios: Entrepreneurs, networkstrategies and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal,2009(2):246-279.
[193] Hansen, M. T. the Search-transfer Problem. The Role of Weak Ties in SharingKnowledge across Organization Subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly,1999(44):82-111.
[194] Reagans, R. and McEvily, B. Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer. TheEffects of Cohesion and Range. Administrative Science Quarterly,2003(48):240-67.
[195] Hansen, M. T. The Search-transfer Problem. The Role of Weak Ties in SharingKnowledge across Organization Subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly,1999(44):82-111.
[196] Greve H,Rowley T,Shipilov A V,et al. Time to break up: Social andinstrumental antecedents of firm exits from exchange cliques. Academy ofManagement Journal,2005(4):499-520．
[197]孙耀吾,卫英平.高技术企业联盟知识扩散研究.管理科学学报,2011(12):12.
[198] Lin J L, Fang S-C, Fang S-R V, et al. Network embeddedness and technologytransfer performance in R＆Dconsortia in Taiwan. Technovation,2009(11):763-774.
[199] Yli-Renko H， Autio E， Tontti V. Social capital,knowledge,and theinternational growth of technology－based new firm. International BusinessReview,2002(11):279-304．
[200] Allansdottir, A., Bonnaccorsi A., Gambardella A. Innovation andCompetitiveness in Biotechnology. Enterprise Papers,2002:7.
[201] Uzzi B. Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox ofembeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly,1997(42):35-67.
[202] Inkpen, A.C. Learning Through Joint Ventures. A Framework of KnowledgeAcquisition. Journal of Management Studies,2000(37):1019-43.
[203] Dyer, J. H., Nobeoka, K. Creating and Managing a High-PerformanceKnowledge-Sharing Network: The Toyota Case. Strategic ManagementJournal,2000(21)(Special Issue):345-367.
[204] Newell S，Swan J，Galliers R D. A knowledge-focused perspective on thediffusion and adoption of complex information technologies: The BRPexample. Information Systems Journal,2000(3):239-259．
[205] Muthusamy, S. K., White, M. A. Learning and Knowledge Transfer inStrategic Alliances: A Social Exchange View. Organization Studies,2005(26):415-441.
[206] Beeen'a, M., Lunnan, R. Huemer, L. Trustworthiness, Risk and the Transferof Tacit and Explicit Knowledge between Alliance Partners. Journal ofManagement Studies,2008(45):691-713.
[207] Inkpen A C, Tsang E W. Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer.Academy of Management Review,2005(1):146-165.
[208] Reagans R E, Zuckerman E W. Networks, diversity, and performance: Thesocial capital of corporate R＆D units. Organization Science,2001(4):502-517.
[209] Tsai W，Ghoshal G. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirmnetworks. Academy of Management Journal,1998(4):464-476.
[210] Lane, P. J., Salk, J. E. and Lyles, M. A. Absorptive Capacity, Learning andPerformance in International Joint Ventures. Strategic Management Journal,2001(5):1139-61.
[211] Koka, B. R., Prescott, J. E. Strategic Alliances and Social Capital: AMultidimensional View. Strategic Management Journal,2002(6):795-816.
[212] Nahapiet, J. Ghoshal, S. social capital, intellectual capital and theorganization advantage. Academy of management review,1998(2):242-266.
[213] Raymond wan Wijk, JUSTIN J.P.Jansen, Marjorie A.lyles. Inter and intre-organizational knowledge transfer: A Meta-Analytic Review and Assessmentof its Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of management studies,2008(4):830-853.
[214] Becerra-Fernandez I, SabherwalR. Organizational knowledge management: Acontingent perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems,2001(1):55.
[215] Nonaka I, Konno N. The concept of Ba0: Building a foundation forknowledge creation. California Management Review,1998(3):40-54.
[216] Ye, F. Strategic partnerships in transformational outsourcing as distinctivesource of IT value: A social capital Perspective.Doctor dissertation of RobertH. Smith School of Business,2005:28.
[217] Das, T. K., Teng, B.-S. Alliance Constellations: a Social Exchange Perspective.Academy of Management Review,2002(3):445-456.
[218] Zahra S A, Bogner W C. Technology strategy and software new venturesperformance: Exploring the moderating effect of competitive environment.Journal of Business Venturing,2000(2):135-173.
[219] Steensma, H. K. and Lyles, M. A. Explaining IJV Survival in a TransitionalEconomy through Social Exchange and Knowledge-based Perspectives.Strategic Management Journal,2000(2):831-851.
[220] Tortoriello, M., Krackhardt, D. Activating Cross-Boundmy Knowledge: theRole of Simmelian Ties in the Generation of Innovations. Academy ofManagement Journal,2010(1):167-181.
[221] Spithoven, A., Frantzen, D., Clarysse, B. Heterogeneous Firm-Level Effectsof Knowledge Exchanges on Product Innovation: Differences betweenDynamic and Lagging Product Innovators. Journal of Product InnovationManagement,2010(1):362-381.
[222] Lane, P. J., Salk, J. E. and Lyles, M. A. Absorptive Capacity, Learning andPerformance in International Joint Ventures. Strategic Management Journal,2001(1):1139-1161.
[223] Jansen, J. J. P.,Van den Bosch,F. A. J. and Volberda,H. W. Managing Potentialand Realized Absorptive Capacity. How do Organizational Antecedents Matter?Academy of Management Journal,2005(2):999-1015.
[224] Szulanski, G, Capetta, R, Jensen, R. J. When and how TrustworthinessMattersz Knowledge Transfer and the Moderating Effect of Causal Ambiguity.Organization Science,2004(2):600-613.
[225] Moiler, K. Svahn, S. Role of Knowledge in Value Creation in Business Nets.Journal of Management Studies,2006(2):985-1007.
[226] Grant, R. M., Baden-Fuller, C. B. A Knowledge Accessing Theory of StrategicAlliances. Journal of Management Studies,2004(1):61-84.
[227] Schilling, M. A., Steensma, H. K. the Use of Modular Organizational forms:An Industry-Level Analysis. Academy of Management Journal,2001(1):1149-1168.
[228] Busoni, S., Prencipe, A. Pavitt, K. Knowledge Specialization, OrganizationalCoupling and the Boundaries of The Firm: Why Do Firms Know More ThanThey Make? Administrative Science Quarterly,2001(2):1185-200.
[229] Rodan, S., Galunie, C. More than Network Structure: How KnowledgeHeterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness.Strategic Management Journal,2004(2):541-62.
[230] Lee, J., Veloso, F. M. Interfirm Innovation under Uncertainty: EmpiricalEvidence for Strategic Knowledge Partitioning. Journal of Product InnovationManagement,2008(5):418-435.
[231] Dyer, J. H., Hatch, N. W. Relation-Specific Capabilities and Barriers toKnowledge Transfers: Creating Advantage through Network Relationships.Strategic Management Journal,2006(2):701-719.
[232] Cassia L，Colombelli A. Do universities knowledge spillovers impact on newfirm’s growth? Empirical evidence from UK. International EntrepreneurManagement Journal,2008(4):453-465．
[233] Newell S，Galliers R D. Implementing enterprise resource planning andknowledge management systems in tandem: fostering efficiency andinnovation complementarily. Information and Organization,2003(1):25-52．
[234] Brian S, Theodore P, John T. Linking improved knowledge management tooperational and organizational performance. Journal of OperationsManagement,2009(3):247-264.
[235]张新香.企业知识管理能力的模糊综合评价.科学学与科学技术管理,2008(3):108-112.
[236]张钢.企业组织创新过程中的学习机制及知识管理.科研管理,1999(3):39-45.
[237] Okhuysen G A, Eisenhardt K M. Integrating knowledge in groups: Howformal interventions enable flexibility. Organization Science,2002(4):370-386.
[238] Stasser G, Stewart D. The discovery of hidden profiles by decision-makinggroups: Solving a problem versus making a judgment. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,1992(3):426-434.
[239] Tiwana A, McLean E R. Expertise integration and creativity in informationsystems development. Journal of Management Information Systems,2000(1):13-43.
[240]柯江林,孙健敏,石金涛等.企业R＆D团队之社会资本与团队效能关系的实证研究.管理世界,2007(3):89-101．
[241] Dennis A R. Information exchange and use in group decision-making: You canlead a group to information but you can't make it think. MIS Quarterly,1996(4):433-455.
[242]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.教育科学出版社,2004:16-21.
[243]邓朝华,鲁耀斌,张金隆.基于TAM和网络外部性的移动服务使用行为研究.管理学报,2007(2):216-221.
[244]郁义鸿.知识管理与组织创新.复旦大学出版社,2001:86.
[245] Maria Elmquist, et.al. Exploring the Field of Open Innovation. EuropeanJournal of Innovation Management,2009(3):326-345.
[246] Jüttner, U. Schlange, L．E. A network approach to strategy. InternationalJournal of Research in Marketing,1996(13):479-494.
[247] Maria Elmquist, ET. Al. Exploring the Field of Open Innovation. EuropeanJournal of Innovation Management,2009(3):326-345.
[248]任宗强,吴海萍,丁晓.中小企业内外创新网络协同演化与能力提升.科研管理,2011(9):9.
[249] Yin, R K. Case Study Research: design and methods. Thousand Oaks: SagePublications,1994:126.
[250] Eisenhardt K. M. Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy ofManagement Review,1989(4):532-550.
[251] Pettigrew A. M. Longitudinal Field Research on Change: Theory and Practice.Organization Science,1990(3):267-292.
[252] Van Maanen J. Tales of the Field. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1988:26.
[253] Child, john. Trust and international strategic alliances: the case of Sino-foreign joint ventures. In Christel Lane and Reinhard Bachmann,(Eds.), Trustwithin and between organizations: Conceptual issues and empiricalapplications. Oxford University Press,1998:241-272.
[254]张爱丽.内外部社会资本对知识创造作用的实证研究.科学学研究,2010(4):593.
[255]刘寿先,于鹏.社会资本与企业技术创新.甘肃理论学刊,2007(1):30-37.
[256]徐和平,孙林岩,慕继丰.产品创新网络中的信任与信任机制探讨.管理工程学报,2004(2):55-59.
[257] Martins E C, Terblanche F. Building organizational culture that stimulatescreativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management,2003(1):64-74.
[258] CharlesO.Reilly. Corporations culture and commitment: motivation and socialcontrol in organization. Research Technology Management,1991(18):36-42.
[259] Athena X, Maria S. Organizational culture and transformational leadership aspredictors of business unit performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology,2006(6):566-579.
[260] Buckler S A. The spiritual nature of innovation. Technology Management,1998(4):43-47.
[261] Nicholson G C. Keeping innovation alive. Research Technology Management,1998(3):34-40.
[262] Koh A. Linking Learning, Knowledge Creation, and Business Creativity: aPreliminary Assessment of East Asian Quest for Creativity. TechnologicalForecasting and Social Change,2000(1):85-100.
[263]何绍华,曾文武.基于组织学习的知识创新过程研究.图书情报知识,2007(3):93-95.
[264] Shrivastava P. A Typology of Organizational Learning Systems. The Journalof Management Studies,1983(1):7-28.
[265] Garvin D A. Building a Learning Organization. Harvard Business Review,1993(4):78-91.
[266] C.Rose-Anderssen, P.M.Allen C.Tsinopoulos, I.Mc-Carthy. Innovation inmanufacturing as an evolutionary complex system. Technovation,2005(2):1093-1105.
[2] Entrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT [EB/OL]. Http: Mwww. kauffman.Org/uploadedFiles/MIT-impact-full-report.pdf.
[3] Chesbrough, H.W. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating andProfiting from Technology. Harvard University Press. Boston. Massachusetts.2003:7.
[4] Carayannis, E., Campbell, D. Mode: meaning and implications from aknowledge systems perspective. In: Carayannis, E., Campbell, D.(Eds.),Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and use in Innovation Networks andKnowledge Clusters. Praeger, Westport Connecticut,2006(30):1-25.
[5] Jan Youtie, Philip Shapira. Building an innovation hub: A case study of theransformation of university roles in regional technological and economicdevelopment. Research Policy,2008(3):1188-1204.
[6]田华,王沛民.“知识中枢”:大学创业转型的新功能.高等工程教育研究,2009(1):24.
[7]王义遒.建设世界一流大学究竟靠什么.高等教育研究,2011(1):2.
[8]斯劳特.学术资本主义-政治、政策和创业型大学.北京大学出版社,2008(11):54-55.
[9] Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, Hetal.The New production of knowledge:The Dynamics of science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London:Sage,1994:2-7.
[10] Geuna A. The economies of knowledge production: funding and the structureof university research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar,1999:268.
[11] Youtie J， Shapira P. Building an innovation hub: a case study of thetransformation of university roles in regional technological and economicdevelopment.Research Policy,2008(8):1188-1204.
[12] Mckelvey M D. Emerging environments in biotechnology. Etzkowitz H,Leydesdorff L. Universities and the global knowledge economy. Triple-Helixof University-Industry-Government Relations. London: Printer,1997:163.
[13]亨利·埃兹科维茨.创业型大学与创新的三螺旋模型.科学学研究,2009(4):481-488.
[14]林辉,张磊.创新型大学发展模式研究—以英国沃里克大学为例.辽宁教育研究,2004(6):24-26.
[15]李元元.建设创新型大学全面提升自主创新能力.中国高等教育,2005(18):16-17.
[16]刘则渊,韩震.知识活动系统与大学知识管理.大连理工大学学报(社科版),2003(2):31-35.
[17] Etzkowitz H, Leydesdorff L. The endless transition: A “triple helix” ofUniversity-Industry-Government relations. A Review of Science, Learning&Policy,1998(3):203-208.
[18] Etzkowitz H. MIT and the rise of entrepreneurial science. London: Routledge,2002:36.
[19]亨利·埃兹科维茨.麻省理工学院与创业科学的兴起.清华大学出版社,2008:29.
[20]伯顿·克拉克著,王承绪译.建立创业型大学:组织上转型的途径.人民教育出版社,2003:10.
[21] Clark B. R. Sustaining change in universities: continuities in case studies andconcepts. Berkshire: Open University Press,2004:114-115.
[22] Slaughter S. Leslie L. Academic capitalism: politics, policies, and theentrepreneurial university. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press,1997:8.
[23]王雁.创业型大学-美国研究型大学模式变革的研究.浙江大学博士学位论文,2005:70.
[24]彭绪梅.创业型大学的兴起与发展研究.大连理工大学博士学位论文,2008:41.
[25]李健.建设创新型大学为创新型国家提供科技和人才支撑.中国高等教育,2006(3):25.
[26]唐小艳.试论创新型大学的基本特征.当代教育论坛,2006(3):105-106.
[27]夏征农.辞海.上海辞书出版社,1988:112.
[28]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典.商务印书馆,2000:1429.
[29]伯顿·R·克拉克.高等教育系统—学术组织的跨国研究.杭州大学出版社,1994:33-35.
[30]宣勇,凌健.“学科”考辨.高等教育研究,2006(4):18-23.
[31]杨玉良.关于学科和学科建设有关问题的认识.中国高等教育,2009(19):4-7.
[32]潘云鹤,顾建民.大学学科的发展与重构.高等工程教育研究,1999(3):8.
[33]徐小洲,梅伟惠.论世界一流学科建设的战略起点.高等教育研究,2007(11):1-6.
[34]冯向东.张力下的动态平衡:大学中的学科发展机制.现代大学教育,2002(2):67-71.
[35]秦明,赵伯飞,龙建成.学科生态系统模型的建构和解读.西安电子科技大学学报,2007(4):153-158.
[36]郭树东.研究型大学学科生态系统发展模型及仿真研究.北京交通大学博士学位论文,2009:48.
[37]张金福,宣勇,王才领.我国大学学科发展模式的反思与创新.高等工程教育研究,2008(1):95-98.
[38]宣勇,张凤娟,黄一岚.大学学科组织的生成逻辑.高等工程教育研究,2008(3):69.
[39]宣勇,张鹏.组织生命周期视野中的大学学科组织发展.科学学研究,2006(12):366.
[40]宣勇,凌健.大学学科组织化建设:价值与路径.教育研究,2009(8):31.
[41]方文.学科制度:以知识行动者为中心.学术批评网,2005年1月17日.
[42]方文.欧洲社会心理学的成长历程.心理学报,2002(6):651-654.
[43]周志发,孔令帅.美国大学从“地方性”走向“世界一流”的发展历程(1876-1950)-从物理学科发展的视角.清华大学教育研究,2009(1):61-66.
[44]张丽华.知网节与知识网络.现代图书情报技术,2006(9):85-88.
[45]李江.基于知识网络的企业网络化创新能力研究.天津大学博士学位论文,2008:24.
[46] Bechmann M. Economic Models of Knowledge Networks in Action. NewYork Tokyo,1995:26.
[47] Stemberg, Rolf. Entrepreneurship in Deutschland. Edition sigma Berlin,2000:126.
[48] Sharda R, Frankwick G L, Turetken O. Group Knowledge Networks: AFramework and an Implementation. Information Systems Frontiers,1999(3):221-239.
[49] Seufert A, von Krogh G, Bach A. Towards knowledge networking. Journal ofKnowledge Management,1999(3):180-190.
[50] Jarvenpaa S K, Tanriverdi H. Leading virtual knowledge networks.Organizational Dynamics,2003(4):403-412.
[51]竹内弘高,野中郁次郎.知识创造的螺旋—知识管理理论与案例研究.知识产权出版社,2006:45.
[52] Kratke, S. Regional knowledge networks: A network analysis approach to theinterlinking of knowledge resources. European Urban and Regional Studies,2010(1):83-97.
[53]李丹,俞竹超,樊治平.知识网络的构建过程分析.科学学研究,2002(12):620-623.
[54]张丽妮.基于KnoW-Net的知识管理研究.现代情报,2004(5):201-202.
[55] Seufert A, von Krogh G, Bach A. Towards knowledge networking. Journal ofKnowledge Management,1999(3):180-190.
[56] Seufert A, Back a, von Krogh G. Knowledge Management an NetworkedEnvironments: Leveraging Intellectual Capital in Virtual BusinessCommunities．New York: Amacom,2003:99-136.
[57]陈克云,戚啸艳.产业集群中的知识共享网络.合作经济与科技,2008(1):22-23.
[58] Estades J, S.V. Ramani. Technological competence and influence of networks:A comparative Analysis of new biotechnological firms in France and Britain.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,1998(10):483-495.
[59]纪慧生,卢凤君.企业知识网络研究综述.现代商业,2007(27):130-133.
[60]张龙.知识网络结构及其对知识管理的启示.研究与发展管理,2007(2):86-92.
[61]刘红丽,赵蕾,陈智高.知识网络研究综述.情报科学,2010(6):947.
[62]马德辉,包昌火.论企业知识网络能力的培育.情报理论与实践，2008(1):65-69.
[63] Büchel B, Raub S. Building Knowledge-creating Value Networks. EuropeanManagement Journal,2002(6):587-596.
[64]李丹,俞竹超,樊治平.知识网络的构建过程分析.科学学研究,2002(12):620-623.
[65]钟琦,汪克夷.基于社会网络分析法的组织知识网络及其优化.情报杂志,2008(9):59-62.
[66]李久平,顾新.基于知识转化SECI模型的企业知识网络.情报杂志,2008(8):13-15.
[67] Pouder, R S, and John, C H. Hot spots and blind spots: Geographical clustersof firms and innovation. Academy of Management Review,1996(4):192-220.
[68] Hyatt, A, Jones, P M. Computational organizational network modeling:Strategies and an example. Computational and Mathematical OrganizationalTheory,1996(4):285-300.
[69] D. J. Watts, S. H. Strogatz. Collective Dynamics of "Small-World" Networks.Nature,1998(3):440-442.
[70] Dyer, J.H, K.Nobeoka. Creating and managing a high-performanceknowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal,2000(3):345-367.
[71] Lechner, C, Michael Dowling. Firm networks: External relationships assources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms.Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,2003(15):1-26.
[72] Chu，P. Social Network Models of Overseas Chinese Entreneurship: TheExperience in Hong Kong AND Canada. Canadian Journal of AdministrativeSciences,1996(4):358-365.
[73] Butler, J., Hansen, G.S. Network Evolution, Entrepreneurial success andRegional Development. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,1991(3):1-16.
[74]陈红.知识创新导向的组织知识网络研究.天津大学博士学位论文,2005:15.
[75]纪慧生.知识网络演化及其知识活动分析.沈阳工业大学学报,2010(4):350.
[76]任志安.企业知识共享网络理论及其治理研究.西南交通大学博士学位论文,2006:131.
[77] Saz-Carranza Ange,l Vernis Alfred. The Dynamics of Public Networks.International Journal of Public Sector Management,2006:416.
[78]彭正银.网络治理理论探析.中国软科学,2002(3):50-54.
[79]李维安,周建.网络治理:内涵、结构、机制与价值创造.天津社会科学,2005(5):60.
[80]约翰·S·布鲁贝克著,王承绪等译.高等教育哲学.浙江教育出版社,2002:30.
[81] Clark keer,陈学飞等译.大学的功用.江西教育出版社出版,1993:82.
[82] Ruth hayhoe. China’s Universities1895-1995-A century of Cultural conflict.New York and London:Garland Publishing.Inc,1996:4
[83]康健.从历史的演变看大学的第三职能.高等教育研究,1995(2):83.
[84] Wolf, A著,周昌忠等译.十六、十七纪科学技术和哲学史.商务印书馆,1985:49.
[85] Bernal,J.D著,伍况甫等译.历史上的科学.科学出版社,1983:42.
[86]张国祥.大学职能的历史演变及启示.黑龙江高教研究,2000(6):107.
[87]冯向东.大学职能的演变与大学的开放性.中国高等教育,2007(10):25-27.
[88]王雁.创业型大学-美国研究型大学模式变革的研究.浙江大学博士学位论文,2005(10):27.
[89] Bernal,J.D著,陈体芳译.科学的社会功能.商务印书馆,1982:65.
[90] Jencks, C., Riesman, D. The Academic Revolution. Doubleday,1968:32.
[91]赫·乔·韦尔斯著,吴文藻译.世界史纲.人民教育出版社,1991:1113.
[92] Julianne Basinger. A new way of classifying college elates some and perturbsothers. The Chronicle of Higher Education,2000(11):31-41.
[93]王雁,孔寒冰,王沛民.两次学术革命与大学的两次转型.浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2005(3):163.
[94]李寿德,李垣.研究型大学的特征分析.比较教育研究,1999(1):23-26.
[95]王战军.中国研究型大学建设与发展.高等教育出版社,2003:52.
[96]李勇,闵维方.论研究型大学的特征.教育研究,2004(1):26-30.
[97]刘元芳,林莉.国内外知名的高水平研究型大学:概念和特征.大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2002(3):5-7.
[98]亨利·埃茨科维茨.三螺旋.东方出版社,2005:31-54.
[99]邹晓东,陈汉聪.创业型大学:概念内涵、组织特征与实践路径.高等工程教育研究,2011(3):56-59.
[100] Etzkowitz, H. The Second Academic Revolution: MIT and the Rise ofEntrepreneurial Science. New York: Gor-don&Breach,2002:51.
[101] Wallenfeldt, E.C. Roots of Social Interests in American Higher Education: ASocial Psychological Historical Perspective. Lanham Mad1son: UniversityPress,1986:141.
[102]周春彦,亨利·埃茨科威兹.美国创业型大学的历史演化及主要特征.http://www.edu.cn/20050922/3153106.shtml.
[103] Etzkowitz, Henry., Asplund, Patrik, Nordman, Niklas. Beyond Humboldt: theentrepreneurial university, the third mission and the triple helix. VEST Journalfor Science and Technology Studies,2003(1):21-45.
[104] David C. Mowery, Bhaven N. Sampat. The Bayh-Dole Act of1980andUniversity-Industry Technology Transfer: A Model for Other OECDGovernments. Journal of Technology Transfer,2005(1):115-127.
[105]伯顿·克拉克著,王承绪等译.高等教育新论.浙江教育出版社,2001:146.
[106]刘永芳,龚放.创业型大学的生成机制、价值重构与途径选择.高等教育研究,2012(10):96.
[107]亨利.埃茨科维兹,周春彦.区域创新发动者一不同三螺旋模式下的创业型大学.第6届国际二螺旋会议,2007(5):22.
[108]陈笃彬.正确处理八个关系,建设创业型大学.福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(4):25.
[109]德里克·博克著,徐小洲等译．走出象牙塔—现代大学的杜会责任．浙江教育出版社,2001:73.
[110] GJERDING A N, et al. Twenty practices of an entrepreneurial university.Higher Education Management and Policy,2006(33):88.
[111]邹晓东,陈汉聪.创业型大学:概念内涵、组织特征与实践路径.高等工程教育研究,2011(3):57.
[112]刘林青,夏清华,周潞.创业型大学的创业生态系统初探.高等教育研究,2009(3):19-26.
[113]施冠群,刘林青,陈晓霞.创新创业教育与创业型大学的创业网络构建.外国教育研究,2009(6):82.
[114]杨天平.学科概念的沿演与指谓.大学教育科学,2004(1):13.
[115]王续棍.交叉学科结构论.大连理工大学出版社,2003:5-6.
[116]胡建雄.学科组织创新.浙江大学出版社,2001:243-244.
[117]华勒斯坦等著,刘健芝等编译.学科·知识·权力.生活·读书·新知三联出版社,1999:14.
[118]黄福涛.外国高等教育史.上海教育出版社,2003:64.
[119]万力维.控制与分等—权力视角下的大学学科制度的理论研究.南京师范大学博士学位论文,2005(5):40.
[120]罗洪波.博洛尼亚大学.湖南教育出版社,1993:47.
[121]庞青山.大学学科结构与学科制度研究.华东师范大学博士学位论文,2004:22-23.
[122]贾莉莉.基于学科的大学学术组织研究.华东师范大学博士论文,2008(4):45.
[123]华勒斯坦等著,刘锋译.开放社会科学重建社会科学报告书.生活书店,1997:9.
[124]廖益.大学学科专业评价研究.厦门大学博士学位论文,2006(10):21.
[125]罗家德.社会网分析讲义.社会科学文献出版社,2010(1):9,188.
[126] Krackhardt D, Brass D. Intraorganizational Networks: The Micro Side, InStanley Wasserman&Joseph Galaskiewicz（Eds.), Advances in the Socialand Behavioral Sciences from Social Network Analysis, Beverly Hills: Sage,1994:209-230.
[127] Granovetter M. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology,1973(6):1360-1380.
[128] Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press,1977:82.
[129] Coleman,J. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journalof Sociology,1988:95-120.
[130] Brown, Thomas Ford. Theoretical perspectives on social capital. Workingpaper,http://hal.lamar.edu/.
[131] Nahapiet, J., Ghoshal, S. social capital, intellectual capital and theorganization advantage. academy of management review,1998(2):242-266．
[132] Inkpen, A.C. Tsang, E. Network, social capital and learning. Academy ofManagement Review,2005(1):146-165．
[133] Gupta, A.K.Govindarajan, v. Knowledge Flow within multinationalcorporations. Strategic Management Journal,2000(2):473-496．
[134] Wenpin Tsai. Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects ofnetwork position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation andperformance. Academy of management journal,2001(5):996-1004.
[135] W Tsai, S Ghoshal. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirmnetworks. Academy of management Journal,1998(4):464-476．
[136] Raymond wan Wijk, JUSTIN J.P.Jansen, Marjorie A.lyles. Inter andintreorganizational knowledge transfer: A MetaAnalytic Review andAssessment of its Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of managementstudies,2008(4):830-853.
[137] Burt R.S. Structure Holes: the Social Structure of Competition. HarvardUniversity Press,1992:18.
[138] Rowley T. J. Baum J. A. C. Introduction: Evolving Webs in NetworkEconomics. Advances in Strategic Management,2008(25):1-20.
[139] Koza M. P., Lewin A. Y. The Coevolution of Strategic Alliances.Organization Science,1998(3):255-264.
[140]戴汝为.复杂巨系统科学—一门21世纪的科学.自然杂志,1997:19.
[141]约翰·霍兰.隐秩序—适应性造就复杂性.上海科技教育出版社,2000:8.
[142]刘洪.经济系统预测的混沌原理与方法.科学出版社,2003:15.
[143] Dooley K J. Complexity science models of organizational change andinnovation. Marshall Scott Poole, An-drewH. Handbook of OrganizationalChange and Innovation Van de Ven. Oxford University Press,2004:354-373.
[144]黄恒振,杨博文.技术与组织变迁—基于复杂适应系统理论的研究.科学学研究,2009(2):281.
[145]爱迪思.企业生命周期.中国社会科学出版社,1997(10):123-131.
[146]陈佳贵.关于企业生命周期与企业蜕变的探讨.中国工业经济,1995(11):32-35.
[147] TUCKMAN BW, JENSENM A C. Stages of Small-Group DevelopmentRevisited. Group Organization Studies,1977(12):419-427.
[148]陈春花,叶飞.科研团队生命周期管理的理论框架研究.科技管理研究,2002(3):83-86.
[149]曹云飞,蔡翔.基于科研团队生命周期的“个体-团队”动态功能匹配研究.科技进步与对策,2012(6):1-4.
[150]井润田,王蕊,周家贵.科研团队生命周期阶段特点研究—多案例比较研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2011(4):173-179.
[151]陈劲,王焕祥.演化经济学.清华大学出版社,2008(2):103.
[152] Nelson, R.R. and winter, S.G. An evolutionary theory of economic change.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1982:58.
[153] Grant, R. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm.strategic managementjournal,1996(17):109-122．
[154]野中郁次郎,竹内弘高.创造知识的企业.知识产权出版社,2006:62.
[155] Krogh, C. care in the knowledge creation.California management review,1998(3):297-317．
[156] Alavi, M., Leidner, D. knowledge management and knowledge managementsystem: conceptual foundations and research issues. mis quarterly,2001(1):107-136．
[157]李浩.社会资本视角下的网络知识管理框架及进展研究.管理世界,2012(3):158-169.
[158]潘黎,刘元芳,林莉.基于知识活动系统全息性的高校分类的理论构建.辽宁教育研究,2006(8):13.
[159]托尼·比彻,保罗·特罗勒尔.学术部落及其领地.北京大学出版社,2008(6):181.
[160]路甬祥.学科交叉与交叉学科的意义.中国科学院院刊,2005:1.
[161]刘献君.大学之思与大学之治.华中理工大学出版社,2000:32.
[162]吴越.世界一流大学的学科建设理念-基于MIT的个案研究.西北师大学报(社会科学版),2010(2):80.
[163] T. Davenport and L. Prusak. Working knowledge: how organizations managerwhat they know. Harvard Business School Press,1998:46.
[164] LuthansF, ChurehA. Positive organizational behavior: Developing andmanaging Psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive,2002(1):57-75.
[165]李涛,王兵.我国知识工作者组织内知识共享问题的研究.南开管理评论,2003(5):16-19.
[166]鲁若愚,陈力.企业知识管理中的分享与整合.研究与发展管理,2003(l):16-20.
[167] Cross R., Parker A. Charged up: Creating energy in organizations. Journal ofOrganizational Excellence,2004(4):3-14.
[168] I. Nonaka, H. Takeuchi. The Knowledge-creating Company. New York:NewYork,1995:32.
[169]王雁,孔寒冰,王沛民.创业型大学:研究型大学的挑战和机遇.高等教育研究,2003(3):54.
[170]刘军.整体网分析讲义.格致出版社,2009:105,110,179.
[171] Adler P. S., Kwon S. W. Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept.Academy of Management Review,2002(1):17-40.
[172]郭雷,许晓明.复杂网络.上海科技教育出版社,2006:5-20.
[173]马汀·奇达夫,蔡文彬著,王凤彬,朱超威译.社会网络与组织.中国人民大学出版社,2009:103.
[174] Sparrowe R, Liden R, Kraimer M. Social Networks and the Performance ofIndividuals and Groups. Academy of Management Journal,2001(2):316-325．
[175] Josephine C L. Social context and social capital as enablers of knowledgeintegration. Journal of Knowledge Management,2004(3):89-105.
[176] Rodan S, Galunic C. More than Network Structure: How KnowledgeHeterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness.Strategic Management Journal,2004(6):541-562.
[177] Ahuja, G. Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: Alongitudinal study. Administrative science quarterly,2000(3):425-455.
[178] March, J. G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning.Organization Science,1991(1):71-87.
[179] Inkpen, A. C. and Tsang, E. Networks, Social Capital and Learning. Academyof Management Review,2005(30):146-65.
[180] Burt R.S., M.J.Minor (Eds). Applied network analysis: A methodologicalintroduction. BeverlyHills, CA: Sage.1983(20):176-194.
[181] Zahra, S.A.&George, G. Absorptive capacity: A review, reconce Ptualization,and extension. The Academy of Management Review,2002(2):185-203.
[182] Burt R S．Structural holes and good ideas．American Journal of Sociology,2004(110):349-399.
[183] Reagans, R, McEvily, B. Network structure and knowledge transfer: Theeffects of cohesion and range. Administrative Science Quarterly,2003(2):240-267.
[184] Powell, W.W., KoPut, K.W, Smith-Doerr, L. Interorganizational Collaborationand the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology.Administrative Science Quarterly,1996(l):116-145.
[185] Zhao L, Aram J D. Networking and Growth of Young Technology-intensiveVentures in China. Journal of BusinessVeniuring,1995(5):349-370.
[186]王晓娟.知识网络与企业竞争优势研究.浙江大学博士论文,2007:65.
[187] Mom T J M，Van Den Bosch F A J，Volberda H W. Investigating managers'exploration and exploitation activities: The influence of top-down, bottom-upand horizontal knowledge inflows. Journal of Management Studies,2007(3):910-931.
[188] Ahuja, G. the Duality of Collaboration. Inducements and Opportunities in theFormation of Interfirm Linkages. Strategic Management Journal,2000(21):317-43.
[189] Tsai, W. Knowledge Transfer in Intraorganizational Networks. Effects ofNetwork Position and Absorptive Capacity on Business Unit Innovation andPerformance. Academy of Management Journal,2001(2):996-1004.
[190] Burt, R. S. Structural Holes.The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press,1992:26.
[191]钱锡红,杨永福,徐万里.企业网络位置、吸收能力与创新绩效-一个交互效应模型.管理世界,2010(5):118-127.
[192] Ozcan P，Eisenhardt K. Origin of alliance portfolios: Entrepreneurs, networkstrategies and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal,2009(2):246-279.
[193] Hansen, M. T. the Search-transfer Problem. The Role of Weak Ties in SharingKnowledge across Organization Subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly,1999(44):82-111.
[194] Reagans, R. and McEvily, B. Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer. TheEffects of Cohesion and Range. Administrative Science Quarterly,2003(48):240-67.
[195] Hansen, M. T. The Search-transfer Problem. The Role of Weak Ties in SharingKnowledge across Organization Subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly,1999(44):82-111.
[196] Greve H,Rowley T,Shipilov A V,et al. Time to break up: Social andinstrumental antecedents of firm exits from exchange cliques. Academy ofManagement Journal,2005(4):499-520．
[197]孙耀吾,卫英平.高技术企业联盟知识扩散研究.管理科学学报,2011(12):12.
[198] Lin J L, Fang S-C, Fang S-R V, et al. Network embeddedness and technologytransfer performance in R＆Dconsortia in Taiwan. Technovation,2009(11):763-774.
[199] Yli-Renko H， Autio E， Tontti V. Social capital,knowledge,and theinternational growth of technology－based new firm. International BusinessReview,2002(11):279-304．
[200] Allansdottir, A., Bonnaccorsi A., Gambardella A. Innovation andCompetitiveness in Biotechnology. Enterprise Papers,2002:7.
[201] Uzzi B. Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox ofembeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly,1997(42):35-67.
[202] Inkpen, A.C. Learning Through Joint Ventures. A Framework of KnowledgeAcquisition. Journal of Management Studies,2000(37):1019-43.
[203] Dyer, J. H., Nobeoka, K. Creating and Managing a High-PerformanceKnowledge-Sharing Network: The Toyota Case. Strategic ManagementJournal,2000(21)(Special Issue):345-367.
[204] Newell S，Swan J，Galliers R D. A knowledge-focused perspective on thediffusion and adoption of complex information technologies: The BRPexample. Information Systems Journal,2000(3):239-259．
[205] Muthusamy, S. K., White, M. A. Learning and Knowledge Transfer inStrategic Alliances: A Social Exchange View. Organization Studies,2005(26):415-441.
[206] Beeen'a, M., Lunnan, R. Huemer, L. Trustworthiness, Risk and the Transferof Tacit and Explicit Knowledge between Alliance Partners. Journal ofManagement Studies,2008(45):691-713.
[207] Inkpen A C, Tsang E W. Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer.Academy of Management Review,2005(1):146-165.
[208] Reagans R E, Zuckerman E W. Networks, diversity, and performance: Thesocial capital of corporate R＆D units. Organization Science,2001(4):502-517.
[209] Tsai W，Ghoshal G. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirmnetworks. Academy of Management Journal,1998(4):464-476.
[210] Lane, P. J., Salk, J. E. and Lyles, M. A. Absorptive Capacity, Learning andPerformance in International Joint Ventures. Strategic Management Journal,2001(5):1139-61.
[211] Koka, B. R., Prescott, J. E. Strategic Alliances and Social Capital: AMultidimensional View. Strategic Management Journal,2002(6):795-816.
[212] Nahapiet, J. Ghoshal, S. social capital, intellectual capital and theorganization advantage. Academy of management review,1998(2):242-266.
[213] Raymond wan Wijk, JUSTIN J.P.Jansen, Marjorie A.lyles. Inter and intre-organizational knowledge transfer: A Meta-Analytic Review and Assessmentof its Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of management studies,2008(4):830-853.
[214] Becerra-Fernandez I, SabherwalR. Organizational knowledge management: Acontingent perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems,2001(1):55.
[215] Nonaka I, Konno N. The concept of Ba0: Building a foundation forknowledge creation. California Management Review,1998(3):40-54.
[216] Ye, F. Strategic partnerships in transformational outsourcing as distinctivesource of IT value: A social capital Perspective.Doctor dissertation of RobertH. Smith School of Business,2005:28.
[217] Das, T. K., Teng, B.-S. Alliance Constellations: a Social Exchange Perspective.Academy of Management Review,2002(3):445-456.
[218] Zahra S A, Bogner W C. Technology strategy and software new venturesperformance: Exploring the moderating effect of competitive environment.Journal of Business Venturing,2000(2):135-173.
[219] Steensma, H. K. and Lyles, M. A. Explaining IJV Survival in a TransitionalEconomy through Social Exchange and Knowledge-based Perspectives.Strategic Management Journal,2000(2):831-851.
[220] Tortoriello, M., Krackhardt, D. Activating Cross-Boundmy Knowledge: theRole of Simmelian Ties in the Generation of Innovations. Academy ofManagement Journal,2010(1):167-181.
[221] Spithoven, A., Frantzen, D., Clarysse, B. Heterogeneous Firm-Level Effectsof Knowledge Exchanges on Product Innovation: Differences betweenDynamic and Lagging Product Innovators. Journal of Product InnovationManagement,2010(1):362-381.
[222] Lane, P. J., Salk, J. E. and Lyles, M. A. Absorptive Capacity, Learning andPerformance in International Joint Ventures. Strategic Management Journal,2001(1):1139-1161.
[223] Jansen, J. J. P.,Van den Bosch,F. A. J. and Volberda,H. W. Managing Potentialand Realized Absorptive Capacity. How do Organizational Antecedents Matter?Academy of Management Journal,2005(2):999-1015.
[224] Szulanski, G, Capetta, R, Jensen, R. J. When and how TrustworthinessMattersz Knowledge Transfer and the Moderating Effect of Causal Ambiguity.Organization Science,2004(2):600-613.
[225] Moiler, K. Svahn, S. Role of Knowledge in Value Creation in Business Nets.Journal of Management Studies,2006(2):985-1007.
[226] Grant, R. M., Baden-Fuller, C. B. A Knowledge Accessing Theory of StrategicAlliances. Journal of Management Studies,2004(1):61-84.
[227] Schilling, M. A., Steensma, H. K. the Use of Modular Organizational forms:An Industry-Level Analysis. Academy of Management Journal,2001(1):1149-1168.
[228] Busoni, S., Prencipe, A. Pavitt, K. Knowledge Specialization, OrganizationalCoupling and the Boundaries of The Firm: Why Do Firms Know More ThanThey Make? Administrative Science Quarterly,2001(2):1185-200.
[229] Rodan, S., Galunie, C. More than Network Structure: How KnowledgeHeterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness.Strategic Management Journal,2004(2):541-62.
[230] Lee, J., Veloso, F. M. Interfirm Innovation under Uncertainty: EmpiricalEvidence for Strategic Knowledge Partitioning. Journal of Product InnovationManagement,2008(5):418-435.
[231] Dyer, J. H., Hatch, N. W. Relation-Specific Capabilities and Barriers toKnowledge Transfers: Creating Advantage through Network Relationships.Strategic Management Journal,2006(2):701-719.
[232] Cassia L，Colombelli A. Do universities knowledge spillovers impact on newfirm’s growth? Empirical evidence from UK. International EntrepreneurManagement Journal,2008(4):453-465．
[233] Newell S，Galliers R D. Implementing enterprise resource planning andknowledge management systems in tandem: fostering efficiency andinnovation complementarily. Information and Organization,2003(1):25-52．
[234] Brian S, Theodore P, John T. Linking improved knowledge management tooperational and organizational performance. Journal of OperationsManagement,2009(3):247-264.
[235]张新香.企业知识管理能力的模糊综合评价.科学学与科学技术管理,2008(3):108-112.
[236]张钢.企业组织创新过程中的学习机制及知识管理.科研管理,1999(3):39-45.
[237] Okhuysen G A, Eisenhardt K M. Integrating knowledge in groups: Howformal interventions enable flexibility. Organization Science,2002(4):370-386.
[238] Stasser G, Stewart D. The discovery of hidden profiles by decision-makinggroups: Solving a problem versus making a judgment. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,1992(3):426-434.
[239] Tiwana A, McLean E R. Expertise integration and creativity in informationsystems development. Journal of Management Information Systems,2000(1):13-43.
[240]柯江林,孙健敏,石金涛等.企业R＆D团队之社会资本与团队效能关系的实证研究.管理世界,2007(3):89-101．
[241] Dennis A R. Information exchange and use in group decision-making: You canlead a group to information but you can't make it think. MIS Quarterly,1996(4):433-455.
[242]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.教育科学出版社,2004:16-21.
[243]邓朝华,鲁耀斌,张金隆.基于TAM和网络外部性的移动服务使用行为研究.管理学报,2007(2):216-221.
[244]郁义鸿.知识管理与组织创新.复旦大学出版社,2001:86.
[245] Maria Elmquist, et.al. Exploring the Field of Open Innovation. EuropeanJournal of Innovation Management,2009(3):326-345.
[246] Jüttner, U. Schlange, L．E. A network approach to strategy. InternationalJournal of Research in Marketing,1996(13):479-494.
[247] Maria Elmquist, ET. Al. Exploring the Field of Open Innovation. EuropeanJournal of Innovation Management,2009(3):326-345.
[248]任宗强,吴海萍,丁晓.中小企业内外创新网络协同演化与能力提升.科研管理,2011(9):9.
[249] Yin, R K. Case Study Research: design and methods. Thousand Oaks: SagePublications,1994:126.
[250] Eisenhardt K. M. Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy ofManagement Review,1989(4):532-550.
[251] Pettigrew A. M. Longitudinal Field Research on Change: Theory and Practice.Organization Science,1990(3):267-292.
[252] Van Maanen J. Tales of the Field. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1988:26.
[253] Child, john. Trust and international strategic alliances: the case of Sino-foreign joint ventures. In Christel Lane and Reinhard Bachmann,(Eds.), Trustwithin and between organizations: Conceptual issues and empiricalapplications. Oxford University Press,1998:241-272.
[254]张爱丽.内外部社会资本对知识创造作用的实证研究.科学学研究,2010(4):593.
[255]刘寿先,于鹏.社会资本与企业技术创新.甘肃理论学刊,2007(1):30-37.
[256]徐和平,孙林岩,慕继丰.产品创新网络中的信任与信任机制探讨.管理工程学报,2004(2):55-59.
[257] Martins E C, Terblanche F. Building organizational culture that stimulatescreativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management,2003(1):64-74.
[258] CharlesO.Reilly. Corporations culture and commitment: motivation and socialcontrol in organization. Research Technology Management,1991(18):36-42.
[259] Athena X, Maria S. Organizational culture and transformational leadership aspredictors of business unit performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology,2006(6):566-579.
[260] Buckler S A. The spiritual nature of innovation. Technology Management,1998(4):43-47.
[261] Nicholson G C. Keeping innovation alive. Research Technology Management,1998(3):34-40.
[262] Koh A. Linking Learning, Knowledge Creation, and Business Creativity: aPreliminary Assessment of East Asian Quest for Creativity. TechnologicalForecasting and Social Change,2000(1):85-100.
[263]何绍华,曾文武.基于组织学习的知识创新过程研究.图书情报知识,2007(3):93-95.
[264] Shrivastava P. A Typology of Organizational Learning Systems. The Journalof Management Studies,1983(1):7-28.
[265] Garvin D A. Building a Learning Organization. Harvard Business Review,1993(4):78-91.
[266] C.Rose-Anderssen, P.M.Allen C.Tsinopoulos, I.Mc-Carthy. Innovation inmanufacturing as an evolutionary complex system. Technovation,2005(2):1093-1105.