科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原蝗虫群落结构及亚洲小车蝗、黄胫小车蝗种群遗传分化的研究
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摘要
(一)群落结构
科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原具有牧草生长茂盛、产草量高、质量好等特点,是其所在区域内重要的天然割草场和放牧场。但近年来,此草原上大面积、高密度发生蝗虫灾害,严重威胁着牧业生产的正常发展。明确该区蝗虫的群落组成、种间关系及发生动态,对于草原蝗虫的有效管理和综合治理具有重要的意义。本文于2011-2012年,对科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原的蝗虫群落结构进行了系统的研究,研究内容包括蝗虫群落的种类组成及区系地理成分、群落的时间结构及空间结构、群落多样性、群落集团结构、蝗虫群落与植物群落之间的关系,获得的主要研究结果如下：
1.通对在科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原的8个典型样地的蝗虫群落的调查,以及在样地及其周围的全面捕捉调查,共鉴定出此草原分布的蝗总科6科17属22种蝗虫,其中,斑翅蝗科(Oedipodidae)与网翅蝗科(Arcypteridae)蝗虫种类共计16种,占蝗虫种类总数的72.73%。蝗虫的区系地理成分以古北种为主,占蝗虫种类总数量的72.73%,在数量上占绝对的优势。8个典型样地因地形、植被组成等环境因子的差异,在蝗虫的种类组成及区系地理成分上均有着一定差异。
2.受温度、植物群落等环境因子的影响,此草原上蝗虫的发生种类数、优势种的组成存在着明显的时间动态。7月20日调查得到的种类最多,共计6科13属17种蝗虫。各种蝗虫由于生物学习性等差异,对于水平空间资源的利用、分隔有着明显的区别；聚类分析结果显示,当欧式距离为9.5时,蝗虫群落可分化成4个不同的取食组合,表现出蝗虫适应于植物高度的垂直分层现象。
3.蝗虫群落多样性指数7月>8月>6月>9月；群落均匀性指数6月>8月>7月>9月；群落丰富度指数7月>8月>9月>6月。各样地中,因植被组成、地形的不同,在蝗虫群落特征参数上有所差异。由于此草原上蝗虫早期种、中期种、晚期种组成种类上的不同,不同月份蝗虫群落的相似性数值上有着明显的区别。从各样地蝗虫群落的组成及相似性研究结果来看,地形的不同对于蝗虫种类的分布存在着明显的影响。
4.蝗虫群落集团结构的研究结果表明,通过聚类分析蝗虫群落可以划分成6个集团,各集团之间在栖息环境及适应性上存在明显差异,说明多样的生境为蝗虫提供了多样的生存空间,在光照、地形等环境因子及蝗虫自身生物学特性的影响下,蝗虫为使生存适合度达到最大,在对适宜生境的选择中,形成了不同的资源利用集团；蝗虫的生态指标梯度按主成分分析可简化为3个主成分因子,累积贡献率达82.91%,代表的生物学信息为蝗虫对地面基层、取食高度、地形以及阴影的选择；不同的蝗虫种类因对生境资源的利用程度不同,表现出不同的生态位宽度,对生境资源利用的相似程度决定了蝗虫种间生态位重叠值的高低。
5.2012年6月～8月间通过设置3植被组成相异且分布广泛的草原样地(Ⅰ：兴安胡枝子Stipa baicalensis+中华糙隐子草Cleistogenes chinensis植物群落样地；Ⅱ：贝加尔针茂Stipa baicalensis+糙隐子草C. squarrosa植物群落样地；Ⅲ：狗尾草Setaira viridis+蓖齿蒿Artemisia Pectinatal+兴安胡枝子植物群落样地),研究了植物群落结构、蝗虫群落结构以及蝗虫群落与植物群落之间的关系。结果显示,3个样地的植物重要值、高度、盖度、密度均有着明显差异,使得植物群落的组成复杂多样,为蝗虫提供多样化的生境选择。3个样地蝗虫种类组成相似,一年均只能完成一个世代交替。生物量较大的几种蝗虫明显分化为不同时期的优势种,轮纹异痂蝗Bryodemella tuberculatum dilutum、宽翅曲背蝗Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis是早期优势种蝗虫,短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus、亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus decorus asiaticus是中期优势种蝗虫,黄胫小车蝗是晚期优势种蝗虫O. infernalis。由于植物群落的差异,蝗虫对其的选择适应,使各样地蝗虫的发生密度及生物量存在着明显区别且具有时间动态。3样地植物群落系数与蝗虫群落系数的相关性有着明显的区别,样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ中植物群落多样性与蝗虫群落多样性之间呈负相关,而样地Ⅲ之间呈正相关,相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。结果说明,虽然蝗虫种类相似,但植被组成的差异,会造成蝗虫群落的组成及动态上的差异。
以上研究结果可为此草原上蝗虫的监测及综合治理提供有效的理论依据。
(二)遗传分化
研究明确科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原蝗虫群落结构中,亚洲小车蝗、黄胫小车蝗是此草原中、晚期优势种蝗虫,发生密度大,是该区草业发展的重要威胁且该两种蝗虫分布广泛。为明确该两种蝗虫不同地理种群的生态适应性及其遗传分化,选用ISSR、mtDNA(线粒体DNA)分子标记方法,研究了两种蝗虫地理种群间的遗传结构和基因交流模式,以期为该两种蝗虫制定防治策略提供遗传学的理论依据。研究结果如下：
1.(1)对黄胫小车蝗各地理种群的线粒体DNA (mtDNA)的CO Ⅰ、Cytb基因片段进行了扩增、测序,在CO Ⅰ基因片段中检测到21种单倍型(GenBank登录号：KC297197-KC297217),单倍型遗传距离在0.003～0.027之间；在Cytb基因片段中检测到15种单倍型(GenBank登录号：KC484967～KC484981)单倍型间的遗传距离在0.002～0.007之间。基于mtDNA CO I、Cytb基因的单倍型构建的邻接系统发育进化树与单倍型网络图显示,黄胫小车蝗各地理种群中的单倍型散布在不同的分布群中,分布格局较为混杂,未形成明显的系统地理结构。
(2)基于ISSR分子标记,黄胫小车蝗总群体的Nei氏遗传指数为0.2628,各地理种群的数值在0.2171-0.2563之间；黄胫小车蝗总群体的Shannon信息指数为0.4129,各地理种群的数值在0.3257～0.3805之间。基于mtDNA CO I基因序列,黄胫小车蝗总群体的单倍型多样度为0.653,各地理种群的数值在0.423-0.790之间。基于mtDNA Cytb基因序列,黄胫小车蝗总群体的单倍型多样度为0.462,各地理种群的数值在0.125～0.625之间。研究结果显示黄胫小车蝗具有较高的遗传多样性,表明其对环境的变化具有较大的生存空间和适应潜力。
(3)基于ISSR、mtDNA分子标记研究结果显示,黄胫小车蝗各地理种群的总固定系数Fst、遗传分化系数Gst均较低,基因流Nm均大于4:AMOVA分子变异分析结果显示,黄胫小车蝗的遗传变异主要来自种群内部,种群间的遗传变异较低；成对种群的遗传距离矩阵与采集地点地理距离的自然对数矩阵之间未呈现出显著相关性。以上结果表明,黄胫小车蝗各种群间的基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响,地理隔离并非是导致黄胫小车蝗种群间遗传分化的主导因素。
2.基于ISSR分子标记对亚洲小车蝗地理种群遗传分化的研究显示。亚洲小车蝗总群体的Nei氏遗传指数为0.2339,各地理种群的数值在0.1738-0.2445之间。亚洲小车蝗总群体的Sbannon信息指数为0.3753,各地理种群的数值在0.2569～0.3568之间。表明该种蝗虫对于变化的环境有着较强的适应能力。
亚洲小车蝗种群间遗传分化指数Gst为0.1155,基因流Nm为3.83,种群间的变异占总变异的11.55%,种群内的变异占总变异的88.45%,地理种群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著相关性。说明亚洲小车蝗种群间的遗传交流较为充分,遗传分化程度较低,基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响。
I Community structure
The Horqin plain hilly meadow steppe is one of the important grassland in China. Enormous damage was caused by grasshoppers in Horqin plain hilly meadow steppe annualy. In order to suppresse the populations of the grasshoppers and to develop integrated pest management strategy for the pest, systematic studies were carry out for the study of the community structure of grasshopper including species composition, flora geographical elements, time structure, space structure and diversity as well as the relationship between grasshopper community and plant community during2011-2012. The results are as follows:
1.22grasshopper species were identified which belonging to6families and17genera from the8typical plots in the grassland72.73%of the species (16species) were Oedipodidae and Arcypteridae. The palaearctic species were superior in numbers (72.73%of total number).
2. The seasonal dynamic of grasshopper species and dominant species composition were affected significantly by the environment factors such as temperature and plant community. The most species which was17species identified belonging to6families and17genera was found on July20. The level of space utilize was different due to the different biological characteristics of grasshopper. Results from cluster analysis indicated that4grasshopper feeding group were present when the euclidean distance is9.5.
3. Community diversity index of grasshopper was ranked successively:July>August>June>September; Community evenness index of grasshopper was ranked successively:June>August>July>September; Community richness index of grasshopper was ranked successively:July>August>September>June. The difference of parameter of grasshopper community was affected by the plant community and terrain. Community similarity index was different in different months due to the different of grasshopper community composition. The distribution of grasshopper species was affected by terrain.
4. The results of grasshopper guild structure indicated that there were six guilds present in the grassland by clustering analysis, and the habitat and biocompatibility were significantly different in those six guilds which explained that diverse habitat provided a variety living space for grasshoppers. The environmental factors such as illumination and terrain with the biological characteristics of grasshopper played an important role in the distribution of grassland grasshopper. To maximize the biological fitness, the grasshopper community was divided into different resource utilization guilds. Three principal components were extracted from ecological traits. These principal components cumulated82.91%variance proportion and they represented the biological information about substrate, height up on the plant, terrain and sunlight regime. Since different species of grasshopper had different degree about utilization of environment resource that they presented diverse ecologic niche breadths and the similarity of environment requirement depended on the niche overlaps among the species.
5. To understand the relationship between plant community structure, grasshopper community structure, three types of plots (Ⅰ Stipa baicalensis+Cleistogenes chinensis; Ⅱ Stipa baicalensis+C. squarrosa; Ⅲ Setaira viridis+Artemisia Pectinatal+S. baicalensis)were selected and surveyed from June to August in2012. The results indicated that the important value, height, coverage and density of plant were different significantly. The grasshoppers which own higher biomass were divided into different dominant species at different time. The species of early occurence were Bryodemella tuberculatum dilutum and Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis, the species of middle occurence were Calliptamus abbreviatus and Oedaleus decorus asiaticus, the species of late occurence was O. infernalis. Significant difference of the density and biomass among grasshopper was observed which indicated the selective adaptation to the diversity plant community for the grasshopper. The plant community diversity was negatively correlation with the grasshopper community diversity in plot Ⅰ and plot Ⅱ, and the plant community diversity was positively correlation with the grasshopper community diversity in plot Ⅲ. But the correlation above was not significant (P>0.05). The results showed that the difference of plant composition should cause the variety in the composition and dynamic for grasshoppers.
II Ggenetic differentiation
Two species, O. decorus asiaticus and O. infernalis, are the dominant grasshopper species in Horqin stepp and distribute widely. Molecular marker was utilized to study the genetic structure and gene flow of geographical populations by ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), the results are as follows:
1.(1) Partial mtDNA CO Ⅰ and Cytb gene of O. infernalis Saussure populations were amplified and sequenced. A total of21haplotypes were defined by mtDNA CO I gene (GenBank accession: KC297197-KC297217), and genetic distance varied from0.003to0.027among these haplotypes. A total of15haplotypes were defined in mtDNA Cytb gene (GenBank accession:KC484967-KC484981), and genetic distance varied from0.002to0.007among these haplotypes. The Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree and haplotype network which based on the mtDNA CO I and Cytb gene showed that haplotypes were distributed in different clades and no significant geographical structure formed.
(2) The total Nei's gene diversity was0.2628, varied from0.2171to0.2563within populations. The total shannon information index was0.4129, varied from0.3257to0.3805within populations by ISSR. The total haplotype diversity was0.653, varied from0.423to0.790within populations based on mtDNA CO I gene. The total haplotype diversity was0.462, varied from0.125to0.625based on mtDNA Cytb gene. A high degree of genetic diversity displayed by O. infernalis was discoveried.
(3) The overall Fst and Gst was low, and the gene flow was greater than4based on the molecular markers of ISSR and mtDNA. Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) demonstrated that observed genetic differences mainly occur within populations, and just a little difference among populations. The pairwise genetic distance were not correlated with the natural logarithm of geographical distance among populations. These results suggest that the gene flow among population of O. infernalis is not affected by the geographical distance, and the geographical isolation is not the major factor to cause the genetic differentiation among populations of O. infernalis.
2. The total Nei's gene diversity was0.2339, varied from0.1738to0.2445within populations. The total shannon information index was0.3753, varied from0.2569to0.3568within populations by ISSR. These results show the grasshopper possess strong adaptive capacity against the change of environment.
The overall Gst was0.1155, and the gene flow was3.83. The variance proportion among populations was11.55%and the variance proportion within populations was88.45%. The genetic distance among populations was not correlated with the geographical distribution. These results reveal that the level of gene flow among different populations is high, however, the degree of genetic differentiation is low, gene low is not affected by the geographical distance.
科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原具有牧草生长茂盛、产草量高、质量好等特点,是其所在区域内重要的天然割草场和放牧场。但近年来,此草原上大面积、高密度发生蝗虫灾害,严重威胁着牧业生产的正常发展。明确该区蝗虫的群落组成、种间关系及发生动态,对于草原蝗虫的有效管理和综合治理具有重要的意义。本文于2011-2012年,对科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原的蝗虫群落结构进行了系统的研究,研究内容包括蝗虫群落的种类组成及区系地理成分、群落的时间结构及空间结构、群落多样性、群落集团结构、蝗虫群落与植物群落之间的关系,获得的主要研究结果如下：
1.通对在科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原的8个典型样地的蝗虫群落的调查,以及在样地及其周围的全面捕捉调查,共鉴定出此草原分布的蝗总科6科17属22种蝗虫,其中,斑翅蝗科(Oedipodidae)与网翅蝗科(Arcypteridae)蝗虫种类共计16种,占蝗虫种类总数的72.73%。蝗虫的区系地理成分以古北种为主,占蝗虫种类总数量的72.73%,在数量上占绝对的优势。8个典型样地因地形、植被组成等环境因子的差异,在蝗虫的种类组成及区系地理成分上均有着一定差异。
2.受温度、植物群落等环境因子的影响,此草原上蝗虫的发生种类数、优势种的组成存在着明显的时间动态。7月20日调查得到的种类最多,共计6科13属17种蝗虫。各种蝗虫由于生物学习性等差异,对于水平空间资源的利用、分隔有着明显的区别；聚类分析结果显示,当欧式距离为9.5时,蝗虫群落可分化成4个不同的取食组合,表现出蝗虫适应于植物高度的垂直分层现象。
3.蝗虫群落多样性指数7月>8月>6月>9月；群落均匀性指数6月>8月>7月>9月；群落丰富度指数7月>8月>9月>6月。各样地中,因植被组成、地形的不同,在蝗虫群落特征参数上有所差异。由于此草原上蝗虫早期种、中期种、晚期种组成种类上的不同,不同月份蝗虫群落的相似性数值上有着明显的区别。从各样地蝗虫群落的组成及相似性研究结果来看,地形的不同对于蝗虫种类的分布存在着明显的影响。
4.蝗虫群落集团结构的研究结果表明,通过聚类分析蝗虫群落可以划分成6个集团,各集团之间在栖息环境及适应性上存在明显差异,说明多样的生境为蝗虫提供了多样的生存空间,在光照、地形等环境因子及蝗虫自身生物学特性的影响下,蝗虫为使生存适合度达到最大,在对适宜生境的选择中,形成了不同的资源利用集团；蝗虫的生态指标梯度按主成分分析可简化为3个主成分因子,累积贡献率达82.91%,代表的生物学信息为蝗虫对地面基层、取食高度、地形以及阴影的选择；不同的蝗虫种类因对生境资源的利用程度不同,表现出不同的生态位宽度,对生境资源利用的相似程度决定了蝗虫种间生态位重叠值的高低。
5.2012年6月～8月间通过设置3植被组成相异且分布广泛的草原样地(Ⅰ：兴安胡枝子Stipa baicalensis+中华糙隐子草Cleistogenes chinensis植物群落样地；Ⅱ：贝加尔针茂Stipa baicalensis+糙隐子草C. squarrosa植物群落样地；Ⅲ：狗尾草Setaira viridis+蓖齿蒿Artemisia Pectinatal+兴安胡枝子植物群落样地),研究了植物群落结构、蝗虫群落结构以及蝗虫群落与植物群落之间的关系。结果显示,3个样地的植物重要值、高度、盖度、密度均有着明显差异,使得植物群落的组成复杂多样,为蝗虫提供多样化的生境选择。3个样地蝗虫种类组成相似,一年均只能完成一个世代交替。生物量较大的几种蝗虫明显分化为不同时期的优势种,轮纹异痂蝗Bryodemella tuberculatum dilutum、宽翅曲背蝗Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis是早期优势种蝗虫,短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus、亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus decorus asiaticus是中期优势种蝗虫,黄胫小车蝗是晚期优势种蝗虫O. infernalis。由于植物群落的差异,蝗虫对其的选择适应,使各样地蝗虫的发生密度及生物量存在着明显区别且具有时间动态。3样地植物群落系数与蝗虫群落系数的相关性有着明显的区别,样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ中植物群落多样性与蝗虫群落多样性之间呈负相关,而样地Ⅲ之间呈正相关,相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。结果说明,虽然蝗虫种类相似,但植被组成的差异,会造成蝗虫群落的组成及动态上的差异。
以上研究结果可为此草原上蝗虫的监测及综合治理提供有效的理论依据。
(二)遗传分化
研究明确科尔沁平原丘陵草甸草原蝗虫群落结构中,亚洲小车蝗、黄胫小车蝗是此草原中、晚期优势种蝗虫,发生密度大,是该区草业发展的重要威胁且该两种蝗虫分布广泛。为明确该两种蝗虫不同地理种群的生态适应性及其遗传分化,选用ISSR、mtDNA(线粒体DNA)分子标记方法,研究了两种蝗虫地理种群间的遗传结构和基因交流模式,以期为该两种蝗虫制定防治策略提供遗传学的理论依据。研究结果如下：
1.(1)对黄胫小车蝗各地理种群的线粒体DNA (mtDNA)的CO Ⅰ、Cytb基因片段进行了扩增、测序,在CO Ⅰ基因片段中检测到21种单倍型(GenBank登录号：KC297197-KC297217),单倍型遗传距离在0.003～0.027之间；在Cytb基因片段中检测到15种单倍型(GenBank登录号：KC484967～KC484981)单倍型间的遗传距离在0.002～0.007之间。基于mtDNA CO I、Cytb基因的单倍型构建的邻接系统发育进化树与单倍型网络图显示,黄胫小车蝗各地理种群中的单倍型散布在不同的分布群中,分布格局较为混杂,未形成明显的系统地理结构。
(2)基于ISSR分子标记,黄胫小车蝗总群体的Nei氏遗传指数为0.2628,各地理种群的数值在0.2171-0.2563之间；黄胫小车蝗总群体的Shannon信息指数为0.4129,各地理种群的数值在0.3257～0.3805之间。基于mtDNA CO I基因序列,黄胫小车蝗总群体的单倍型多样度为0.653,各地理种群的数值在0.423-0.790之间。基于mtDNA Cytb基因序列,黄胫小车蝗总群体的单倍型多样度为0.462,各地理种群的数值在0.125～0.625之间。研究结果显示黄胫小车蝗具有较高的遗传多样性,表明其对环境的变化具有较大的生存空间和适应潜力。
(3)基于ISSR、mtDNA分子标记研究结果显示,黄胫小车蝗各地理种群的总固定系数Fst、遗传分化系数Gst均较低,基因流Nm均大于4:AMOVA分子变异分析结果显示,黄胫小车蝗的遗传变异主要来自种群内部,种群间的遗传变异较低；成对种群的遗传距离矩阵与采集地点地理距离的自然对数矩阵之间未呈现出显著相关性。以上结果表明,黄胫小车蝗各种群间的基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响,地理隔离并非是导致黄胫小车蝗种群间遗传分化的主导因素。
2.基于ISSR分子标记对亚洲小车蝗地理种群遗传分化的研究显示。亚洲小车蝗总群体的Nei氏遗传指数为0.2339,各地理种群的数值在0.1738-0.2445之间。亚洲小车蝗总群体的Sbannon信息指数为0.3753,各地理种群的数值在0.2569～0.3568之间。表明该种蝗虫对于变化的环境有着较强的适应能力。
亚洲小车蝗种群间遗传分化指数Gst为0.1155,基因流Nm为3.83,种群间的变异占总变异的11.55%,种群内的变异占总变异的88.45%,地理种群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著相关性。说明亚洲小车蝗种群间的遗传交流较为充分,遗传分化程度较低,基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响。
I Community structure
The Horqin plain hilly meadow steppe is one of the important grassland in China. Enormous damage was caused by grasshoppers in Horqin plain hilly meadow steppe annualy. In order to suppresse the populations of the grasshoppers and to develop integrated pest management strategy for the pest, systematic studies were carry out for the study of the community structure of grasshopper including species composition, flora geographical elements, time structure, space structure and diversity as well as the relationship between grasshopper community and plant community during2011-2012. The results are as follows:
1.22grasshopper species were identified which belonging to6families and17genera from the8typical plots in the grassland72.73%of the species (16species) were Oedipodidae and Arcypteridae. The palaearctic species were superior in numbers (72.73%of total number).
2. The seasonal dynamic of grasshopper species and dominant species composition were affected significantly by the environment factors such as temperature and plant community. The most species which was17species identified belonging to6families and17genera was found on July20. The level of space utilize was different due to the different biological characteristics of grasshopper. Results from cluster analysis indicated that4grasshopper feeding group were present when the euclidean distance is9.5.
3. Community diversity index of grasshopper was ranked successively:July>August>June>September; Community evenness index of grasshopper was ranked successively:June>August>July>September; Community richness index of grasshopper was ranked successively:July>August>September>June. The difference of parameter of grasshopper community was affected by the plant community and terrain. Community similarity index was different in different months due to the different of grasshopper community composition. The distribution of grasshopper species was affected by terrain.
4. The results of grasshopper guild structure indicated that there were six guilds present in the grassland by clustering analysis, and the habitat and biocompatibility were significantly different in those six guilds which explained that diverse habitat provided a variety living space for grasshoppers. The environmental factors such as illumination and terrain with the biological characteristics of grasshopper played an important role in the distribution of grassland grasshopper. To maximize the biological fitness, the grasshopper community was divided into different resource utilization guilds. Three principal components were extracted from ecological traits. These principal components cumulated82.91%variance proportion and they represented the biological information about substrate, height up on the plant, terrain and sunlight regime. Since different species of grasshopper had different degree about utilization of environment resource that they presented diverse ecologic niche breadths and the similarity of environment requirement depended on the niche overlaps among the species.
5. To understand the relationship between plant community structure, grasshopper community structure, three types of plots (Ⅰ Stipa baicalensis+Cleistogenes chinensis; Ⅱ Stipa baicalensis+C. squarrosa; Ⅲ Setaira viridis+Artemisia Pectinatal+S. baicalensis)were selected and surveyed from June to August in2012. The results indicated that the important value, height, coverage and density of plant were different significantly. The grasshoppers which own higher biomass were divided into different dominant species at different time. The species of early occurence were Bryodemella tuberculatum dilutum and Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis, the species of middle occurence were Calliptamus abbreviatus and Oedaleus decorus asiaticus, the species of late occurence was O. infernalis. Significant difference of the density and biomass among grasshopper was observed which indicated the selective adaptation to the diversity plant community for the grasshopper. The plant community diversity was negatively correlation with the grasshopper community diversity in plot Ⅰ and plot Ⅱ, and the plant community diversity was positively correlation with the grasshopper community diversity in plot Ⅲ. But the correlation above was not significant (P>0.05). The results showed that the difference of plant composition should cause the variety in the composition and dynamic for grasshoppers.
II Ggenetic differentiation
Two species, O. decorus asiaticus and O. infernalis, are the dominant grasshopper species in Horqin stepp and distribute widely. Molecular marker was utilized to study the genetic structure and gene flow of geographical populations by ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), the results are as follows:
1.(1) Partial mtDNA CO Ⅰ and Cytb gene of O. infernalis Saussure populations were amplified and sequenced. A total of21haplotypes were defined by mtDNA CO I gene (GenBank accession: KC297197-KC297217), and genetic distance varied from0.003to0.027among these haplotypes. A total of15haplotypes were defined in mtDNA Cytb gene (GenBank accession:KC484967-KC484981), and genetic distance varied from0.002to0.007among these haplotypes. The Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree and haplotype network which based on the mtDNA CO I and Cytb gene showed that haplotypes were distributed in different clades and no significant geographical structure formed.
(2) The total Nei's gene diversity was0.2628, varied from0.2171to0.2563within populations. The total shannon information index was0.4129, varied from0.3257to0.3805within populations by ISSR. The total haplotype diversity was0.653, varied from0.423to0.790within populations based on mtDNA CO I gene. The total haplotype diversity was0.462, varied from0.125to0.625based on mtDNA Cytb gene. A high degree of genetic diversity displayed by O. infernalis was discoveried.
(3) The overall Fst and Gst was low, and the gene flow was greater than4based on the molecular markers of ISSR and mtDNA. Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) demonstrated that observed genetic differences mainly occur within populations, and just a little difference among populations. The pairwise genetic distance were not correlated with the natural logarithm of geographical distance among populations. These results suggest that the gene flow among population of O. infernalis is not affected by the geographical distance, and the geographical isolation is not the major factor to cause the genetic differentiation among populations of O. infernalis.
2. The total Nei's gene diversity was0.2339, varied from0.1738to0.2445within populations. The total shannon information index was0.3753, varied from0.2569to0.3568within populations by ISSR. These results show the grasshopper possess strong adaptive capacity against the change of environment.
The overall Gst was0.1155, and the gene flow was3.83. The variance proportion among populations was11.55%and the variance proportion within populations was88.45%. The genetic distance among populations was not correlated with the geographical distribution. These results reveal that the level of gene flow among different populations is high, however, the degree of genetic differentiation is low, gene low is not affected by the geographical distance.
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