中国服务贸易的服务业就业效应研究
|
摘要
就业问题历来都是备受各国政府及学术界关注的重大经济社会难题。对正处于经济发展方式转变和经济结构转型升级关键时期的中国来说，目前的就业形势依然严峻，就业问题能否得以有效解决直接关系到经济健康持续发展和经济结构转型升级的成败，是保障和改善民生的头等大事，也是全面建设小康社会的重大战略任务。服务业被称为吸收就业的“蓄水池”，目前，服务业已成为中国吸收就业的第一大产业，因此，服务业就业问题已成为全国就业问题的核心之所在。
自H-O理论提出以来，国际贸易与就业之间的关系成为了学术界和实践部门争相讨论的热点话题，且无论是理论研究还是实证研究，均认为国际贸易是影响一国或地区就业的重要因素。随着国际经济结构由“工业型经济”向“服务型经济”的转型、现代科技革命和信息技术进步及服务贸易总协定（GATS）的签订并付诸实施，全球服务贸易得以蓬勃发展，与此同时，中国服务贸易发展也取得了举世瞩目的成绩，尤其是加入WTO以来，随着一系列入世承诺的逐步兑现，中国服务贸易开放步伐更为迅速，从2004年到2012年间，中国服务进、出口额年均增长率分别为18.6%和15.1%，均显著高于世界年均增长率9.4%和9.63%，其世界排名分别由2004年的第8位和第9位上升到2012年的第3位和第5位。那么，服务贸易对中国服务业就业活动产生了怎样影响？产生影响的作用机制又是如何？这些问题的回答对于中国如何更为有效解决服务业乃至全国就业问题具有重要的理论与现实意义。
对于就业活动而言，其包含就业数量和就业质量两个方面，其中，就业结构、劳动需求弹性与就业风险和工资又是就业质量的重要特征，为了系统深入地分析中国服务贸易的服务业就业效应，本文分别从就业数量和就业质量两个维度展开了理论与实证研究，需要特别说明的是，服务贸易对服务业就业质量的影响研究又主要是从就业结构、劳动需求弹性与就业风险和工资三个方面展开的，同时，为了确保理论与实证研究结论的准确性和科学性，本文的理论与实证研究大都从多维度、多视角展开。全文共有七个部分组成，第一章为绪论，介绍了文章的研究背景、文献综述、研究意义、主要内容、研究方法及创新之处；第二章为理论分析，从就业数量和就业质量两个视角分析了服务贸易的服务业就业效应，其中，服务贸易对服务业就业质量的影响研究又是从就业结构、劳动需求弹性与就业风险和工资三个视角展开的；第三章到第六章是文章的实证研究部分，分别就服务贸易对服务业就业数量、就业结构、劳动需求弹性与就业风险及工资的影响进行实证研究；最后一章是全文总结和政策启示。基于以上研究，本文得出以下几点主要结论：
（1）总体而言，服务进、出口对服务业就业数量均具有显著的促进作用，进一步从企业登记注册类型、不同技术水平服务行业和劳动力熟练程度三个维度的实证检验发现，服务贸易对服务业就业数量的影响存在明显的企业、行业和技能异质性，服务进、出口对其他单位就业数量具有促进作用，而对国有单位和城镇单位就业数量的影响为负向；服务出口对中低技术服务行业就业数量具有显著的负向影响，而对中高技术服务行业就业数量的影响显著为正，服务进口对中低技术服务行业与中高技术服务行业就业数量的影响均为正；服务进、出口对中国服务业熟练和非熟练劳动力就业均产生了显著的正向影响，但其对熟练劳动力就业数量的影响作用大于非熟练劳动力。
（2）服务进口不利于服务业就业结构优化升级，而服务出口则对其产生了有利影响，但具体到不同性别劳动力和不同技术水平服务行业，以上结论有所差异，其中，服务进口对男性劳动力就业结构的负向影响大于女性劳动力，对中低技术行业就业结构的负向影响大于中高技术行业。与服务进口不同，服务出口对男性劳动力就业结构的正向影响大于女性劳动力，对中高技术行业就业结构的正向影响大于中低技术行业。
（3）中国服务业存在着劳动需求弹性“悖论”，即实际工资上升可使服务业劳动力需求增加。服务进口对服务业劳动需求弹性具有抑制作用，而服务出口则具有促进作用，说明服务进口降低了服务业劳动力市场的就业风险而服务出口则增强了就业风险，由于服务出口对劳动力市场就业风险的增强作用大于服务进口的抑制作用，服务贸易总体上强化了服务业劳动力市场的就业风险。从劳动力性别和不同技能水平的进一步考察发现，服务进口对女性的劳动需求弹性所产生的抑制作用强于男性，而服务出口对其所产生的提升作用弱于男性，低技能劳动力的需求弹性受服务贸易的影响最为强烈，高技能劳动力次之，中等技能劳动力最小。总之，服务贸易对男性劳动力就业风险的强化作用大于女性劳动力，对低技能劳动力就业风险具有减弱作用，而对高技能劳动力就业风险具有强化作用，对中等技能劳动力就业风险的影响难以确定。
（4）服务进、出口对服务业工资水平的总体影响均显著为正,以上结论对于不同技术水平服务行业和不同登记注册类型企业则会有所差异，服务出口对中高技术服务行业工资水平的影响显著为正，而对中低技术服务行业工资水平的影响显著为负，对国有单位工资水平具有显著的促进作用，而对集体单位与其他单位工资水平的影响并不显著；与出口不同，服务进口对国有单位、其他单位及不同技术水平服务行业工资水平均具有显著的正向影响，而对集体单位工资水平的影响不显著。
Employment problem has always been one of the major economic and socialproblems highly concerned by governments and academia circle. For China which is inthe critical period of development pattern restructuring and structure upgrading, Thecurrent employment situation remains severe, and effective solutions to the employmentproblem is key to the health and sustainable development, restructuring and upgrading ofChina’s economy, the top priority to protect and improve people's livelihood, and asignificant strategic task of building a moderately prosperous society. Service industry,known as "reservoir" of absorbing employment, has become the biggest industry thatabsorbed employment at present. Therefore, the employment problem in services is thecore of national employment problem.
Since H-O theory is proposed, the relationship between international trade andemployment has become a hot topic in the academic and practical departments to discuss,and both the theoretical research department and empirical research department regardthat international trade is an important factor affecting employment in a country or region.As the international economic structure transformed from the "industrial economy" to a"service economy", modern revolution of science and technology, informationtechnology progress and the general agreement on trade in services(GATS) are signedand put into practice, global trade in services got vigorous development. Meanwhile,development of China's trade in services also has made remarkable achievements,especially since the accession to the WTO, as we gradually fulfilled a series ofcommitments we made for joining the WTO, the pace of China's trade in servicesliberalization is more rapid, growth rate of China's imports and exports in servicesaveraged18.6%and15.1%respectively, during the2004s and2012s, significantlyhigher than the world average growth rate by9.4%and9.63%, and their world rankingroses from eighth and ninth in2004to third and fifth in2012respectively. So, how doesChina's trade in services impact employment in China's services? What is the impactingmechanism? Answers to these questions have important theoretical and practicalsignificance for China to how to solve the employment problem of services and even the whole country more effectively.
For employment, it includes the employment quantity and employment quality, ofwhich, the employment structure, labor demand elasticity and the employment risk andwages is important feature of the employment quality. In order to deeply andsystematically analyze the employment effects of trade in services on China's services,this paper carried out theoretical and empirical research from the four dimensions ofemployment number, employment structure, employment risk and employment gains, atthe same time, in order to ensure the accuracy and scientificalness of the conclusions,theoretical and empirical study in this paper were launched from multipledimensions.The full text is composed of seven parts, Chapter I introduces the researchbackground, significance, review of the literature, research content, research methods andinnovation; Chapter II is theoretical analysis, analysising the employment effects of tradein services from two perspective of employment quantity and employment quality, studyabout influence of trade in services to employment quality is carried out from theemployment structure, labor demand elasticity and the employment risk and wages;Chapter III to Chapter VI is empirical research, making empirical research on the impactof trade in services on the employment quantity, employment structure, labor demandelasticity and employment risk and wages; the last chapter is the full text summary andpolicy recommendations. Based on the above research, this article draws the followingmain conclusions:
1.In general, the effect of imports and exports in services on the number of servicesemployment is significant Positive, further empirical resesrch shows from enterpriseregistration type, the different technology level of service industry and Labor proficiency,the impact of trade in services on employment quantity is of significant heterogeneity inbusinesses, industries and skill, imports and exports in services have promoting effectson employment of other units, while the impact on the number of owned units and urbanunits employment is negative; exports in services reduces the number of jobs in lowtechnical services sector, and the impact on the number of jobs in high-tech servicesindustry is significantly positive, imports in services has positive impacts on the numberof jobs in low-technology services industry and the high-tech service industries; importsand exports in services have positive impacts on the employment of both skilled and unskilled labor in China's services, but its impact on the employment of skilled labor isgreater than which on unskilled labor.
2. Imports in services has negative influences on employment structure optimizationof services, while exports in services produces a favorable impact, but these conclusionsdiffer when specifically referred to different gender and different skill levels of labor,among which the negative impacts of imports in services on employment structure ofmale labor is greater than that of female labor, and the negative impacts on employmentstructure in low-technology industry is greater than which is in the high-tech industries.Unlike imports in services, the positive impacts of exports in services on employmentstructure of male labor is greater than that of female, and its positive impact on theemployment structure in high-tech industries is greater than the low-tech industries.
3. Labor demand elasticity "paradox " exists in China's services,namely that risingreal wages can increase the demand for labor in services. Imports in services hasinhibitory effect on labor demand elasticity in services, and exports in services plays arole in enhancing labor demand elasticity in services, indicating that imports in servicesdecreases the employment risk of labor market in services, exports in services enhancesemployment risk, due to the promoting effect of exports in services is greater than theinhibition effect of imports in services, trade in services in general strengthens theemployment risk in services labor market. Further study finds that the inhibition effect ofservice imports on elasticity of labor demand for women is stronger than man from laborgender and different skill levels, while the promotion effect of exports in services isweaker than men, and demand elasticity of low-skilled labor affected by trade in servicesis most intense, followed by high-skilled labor, and medium-skilled labor is minimum. Inshort, the strengthening effect of trade in services on the employment risk of male laborforce is greater than that of female, trade in services weakens the employment risk oflow-skilled labor, while strengthens the employment risk of high-skilled labor force, andits impacts on the employment risk of medium-skilled labor force is difficult todetermine.
4. The overall impacts of imports and exports in services on the services wages aresignificantly positive. These conclusions vary from different technical level of serviceindustry and differen tregistration types of business, impacts of exports in services on the wage level of high-tech industry is significantly positive, while the impact on low-technology industry is significantly negative, wage level of the state-owned unit havebeen significantly promoted, while collective units and other units are not significantlyinfluenced; and unlike exports, imports in services has a significantly positive impact onwage level of state-owned units, other units and the service sector of different technicallevel, but does not significantly affect wage level of collective units.
自H-O理论提出以来，国际贸易与就业之间的关系成为了学术界和实践部门争相讨论的热点话题，且无论是理论研究还是实证研究，均认为国际贸易是影响一国或地区就业的重要因素。随着国际经济结构由“工业型经济”向“服务型经济”的转型、现代科技革命和信息技术进步及服务贸易总协定（GATS）的签订并付诸实施，全球服务贸易得以蓬勃发展，与此同时，中国服务贸易发展也取得了举世瞩目的成绩，尤其是加入WTO以来，随着一系列入世承诺的逐步兑现，中国服务贸易开放步伐更为迅速，从2004年到2012年间，中国服务进、出口额年均增长率分别为18.6%和15.1%，均显著高于世界年均增长率9.4%和9.63%，其世界排名分别由2004年的第8位和第9位上升到2012年的第3位和第5位。那么，服务贸易对中国服务业就业活动产生了怎样影响？产生影响的作用机制又是如何？这些问题的回答对于中国如何更为有效解决服务业乃至全国就业问题具有重要的理论与现实意义。
对于就业活动而言，其包含就业数量和就业质量两个方面，其中，就业结构、劳动需求弹性与就业风险和工资又是就业质量的重要特征，为了系统深入地分析中国服务贸易的服务业就业效应，本文分别从就业数量和就业质量两个维度展开了理论与实证研究，需要特别说明的是，服务贸易对服务业就业质量的影响研究又主要是从就业结构、劳动需求弹性与就业风险和工资三个方面展开的，同时，为了确保理论与实证研究结论的准确性和科学性，本文的理论与实证研究大都从多维度、多视角展开。全文共有七个部分组成，第一章为绪论，介绍了文章的研究背景、文献综述、研究意义、主要内容、研究方法及创新之处；第二章为理论分析，从就业数量和就业质量两个视角分析了服务贸易的服务业就业效应，其中，服务贸易对服务业就业质量的影响研究又是从就业结构、劳动需求弹性与就业风险和工资三个视角展开的；第三章到第六章是文章的实证研究部分，分别就服务贸易对服务业就业数量、就业结构、劳动需求弹性与就业风险及工资的影响进行实证研究；最后一章是全文总结和政策启示。基于以上研究，本文得出以下几点主要结论：
（1）总体而言，服务进、出口对服务业就业数量均具有显著的促进作用，进一步从企业登记注册类型、不同技术水平服务行业和劳动力熟练程度三个维度的实证检验发现，服务贸易对服务业就业数量的影响存在明显的企业、行业和技能异质性，服务进、出口对其他单位就业数量具有促进作用，而对国有单位和城镇单位就业数量的影响为负向；服务出口对中低技术服务行业就业数量具有显著的负向影响，而对中高技术服务行业就业数量的影响显著为正，服务进口对中低技术服务行业与中高技术服务行业就业数量的影响均为正；服务进、出口对中国服务业熟练和非熟练劳动力就业均产生了显著的正向影响，但其对熟练劳动力就业数量的影响作用大于非熟练劳动力。
（2）服务进口不利于服务业就业结构优化升级，而服务出口则对其产生了有利影响，但具体到不同性别劳动力和不同技术水平服务行业，以上结论有所差异，其中，服务进口对男性劳动力就业结构的负向影响大于女性劳动力，对中低技术行业就业结构的负向影响大于中高技术行业。与服务进口不同，服务出口对男性劳动力就业结构的正向影响大于女性劳动力，对中高技术行业就业结构的正向影响大于中低技术行业。
（3）中国服务业存在着劳动需求弹性“悖论”，即实际工资上升可使服务业劳动力需求增加。服务进口对服务业劳动需求弹性具有抑制作用，而服务出口则具有促进作用，说明服务进口降低了服务业劳动力市场的就业风险而服务出口则增强了就业风险，由于服务出口对劳动力市场就业风险的增强作用大于服务进口的抑制作用，服务贸易总体上强化了服务业劳动力市场的就业风险。从劳动力性别和不同技能水平的进一步考察发现，服务进口对女性的劳动需求弹性所产生的抑制作用强于男性，而服务出口对其所产生的提升作用弱于男性，低技能劳动力的需求弹性受服务贸易的影响最为强烈，高技能劳动力次之，中等技能劳动力最小。总之，服务贸易对男性劳动力就业风险的强化作用大于女性劳动力，对低技能劳动力就业风险具有减弱作用，而对高技能劳动力就业风险具有强化作用，对中等技能劳动力就业风险的影响难以确定。
（4）服务进、出口对服务业工资水平的总体影响均显著为正,以上结论对于不同技术水平服务行业和不同登记注册类型企业则会有所差异，服务出口对中高技术服务行业工资水平的影响显著为正，而对中低技术服务行业工资水平的影响显著为负，对国有单位工资水平具有显著的促进作用，而对集体单位与其他单位工资水平的影响并不显著；与出口不同，服务进口对国有单位、其他单位及不同技术水平服务行业工资水平均具有显著的正向影响，而对集体单位工资水平的影响不显著。
Employment problem has always been one of the major economic and socialproblems highly concerned by governments and academia circle. For China which is inthe critical period of development pattern restructuring and structure upgrading, Thecurrent employment situation remains severe, and effective solutions to the employmentproblem is key to the health and sustainable development, restructuring and upgrading ofChina’s economy, the top priority to protect and improve people's livelihood, and asignificant strategic task of building a moderately prosperous society. Service industry,known as "reservoir" of absorbing employment, has become the biggest industry thatabsorbed employment at present. Therefore, the employment problem in services is thecore of national employment problem.
Since H-O theory is proposed, the relationship between international trade andemployment has become a hot topic in the academic and practical departments to discuss,and both the theoretical research department and empirical research department regardthat international trade is an important factor affecting employment in a country or region.As the international economic structure transformed from the "industrial economy" to a"service economy", modern revolution of science and technology, informationtechnology progress and the general agreement on trade in services(GATS) are signedand put into practice, global trade in services got vigorous development. Meanwhile,development of China's trade in services also has made remarkable achievements,especially since the accession to the WTO, as we gradually fulfilled a series ofcommitments we made for joining the WTO, the pace of China's trade in servicesliberalization is more rapid, growth rate of China's imports and exports in servicesaveraged18.6%and15.1%respectively, during the2004s and2012s, significantlyhigher than the world average growth rate by9.4%and9.63%, and their world rankingroses from eighth and ninth in2004to third and fifth in2012respectively. So, how doesChina's trade in services impact employment in China's services? What is the impactingmechanism? Answers to these questions have important theoretical and practicalsignificance for China to how to solve the employment problem of services and even the whole country more effectively.
For employment, it includes the employment quantity and employment quality, ofwhich, the employment structure, labor demand elasticity and the employment risk andwages is important feature of the employment quality. In order to deeply andsystematically analyze the employment effects of trade in services on China's services,this paper carried out theoretical and empirical research from the four dimensions ofemployment number, employment structure, employment risk and employment gains, atthe same time, in order to ensure the accuracy and scientificalness of the conclusions,theoretical and empirical study in this paper were launched from multipledimensions.The full text is composed of seven parts, Chapter I introduces the researchbackground, significance, review of the literature, research content, research methods andinnovation; Chapter II is theoretical analysis, analysising the employment effects of tradein services from two perspective of employment quantity and employment quality, studyabout influence of trade in services to employment quality is carried out from theemployment structure, labor demand elasticity and the employment risk and wages;Chapter III to Chapter VI is empirical research, making empirical research on the impactof trade in services on the employment quantity, employment structure, labor demandelasticity and employment risk and wages; the last chapter is the full text summary andpolicy recommendations. Based on the above research, this article draws the followingmain conclusions:
1.In general, the effect of imports and exports in services on the number of servicesemployment is significant Positive, further empirical resesrch shows from enterpriseregistration type, the different technology level of service industry and Labor proficiency,the impact of trade in services on employment quantity is of significant heterogeneity inbusinesses, industries and skill, imports and exports in services have promoting effectson employment of other units, while the impact on the number of owned units and urbanunits employment is negative; exports in services reduces the number of jobs in lowtechnical services sector, and the impact on the number of jobs in high-tech servicesindustry is significantly positive, imports in services has positive impacts on the numberof jobs in low-technology services industry and the high-tech service industries; importsand exports in services have positive impacts on the employment of both skilled and unskilled labor in China's services, but its impact on the employment of skilled labor isgreater than which on unskilled labor.
2. Imports in services has negative influences on employment structure optimizationof services, while exports in services produces a favorable impact, but these conclusionsdiffer when specifically referred to different gender and different skill levels of labor,among which the negative impacts of imports in services on employment structure ofmale labor is greater than that of female labor, and the negative impacts on employmentstructure in low-technology industry is greater than which is in the high-tech industries.Unlike imports in services, the positive impacts of exports in services on employmentstructure of male labor is greater than that of female, and its positive impact on theemployment structure in high-tech industries is greater than the low-tech industries.
3. Labor demand elasticity "paradox " exists in China's services,namely that risingreal wages can increase the demand for labor in services. Imports in services hasinhibitory effect on labor demand elasticity in services, and exports in services plays arole in enhancing labor demand elasticity in services, indicating that imports in servicesdecreases the employment risk of labor market in services, exports in services enhancesemployment risk, due to the promoting effect of exports in services is greater than theinhibition effect of imports in services, trade in services in general strengthens theemployment risk in services labor market. Further study finds that the inhibition effect ofservice imports on elasticity of labor demand for women is stronger than man from laborgender and different skill levels, while the promotion effect of exports in services isweaker than men, and demand elasticity of low-skilled labor affected by trade in servicesis most intense, followed by high-skilled labor, and medium-skilled labor is minimum. Inshort, the strengthening effect of trade in services on the employment risk of male laborforce is greater than that of female, trade in services weakens the employment risk oflow-skilled labor, while strengthens the employment risk of high-skilled labor force, andits impacts on the employment risk of medium-skilled labor force is difficult todetermine.
4. The overall impacts of imports and exports in services on the services wages aresignificantly positive. These conclusions vary from different technical level of serviceindustry and differen tregistration types of business, impacts of exports in services on the wage level of high-tech industry is significantly positive, while the impact on low-technology industry is significantly negative, wage level of the state-owned unit havebeen significantly promoted, while collective units and other units are not significantlyinfluenced; and unlike exports, imports in services has a significantly positive impact onwage level of state-owned units, other units and the service sector of different technicallevel, but does not significantly affect wage level of collective units.
引文
②徐莺.论大学生就业风险的社会危害[J].现代教育管理,2009(11):120-123
①邵敏，我国企业出口对员工收入的影响：基于企业异质性视角的经验研究[J]．中国工业经济，2011（12）：67-71
②毛日昇，出口、外商直接投资与中国制造业就业[J]．经济研究，2009（11）：105-117
②盛斌,牛蕊.贸易、劳动力需求弹性与就业风险:中国工业的经验研究[J].世界经济，2009（6）：7-10
①周申.贸易自由化对中国工业劳动需求弹性影响的经验研究[J].世界经济，2006（2）：31-38
①程大中.国际服务贸易学[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，2010
①邵军,冯伟.异质性企业贸易理论研究进展综述[J].国际贸易问题,2013(3):167-177
[1] Acemoglu, D.. Patterns of skill premia[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2003(70):199-230
[2] Aghion, P., Robin, B., Stephen, R.&Fabrizio, Z.. The unequal effects ofliberalization: theory and evidence from India. Working paper, Harvard, LSE, andIIES,2003
[3] Alexander Hijzen, Holger Gorg&Robert C. Hine. International fragmentation andrelative wages in the UK[J]. The Economic Journal,2005,115(10):860-878
[4] Amiti, Mary&Shang-Jin Wei, Fear of service outsourcing: is it justified[J].Economic Policy,2005,20(42):308-347
[5] Arellano, M.&S. Bond. Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carloevidence and an application to employment equations[J]. The Review of EconomicStudies,1991,58(2):77-97
[6] Attanasio, O., Goldberg, P.&Pavcnik, N. Trade reforms and wage inequality inColombia[J]. Journal of Development Economics,2004(74):331-366
[7] Attanasio, Orazio, Goldberg&Pavcnik. Trade reforms and wage inequality inColombia[J]. Journal of Development Economics,2004,74(2):33-66
[8] Bernard, Andrew. J., Bradford Jensen, Stephen Redding&Peter Schott. Firms ininternational Trade[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives,2007,21(3):105-130
[9] Bond, S. Dynamic panel data models: A guide to micro data methods andpractice.Working Paper, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London.2002(9).
[10]Borjas, G.J.&Ramey, V.A. Foreign competition, market power and wage inequality[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995(110):1075-1110
[11]Bound, J.&Johnson, G. Changes in the structure of wages in the1980’s: anevaluation of alternative explanation[J]. American Economic Review,1992(82):371-392
[12]Brenton, P.&Pinna, A. M. The Declining use of unskilled labor in italianmanufacturing: is trade to blame?[J]. CEPS working document No.2001(178)
[13]B.Hindley&A.Smith. Comparative advantage and trade in services[J]. The WorldEconomy,1984,7(4):369-389
[14]Burstein, Ariel&Vogel, Jonathan. Globalization,technology and the skill premium:a quantitative analysis[J]. NBER Working Paper No.16459,2010
[15]Bustos, Paula. The impact of trade on technology and skill upgrading: evidencefrom argentina[J]. Mimeo,CREI,2007
[16]Costantini, James&Melitz, Marc. The dynamics of firm-level adjustment to tradeliberalization[J]. Working paper, Princeton University,2007
[17]Currie, J.&Harrison,A. Sharing the costs: The impact of trade reform on capitaland labor in moroeeo[J]. Joumal of Labor Eeonomics,1997,Volls(3):44-71
[18]D. Rodrik. Capital mobility and labor.1998. http://www. hks. harvard.edu/m-rcbg/research/d. rodrik_ksg_capital. Mobility and labor pdf.
[19]Daniel A. Traca. Trade liberalization, labour mobilityand wages[J]. The Journal ofInternational Trade&Economic Development,2013(12):111–136
[20]David Greenaway, Robert C. Hine,&Peter Wright. An empirical assessment of theimpact of trade on employment in the United Kingdom[J]. Centre for research onglobalization and labour markets Research Paper,1998(3)
[21]Devashish Mitra, Jeongeun Shin. Import protection, exports and labor-demandelasticities: Evidence from Korea[J]. International Review of Economics andFinance,2012(23):91–109
[22]El-Hamidi, F. Trade liberalization, gender segmentation and wage discrimination:evidence from egypt[J]. Economic Research Forum Working Paper,2008(414)
[23]Fajnzylber, P.&Maloney, W. F. Labor demand and trade reform in Latin America[J].Journal of International Economics,2005(7):423–446
[24]Feenstra, Robert C.&Gordon H. Hanson. Foreign direct investment and relativewages: evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras[J]. Journal of InternationalEconomics,1997,42(3):71-93
[25]Fernandes, Ana M.. Trade policy, trade volumes and plant-level productivity incolombian manufacturing industries[J]. Journal of International Economics,2007,71(1):52-71
[26]Fuchs, V.R. The service economy. New York and London: Colombia UniversityPress.1968
[27]Geneva. International labour0ffice. Labour Overview. Lima.2005
[28]Giovannetti&Menezes-Filho. Trade liberalization and the demand for skilled laborin Brazil[J]. Economics,2006(Fall)
[29]Goorg, H., Hanley, A.&Strobl, E. Productivity effects of international outsourcing:evidence from plant-level Data[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics,2008,41(2),670-688
[30]Greenaway, D., Hine, Robert C.&Wright P.. An empirical assessment of the impactof trade on employment in the United Kingdom[J]. European Journal of PoliticalEconomy,1999,15(3):485-500
[31]Haaland, Jan I.&Hans J. Kind. R&D Policies, trade and process innovation[J].Journal of International Economics,2008(74):170–87
[32]Harrison, A.&A.Renenga. The effects of trade poliey reform: What do we reallyknow. NBER Working Paper No.5225,1995
[33]Harrison, Ann E.&Gordon H. Hanson. Who gains from trade reform? someremaining puzzle[J]. Journal of Development Economics,1999,59(1):125-54
[34]Hasan, R., Mitra, D.&Ramaswamy, K. V.. Trade reforms, labor regulations andlabor demand elasticities: empirical evidence from India[J]. The Review ofEconomics and Statistics,2007(89):466–481
[35]Helg R.&Tajoli,L. Patterns of international fragmentation of production andimplications for the labor market[J]. Research Seminar in International EconomicsDiscussion Paper,2004(503)
[36]Hering, L.,&S.Poncet. Market access and individual wages: evidence fromChina[J]. Review of Economics and Statitics,2010,92(1):145-159
[37]Ilham Haouas&Mahmoud Yagoubib. The effect of international trade onlabour-demand elasticity: empirical evidence from Tunisia[J]. Applied EconomicsLetters,2008(15):277–286
[38]Jagdish Bhagwati, Arvind Panagariya&T.N. Srinivasan. The muddles overoutsourcing[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives,2004,12(18):93–114
[39]Krishna, P., Mitra, D.&Chinoy, S.. Trade liberalization and labor demandelasticities: evidence from Turkey[J]. Journal of International Economics,2001(55):391–409
[40]Lawrence, R.Z.&M.J Slaughter. International trade and american wages in the1980s: giant sucking sound of small hieeup. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity:Micro Economies,1993(2):161-226
[41]Majid, N. What is the effect of trade openness on wages?[J]. Employment StrategyDepartment Working Paper,2004（12）
[42]Mann, Catherine. Globalization of IT services and white-collar jobs: the next waveof productivity growth[J]. Policy Brief, Institute for International Economics.Washington, D.C.: IIE,2003
[43]Mark P. Moore&Priya Ranjan. Globalization vs skill-biased technological change:implications for unemployment and wage inequality[J]. The Economic Journal,2005,115(4):391-422
[44]Melitz, Marc. The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregateindustry productivity[J].Econometrica,2003(71):1695-1725
[45]Messerlin P.A. The impact of trade and capital movements on labor: evidence on theFrench Case[J]. OECD Economic Studies,1995(24):90-124
[46]MilnerC. R.&P.W. Wright. Modeling labor market adjustment to tradeliberalization in an industrializing economy[J]. Economics Journal,1998(108):509-528
[47]Mincer, J. Schooling, Experience and earnings. New York：Columbia UniversityPress,1974
[48]Molina, Danielken&Muendler. Marc-Andreas. Preparing to export[M]. Mimeo,UCSan Diego,2009.
[49]Muendler, Marc-Andreas. Trade, technology and productivity: a study of brazilianmanufacturers [M].2004,1986-1998,Unpublished.
[50]Neary, J. Peter. Foreign competition and wage inequality[J]. Review of InternationalEconomics,2002(10):680–93
[51]Onaran, O. Wage share, globalization and crisis：the case of the manufacturingindustry in Kirea, Mexico and Turkey[J]. International Review if AppliedEconomics,2009,23(2):113-134
[52]Pageorgiou, D., Michaely, M.&A.M. Choksi. Liberalizing foreign trade,Washington, D.C., World Bank,1991
[53]Paul R. Krugman, P. Growing World trade: causes and consequences[J]. BrookingsPapers On Economic Activity,1995(l):327-377
[54]Pavcnik, N. What explain skill upgrading in less developing countries[J]. Journal ofDevelopment Economics,2003(71):311-328
[55]Pavcnik, Nina. What explains skill upgrading in less developed countries?[J].Journal of Development Economics,2003,71(2):311-28
[56]Rama, M. Globalization and workers in developing countries[J]. World Bank,Policy Research Working Paper2958,2003
[57]Revenga, A. Exporting Jobs: The import competition on employment and wages inU.S. manufacturing[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1992(109):255-284
[58]Robbins, D. J. Wage dispersion and trade in Colombia: an analysis of greaterBogota:1876-1989[M]. Harvard University: Harvard Institute goes InternationalDevelopment,1995
[59]Robbins, D. HOS hits facts: facts win evidence on trade and wages in developingworld[J]. Harvard Institute for International Development, Harvard University,1996(b)
[60]Robert C. Feenstra&Gordon H. Hanson. Foreign direct investment and relativewages: Evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras[J]. Journal of InternationalEconomics,1997,(42):371-393
[61]Rodrik, D. Has globalization gone too far? Washington, DC: Institute forInternational Economics,1997
[62]Roodman, D. How to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMMin Stata[J]. Stata Journal,2009,9(1):86-136
[63]Sachs, J. D.&Warner, A. M. Economic reform and the process of globalintegration[J]. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1995(1):110-118
[64]Schumacher, D. North-South trade and shifts in employment: a comparativeanalysis of six european community countries[J]. International Labor Review,1984,May-June,123(3):333-348
[65]Sebastian Braun. Economic Integration, Process and sroduct innovation and relativeskill demand[J]. Review of International Economics,2008,16(5):864–873
[66]Sebastien Jean. The effect of international trade on labor-demand elasticities:intersectoral matters[J]. Review of International Ecomomics,2000(8):504-516
[67]Sen, K. Globalization and employment in Bangladesh and Kenya. DiscussionPaper7. Projection Globalization. Production and Poverty. Overseas DevelopmentGroup. No, ich,2001
[68]Slaughter, M. International trade and labor demand elasticities, NBER WorkingPaper,1997(62)
[69]Tybout, James.James Harrigan, ed. Handbook of international trade[J]. Oxford:Basil-Blackwell,2003.(Previous version appeared as NBER Working Paper No.8418)
[70]Verhoogen, Eric A. Trade, Quality upgrading and wage inequality in the Mexicanmanufacturing sector[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2008,123(2):489-530
[71]Vivek Agrawal&Diana Farrell. Who wins in offshoring[J]. The McKinseyQuarterly,2005,(2):37-41
[72]William J. Baumol. Macroeconomics of unbalanced growth: the anatomy of urbancrisis[J]. The American Economic Review,1967,7(57):415-426
[73]Wood, A. How trade hurts unskilled workers[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives,1995(9):57-80
[74]Wood, A. North-South trade, employment and inequality: changing fortunes inskill-driven world[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1994
[75]Wood, A. Openness and wage inequality in developing countries: the LatinAmerican challenge to East Asian conventional wisdom[J]. The World BankEconomic Review,1997,11(1):33–57.
[76]Wood, A. The factor content of north-south trade in manufactures reconsidered [J].Weltwirtschaftliches Ar-chiv,1991(127):719-743
[77]Wood, A. The factor content of north-south trade in manufactures[M]. in E. K. Choiand James Har-rigan, eds., Handbook of International Trade. Blackwell,Oxford,2003.
[78]Xiaodong Wu. Foreign direct investment, intellectual property rights and wageinequality in China[J]. China Economic Review,2001,4(11):361-384
[79]Yeaple, S.R.. Asimple model of firm heterogeneity, international trade and wages[J].Journal of International Economics,2005(65):1-20
[80]Zeng Xiangquan, Cui Yuxue, Qing Shisong&Yang Yumei. Real exchange rate,foreign trade and employment: evidence from China. Discussion Paper No.5931,2011
[81]Zouhair Mrabet, Charfeddine Lanouar. The impact of trade liberalization on labormarket of developing countries: what can literature tell us?[J]. Journal ofEconomics and Behavioral Studies,2012,6(4):307-318
[82]艾洪山，张亚斌和亓朋．外商直接投资、国际贸易与工资溢出：基于微观企业层面的实证分析[J]．经济评论，2010（2）：100-108
[83]包群，邵敏和侯维忠．出口改善了员工收入吗?[J]．经济研究，2011（9）：41-47
[84]蔡宏波，陈昊．外包与劳动力结构：基于中国工业行业数据的经验分析[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2012（12）：54-59
[85]陈银娥，魏君英．国际服务外包对中国就业结构的影响分析:基于1997-2007年时间序列数据的计量检验[J]．中国人口科学，2010（2）：55-60
[86]崔日明，张志明．服务贸易与中国服务业技术效率提升：基于行业面板数据的实证研究[J]．国际贸易问题，2013（10）：90-102
[87]崔日明，张志明．服务业FDI与我国服务业结构优化：机理分析与实证研究[J]．辽宁大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2012（2）：60-70
[88]程大中.国际服务贸易学[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，2010.2
[89]都阳，蔡昉．中国制造业工资的地区趋同性与劳动力市场一体化[J]．世界经济，2004（8）：24-28
[90]范爱军，李菲菲．服务贸易对我国就业的影响研究—基于1982-2010年数据的协整分析[J]．福建论坛（人文社会科学版），2011（9）:10-14
[91]国福丽.国外劳动领域的质量探讨：就业质量的相关范畴[J].北京行政学院学报，2009（1）:86-92
[92]胡昭玲，刘旭．中国工业品贸易的就业效应—基于32个行业面板数据的实证分析[J]．财贸经济，2007（8）：88-95
[93]解垩．中国进口对工业就业和工资的影响[J]．统计与信息论坛，2007（7）：54-58
[94]李丹．服务贸易结构优化[D]．博士学位论文，辽宁大学，2010
[95]李娟．全球化劳动需求弹性与就业风险研究述评[J]．经济学动态，2012（3）：153-160
[96]梁冬梅．高校大学生就业的现状及对策[J]．人口学刊，2009（6）：52-59
[97]赖德胜和苏丽锋等.中国各地区就业质量测算与评价[J].经济理论与经济管理，2011（11）：88-92
[98]刘素华.就业质量:内涵及其与就业数量的关系[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版)，2005（9）：15-129
[99]罗知．工业品贸易、技术进步与就业[J]．世界经济文汇，2012（1）：63-70
[100]马衍军．人力资本与外国直接投资的逻辑与互动研究[J]．财经问题研究，2005（1）：83-86
[101]毛日昇.出口、外商直接投资与中国制造业就业[J]．经济研究，2009（11）：105-117
[102]孟雪．反向服务外包如何影响中国的就业结构—以中国作为发包国的视角分析[J]．国际贸易问题，2012（9）：82-95
[103]邱立成，王自峰．外国直接投资的“工资溢出”效应研究[J]．经济评论，2006（5）：136-140
[104]邵敏，包群．出口企业转型对中国劳动力就业与工资的影响：基于倾向评分匹配估计的经验分析[J]．世界经济，2011（6）：48-71
[105]邵敏，包群．外资进入对国内工资的影响：基于工业行业的经验研究[J]．国际贸易问题，2010（11）：105-109
[106]邵敏，我国企业出口对员工收入的影响：基于企业异质性视角的经验研究[J]．中国工业经济，2011（12）：67-71
[107]沈亚芳．人力资本对外商直接投资区位选择的影响：跨期考察与分区域分析[J]．国际贸易问题，2007（7）：113-117
[108]盛斌，马涛．中间产品贸易对中国劳动力需求变化的影响：基于工业部门动态面板数据的分析[J]．世界经济，2008（3）：12-21
[109]盛斌，牛蕊．贸易、劳动力需求弹性与就业风险：中国工业的经验研究[J].世界经济，2009（6）：7-10
[110]苏丽锋.我国新时期个人就业质量研究—基于调查数据的比较研究[J].经济学家，2013（7）：47-52
[111]邵军,冯伟.异质性企业贸易理论研究进展综述[J].国际贸易问题，2013(3):167-177
[112]唐东波．全球化对中国就业结构的影响[J]．世界经济，2011（9）：95-99
[113]唐东波．直专业化贸易如何影响了中国的就业结构?[J]．经济研究，2012（8）：117-120
[114]唐宜红，马风．涛国际垂直专业化对中国劳动力就业结构的影响[J]．财贸经济，2009（4）：94-100
[115]王晶，郭翔宇.我国服务贸易产业内贸易现状分析[J]．经济问题探索，2012（3）：110-113
[116]王恕立，胡宗彪．中国服务业分行业生产率变迁及异质性考察[J].经济研究，2012（4）：15-20
[117]王恬，兰宜生．对我国内资企业员工工资的影响—基于不同地区和不同员工类型的实证分析[J]．当代经济科学，2008（9）：2-27
[118]魏浩,黄皓骥．服务外包与国内就业：基于全球15个国家25个行业的实证分析[J]．国际贸易问题，2012（5）：64-73
[119]武向荣.论大学毕业生就业风险[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2004(3):127-130
[120]王仲秋.我国就业结构合理性的人口学分析[D].博士学位论文，西南财经大学，2012
[121]魏君英，张明如．服务贸易对我国服务业就业的影响[J]．广东商学院学报，2013（1）：71-78
[122]夏杰长．我国新兴服务业的四大发展战略[J]．中共中央党校学报，2012（2）：75-78
[123]项松林．中国企业进出口贸易的工资溢价[J]．经济评论，2013（1）：96-99
[124]许和连，亓朋和李海峥．外商直接投资、劳动力市场与工资溢出效应[J]．管理世界，2009（9）：53-57
[125]杨泽文，杨全发．FDI对中国实际工资水平的影响[J]．世界经济，2004（12）：41-48
[126]于洪霞，陈玉宇．外贸出口影响工资水平的机制探析[J]．管理世界，2010（10）：47-57
[127]俞会新，薛敬孝．贸易自由化对工业就业的影响[J]．世界经济，2002（10）：10-14
[128]喻美辞．工业品贸易对中国工业行业人口就业的影响：基于34个工业行业面板数据的实证分析[J]．中国人口科学，2008（4）：22-26
[129]张二震，任志成．FDI与中国就业结构的演进[J]．经济理论与经济管理，2005（5）：5-10
[130]张志明，崔日明．服务贸易、服务业FDI与中国服务业就业结构升级[J]．财经科学，2014（3）：79-86
[131]张志明，崔日明．服务贸易对中国服务业劳动需求的影响：基于行业面板数据的实证研究[J]．云南财经大学学报，2014（1）：84-91
[132]周申，李可爱和鞠然．贸易结构与就业结构：基于中国工业部门的分析[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2012（3）：63-75
[133]周申，易苗．中国劳动力市场一体化与经济开放[J]．中南财经政法大学学报，2010（6）：11-15
[134]周申．贸易自由化对中国工业劳动需求弹性影响的经验研究[J].世界经济，2006（2）：31-38
[135]庄丽娟.国际服务贸易理论的研究进展及其特征[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004（1）:61-66
[136]朱廷珺等．国际贸易前沿问题[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2012．1
①邵敏，我国企业出口对员工收入的影响：基于企业异质性视角的经验研究[J]．中国工业经济，2011（12）：67-71
②毛日昇，出口、外商直接投资与中国制造业就业[J]．经济研究，2009（11）：105-117
②盛斌,牛蕊.贸易、劳动力需求弹性与就业风险:中国工业的经验研究[J].世界经济，2009（6）：7-10
①周申.贸易自由化对中国工业劳动需求弹性影响的经验研究[J].世界经济，2006（2）：31-38
①程大中.国际服务贸易学[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，2010
①邵军,冯伟.异质性企业贸易理论研究进展综述[J].国际贸易问题,2013(3):167-177
[1] Acemoglu, D.. Patterns of skill premia[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2003(70):199-230
[2] Aghion, P., Robin, B., Stephen, R.&Fabrizio, Z.. The unequal effects ofliberalization: theory and evidence from India. Working paper, Harvard, LSE, andIIES,2003
[3] Alexander Hijzen, Holger Gorg&Robert C. Hine. International fragmentation andrelative wages in the UK[J]. The Economic Journal,2005,115(10):860-878
[4] Amiti, Mary&Shang-Jin Wei, Fear of service outsourcing: is it justified[J].Economic Policy,2005,20(42):308-347
[5] Arellano, M.&S. Bond. Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carloevidence and an application to employment equations[J]. The Review of EconomicStudies,1991,58(2):77-97
[6] Attanasio, O., Goldberg, P.&Pavcnik, N. Trade reforms and wage inequality inColombia[J]. Journal of Development Economics,2004(74):331-366
[7] Attanasio, Orazio, Goldberg&Pavcnik. Trade reforms and wage inequality inColombia[J]. Journal of Development Economics,2004,74(2):33-66
[8] Bernard, Andrew. J., Bradford Jensen, Stephen Redding&Peter Schott. Firms ininternational Trade[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives,2007,21(3):105-130
[9] Bond, S. Dynamic panel data models: A guide to micro data methods andpractice.Working Paper, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London.2002(9).
[10]Borjas, G.J.&Ramey, V.A. Foreign competition, market power and wage inequality[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995(110):1075-1110
[11]Bound, J.&Johnson, G. Changes in the structure of wages in the1980’s: anevaluation of alternative explanation[J]. American Economic Review,1992(82):371-392
[12]Brenton, P.&Pinna, A. M. The Declining use of unskilled labor in italianmanufacturing: is trade to blame?[J]. CEPS working document No.2001(178)
[13]B.Hindley&A.Smith. Comparative advantage and trade in services[J]. The WorldEconomy,1984,7(4):369-389
[14]Burstein, Ariel&Vogel, Jonathan. Globalization,technology and the skill premium:a quantitative analysis[J]. NBER Working Paper No.16459,2010
[15]Bustos, Paula. The impact of trade on technology and skill upgrading: evidencefrom argentina[J]. Mimeo,CREI,2007
[16]Costantini, James&Melitz, Marc. The dynamics of firm-level adjustment to tradeliberalization[J]. Working paper, Princeton University,2007
[17]Currie, J.&Harrison,A. Sharing the costs: The impact of trade reform on capitaland labor in moroeeo[J]. Joumal of Labor Eeonomics,1997,Volls(3):44-71
[18]D. Rodrik. Capital mobility and labor.1998. http://www. hks. harvard.edu/m-rcbg/research/d. rodrik_ksg_capital. Mobility and labor pdf.
[19]Daniel A. Traca. Trade liberalization, labour mobilityand wages[J]. The Journal ofInternational Trade&Economic Development,2013(12):111–136
[20]David Greenaway, Robert C. Hine,&Peter Wright. An empirical assessment of theimpact of trade on employment in the United Kingdom[J]. Centre for research onglobalization and labour markets Research Paper,1998(3)
[21]Devashish Mitra, Jeongeun Shin. Import protection, exports and labor-demandelasticities: Evidence from Korea[J]. International Review of Economics andFinance,2012(23):91–109
[22]El-Hamidi, F. Trade liberalization, gender segmentation and wage discrimination:evidence from egypt[J]. Economic Research Forum Working Paper,2008(414)
[23]Fajnzylber, P.&Maloney, W. F. Labor demand and trade reform in Latin America[J].Journal of International Economics,2005(7):423–446
[24]Feenstra, Robert C.&Gordon H. Hanson. Foreign direct investment and relativewages: evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras[J]. Journal of InternationalEconomics,1997,42(3):71-93
[25]Fernandes, Ana M.. Trade policy, trade volumes and plant-level productivity incolombian manufacturing industries[J]. Journal of International Economics,2007,71(1):52-71
[26]Fuchs, V.R. The service economy. New York and London: Colombia UniversityPress.1968
[27]Geneva. International labour0ffice. Labour Overview. Lima.2005
[28]Giovannetti&Menezes-Filho. Trade liberalization and the demand for skilled laborin Brazil[J]. Economics,2006(Fall)
[29]Goorg, H., Hanley, A.&Strobl, E. Productivity effects of international outsourcing:evidence from plant-level Data[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics,2008,41(2),670-688
[30]Greenaway, D., Hine, Robert C.&Wright P.. An empirical assessment of the impactof trade on employment in the United Kingdom[J]. European Journal of PoliticalEconomy,1999,15(3):485-500
[31]Haaland, Jan I.&Hans J. Kind. R&D Policies, trade and process innovation[J].Journal of International Economics,2008(74):170–87
[32]Harrison, A.&A.Renenga. The effects of trade poliey reform: What do we reallyknow. NBER Working Paper No.5225,1995
[33]Harrison, Ann E.&Gordon H. Hanson. Who gains from trade reform? someremaining puzzle[J]. Journal of Development Economics,1999,59(1):125-54
[34]Hasan, R., Mitra, D.&Ramaswamy, K. V.. Trade reforms, labor regulations andlabor demand elasticities: empirical evidence from India[J]. The Review ofEconomics and Statistics,2007(89):466–481
[35]Helg R.&Tajoli,L. Patterns of international fragmentation of production andimplications for the labor market[J]. Research Seminar in International EconomicsDiscussion Paper,2004(503)
[36]Hering, L.,&S.Poncet. Market access and individual wages: evidence fromChina[J]. Review of Economics and Statitics,2010,92(1):145-159
[37]Ilham Haouas&Mahmoud Yagoubib. The effect of international trade onlabour-demand elasticity: empirical evidence from Tunisia[J]. Applied EconomicsLetters,2008(15):277–286
[38]Jagdish Bhagwati, Arvind Panagariya&T.N. Srinivasan. The muddles overoutsourcing[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives,2004,12(18):93–114
[39]Krishna, P., Mitra, D.&Chinoy, S.. Trade liberalization and labor demandelasticities: evidence from Turkey[J]. Journal of International Economics,2001(55):391–409
[40]Lawrence, R.Z.&M.J Slaughter. International trade and american wages in the1980s: giant sucking sound of small hieeup. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity:Micro Economies,1993(2):161-226
[41]Majid, N. What is the effect of trade openness on wages?[J]. Employment StrategyDepartment Working Paper,2004（12）
[42]Mann, Catherine. Globalization of IT services and white-collar jobs: the next waveof productivity growth[J]. Policy Brief, Institute for International Economics.Washington, D.C.: IIE,2003
[43]Mark P. Moore&Priya Ranjan. Globalization vs skill-biased technological change:implications for unemployment and wage inequality[J]. The Economic Journal,2005,115(4):391-422
[44]Melitz, Marc. The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregateindustry productivity[J].Econometrica,2003(71):1695-1725
[45]Messerlin P.A. The impact of trade and capital movements on labor: evidence on theFrench Case[J]. OECD Economic Studies,1995(24):90-124
[46]MilnerC. R.&P.W. Wright. Modeling labor market adjustment to tradeliberalization in an industrializing economy[J]. Economics Journal,1998(108):509-528
[47]Mincer, J. Schooling, Experience and earnings. New York：Columbia UniversityPress,1974
[48]Molina, Danielken&Muendler. Marc-Andreas. Preparing to export[M]. Mimeo,UCSan Diego,2009.
[49]Muendler, Marc-Andreas. Trade, technology and productivity: a study of brazilianmanufacturers [M].2004,1986-1998,Unpublished.
[50]Neary, J. Peter. Foreign competition and wage inequality[J]. Review of InternationalEconomics,2002(10):680–93
[51]Onaran, O. Wage share, globalization and crisis：the case of the manufacturingindustry in Kirea, Mexico and Turkey[J]. International Review if AppliedEconomics,2009,23(2):113-134
[52]Pageorgiou, D., Michaely, M.&A.M. Choksi. Liberalizing foreign trade,Washington, D.C., World Bank,1991
[53]Paul R. Krugman, P. Growing World trade: causes and consequences[J]. BrookingsPapers On Economic Activity,1995(l):327-377
[54]Pavcnik, N. What explain skill upgrading in less developing countries[J]. Journal ofDevelopment Economics,2003(71):311-328
[55]Pavcnik, Nina. What explains skill upgrading in less developed countries?[J].Journal of Development Economics,2003,71(2):311-28
[56]Rama, M. Globalization and workers in developing countries[J]. World Bank,Policy Research Working Paper2958,2003
[57]Revenga, A. Exporting Jobs: The import competition on employment and wages inU.S. manufacturing[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1992(109):255-284
[58]Robbins, D. J. Wage dispersion and trade in Colombia: an analysis of greaterBogota:1876-1989[M]. Harvard University: Harvard Institute goes InternationalDevelopment,1995
[59]Robbins, D. HOS hits facts: facts win evidence on trade and wages in developingworld[J]. Harvard Institute for International Development, Harvard University,1996(b)
[60]Robert C. Feenstra&Gordon H. Hanson. Foreign direct investment and relativewages: Evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras[J]. Journal of InternationalEconomics,1997,(42):371-393
[61]Rodrik, D. Has globalization gone too far? Washington, DC: Institute forInternational Economics,1997
[62]Roodman, D. How to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMMin Stata[J]. Stata Journal,2009,9(1):86-136
[63]Sachs, J. D.&Warner, A. M. Economic reform and the process of globalintegration[J]. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1995(1):110-118
[64]Schumacher, D. North-South trade and shifts in employment: a comparativeanalysis of six european community countries[J]. International Labor Review,1984,May-June,123(3):333-348
[65]Sebastian Braun. Economic Integration, Process and sroduct innovation and relativeskill demand[J]. Review of International Economics,2008,16(5):864–873
[66]Sebastien Jean. The effect of international trade on labor-demand elasticities:intersectoral matters[J]. Review of International Ecomomics,2000(8):504-516
[67]Sen, K. Globalization and employment in Bangladesh and Kenya. DiscussionPaper7. Projection Globalization. Production and Poverty. Overseas DevelopmentGroup. No, ich,2001
[68]Slaughter, M. International trade and labor demand elasticities, NBER WorkingPaper,1997(62)
[69]Tybout, James.James Harrigan, ed. Handbook of international trade[J]. Oxford:Basil-Blackwell,2003.(Previous version appeared as NBER Working Paper No.8418)
[70]Verhoogen, Eric A. Trade, Quality upgrading and wage inequality in the Mexicanmanufacturing sector[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2008,123(2):489-530
[71]Vivek Agrawal&Diana Farrell. Who wins in offshoring[J]. The McKinseyQuarterly,2005,(2):37-41
[72]William J. Baumol. Macroeconomics of unbalanced growth: the anatomy of urbancrisis[J]. The American Economic Review,1967,7(57):415-426
[73]Wood, A. How trade hurts unskilled workers[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives,1995(9):57-80
[74]Wood, A. North-South trade, employment and inequality: changing fortunes inskill-driven world[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1994
[75]Wood, A. Openness and wage inequality in developing countries: the LatinAmerican challenge to East Asian conventional wisdom[J]. The World BankEconomic Review,1997,11(1):33–57.
[76]Wood, A. The factor content of north-south trade in manufactures reconsidered [J].Weltwirtschaftliches Ar-chiv,1991(127):719-743
[77]Wood, A. The factor content of north-south trade in manufactures[M]. in E. K. Choiand James Har-rigan, eds., Handbook of International Trade. Blackwell,Oxford,2003.
[78]Xiaodong Wu. Foreign direct investment, intellectual property rights and wageinequality in China[J]. China Economic Review,2001,4(11):361-384
[79]Yeaple, S.R.. Asimple model of firm heterogeneity, international trade and wages[J].Journal of International Economics,2005(65):1-20
[80]Zeng Xiangquan, Cui Yuxue, Qing Shisong&Yang Yumei. Real exchange rate,foreign trade and employment: evidence from China. Discussion Paper No.5931,2011
[81]Zouhair Mrabet, Charfeddine Lanouar. The impact of trade liberalization on labormarket of developing countries: what can literature tell us?[J]. Journal ofEconomics and Behavioral Studies,2012,6(4):307-318
[82]艾洪山，张亚斌和亓朋．外商直接投资、国际贸易与工资溢出：基于微观企业层面的实证分析[J]．经济评论，2010（2）：100-108
[83]包群，邵敏和侯维忠．出口改善了员工收入吗?[J]．经济研究，2011（9）：41-47
[84]蔡宏波，陈昊．外包与劳动力结构：基于中国工业行业数据的经验分析[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2012（12）：54-59
[85]陈银娥，魏君英．国际服务外包对中国就业结构的影响分析:基于1997-2007年时间序列数据的计量检验[J]．中国人口科学，2010（2）：55-60
[86]崔日明，张志明．服务贸易与中国服务业技术效率提升：基于行业面板数据的实证研究[J]．国际贸易问题，2013（10）：90-102
[87]崔日明，张志明．服务业FDI与我国服务业结构优化：机理分析与实证研究[J]．辽宁大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2012（2）：60-70
[88]程大中.国际服务贸易学[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，2010.2
[89]都阳，蔡昉．中国制造业工资的地区趋同性与劳动力市场一体化[J]．世界经济，2004（8）：24-28
[90]范爱军，李菲菲．服务贸易对我国就业的影响研究—基于1982-2010年数据的协整分析[J]．福建论坛（人文社会科学版），2011（9）:10-14
[91]国福丽.国外劳动领域的质量探讨：就业质量的相关范畴[J].北京行政学院学报，2009（1）:86-92
[92]胡昭玲，刘旭．中国工业品贸易的就业效应—基于32个行业面板数据的实证分析[J]．财贸经济，2007（8）：88-95
[93]解垩．中国进口对工业就业和工资的影响[J]．统计与信息论坛，2007（7）：54-58
[94]李丹．服务贸易结构优化[D]．博士学位论文，辽宁大学，2010
[95]李娟．全球化劳动需求弹性与就业风险研究述评[J]．经济学动态，2012（3）：153-160
[96]梁冬梅．高校大学生就业的现状及对策[J]．人口学刊，2009（6）：52-59
[97]赖德胜和苏丽锋等.中国各地区就业质量测算与评价[J].经济理论与经济管理，2011（11）：88-92
[98]刘素华.就业质量:内涵及其与就业数量的关系[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版)，2005（9）：15-129
[99]罗知．工业品贸易、技术进步与就业[J]．世界经济文汇，2012（1）：63-70
[100]马衍军．人力资本与外国直接投资的逻辑与互动研究[J]．财经问题研究，2005（1）：83-86
[101]毛日昇.出口、外商直接投资与中国制造业就业[J]．经济研究，2009（11）：105-117
[102]孟雪．反向服务外包如何影响中国的就业结构—以中国作为发包国的视角分析[J]．国际贸易问题，2012（9）：82-95
[103]邱立成，王自峰．外国直接投资的“工资溢出”效应研究[J]．经济评论，2006（5）：136-140
[104]邵敏，包群．出口企业转型对中国劳动力就业与工资的影响：基于倾向评分匹配估计的经验分析[J]．世界经济，2011（6）：48-71
[105]邵敏，包群．外资进入对国内工资的影响：基于工业行业的经验研究[J]．国际贸易问题，2010（11）：105-109
[106]邵敏，我国企业出口对员工收入的影响：基于企业异质性视角的经验研究[J]．中国工业经济，2011（12）：67-71
[107]沈亚芳．人力资本对外商直接投资区位选择的影响：跨期考察与分区域分析[J]．国际贸易问题，2007（7）：113-117
[108]盛斌，马涛．中间产品贸易对中国劳动力需求变化的影响：基于工业部门动态面板数据的分析[J]．世界经济，2008（3）：12-21
[109]盛斌，牛蕊．贸易、劳动力需求弹性与就业风险：中国工业的经验研究[J].世界经济，2009（6）：7-10
[110]苏丽锋.我国新时期个人就业质量研究—基于调查数据的比较研究[J].经济学家，2013（7）：47-52
[111]邵军,冯伟.异质性企业贸易理论研究进展综述[J].国际贸易问题，2013(3):167-177
[112]唐东波．全球化对中国就业结构的影响[J]．世界经济，2011（9）：95-99
[113]唐东波．直专业化贸易如何影响了中国的就业结构?[J]．经济研究，2012（8）：117-120
[114]唐宜红，马风．涛国际垂直专业化对中国劳动力就业结构的影响[J]．财贸经济，2009（4）：94-100
[115]王晶，郭翔宇.我国服务贸易产业内贸易现状分析[J]．经济问题探索，2012（3）：110-113
[116]王恕立，胡宗彪．中国服务业分行业生产率变迁及异质性考察[J].经济研究，2012（4）：15-20
[117]王恬，兰宜生．对我国内资企业员工工资的影响—基于不同地区和不同员工类型的实证分析[J]．当代经济科学，2008（9）：2-27
[118]魏浩,黄皓骥．服务外包与国内就业：基于全球15个国家25个行业的实证分析[J]．国际贸易问题，2012（5）：64-73
[119]武向荣.论大学毕业生就业风险[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2004(3):127-130
[120]王仲秋.我国就业结构合理性的人口学分析[D].博士学位论文，西南财经大学，2012
[121]魏君英，张明如．服务贸易对我国服务业就业的影响[J]．广东商学院学报，2013（1）：71-78
[122]夏杰长．我国新兴服务业的四大发展战略[J]．中共中央党校学报，2012（2）：75-78
[123]项松林．中国企业进出口贸易的工资溢价[J]．经济评论，2013（1）：96-99
[124]许和连，亓朋和李海峥．外商直接投资、劳动力市场与工资溢出效应[J]．管理世界，2009（9）：53-57
[125]杨泽文，杨全发．FDI对中国实际工资水平的影响[J]．世界经济，2004（12）：41-48
[126]于洪霞，陈玉宇．外贸出口影响工资水平的机制探析[J]．管理世界，2010（10）：47-57
[127]俞会新，薛敬孝．贸易自由化对工业就业的影响[J]．世界经济，2002（10）：10-14
[128]喻美辞．工业品贸易对中国工业行业人口就业的影响：基于34个工业行业面板数据的实证分析[J]．中国人口科学，2008（4）：22-26
[129]张二震，任志成．FDI与中国就业结构的演进[J]．经济理论与经济管理，2005（5）：5-10
[130]张志明，崔日明．服务贸易、服务业FDI与中国服务业就业结构升级[J]．财经科学，2014（3）：79-86
[131]张志明，崔日明．服务贸易对中国服务业劳动需求的影响：基于行业面板数据的实证研究[J]．云南财经大学学报，2014（1）：84-91
[132]周申，李可爱和鞠然．贸易结构与就业结构：基于中国工业部门的分析[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2012（3）：63-75
[133]周申，易苗．中国劳动力市场一体化与经济开放[J]．中南财经政法大学学报，2010（6）：11-15
[134]周申．贸易自由化对中国工业劳动需求弹性影响的经验研究[J].世界经济，2006（2）：31-38
[135]庄丽娟.国际服务贸易理论的研究进展及其特征[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004（1）:61-66
[136]朱廷珺等．国际贸易前沿问题[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2012．1