生态旅游：多目标多主体的共生
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摘要
生态旅游是20世纪80年代兴起的一个新事物，在过去的20多年时间里，引起了全球各个领域研究者、政府和相关机构的关注。那么，究竟什么是生态旅游?生态旅游应该实现哪些目标?在其目标实现过程中，有哪些主体参与?不同的利益相关者在其中扮演什么角色，存在何种关系?对于一个旅游业蓬勃发展的发展中大国，我国应该如何认识并发展生态旅游?这些都是本论文所要研究和力图解答的问题。
除导言外，论文共分四章，围绕生态旅游的发展、对生态旅游的认识、生态旅游的多重目标和多个主体、我国生态旅游的发展道路等四个方面展开论述。
了解国内外生态旅游理论和实践的背景、特征、现状、问题，是开展相关分析的基础。论文第一章“兴起与演变：生态旅游的发展”对国内外生态旅游的理论研究和实践发展进行了回顾和总结，并指出，困扰生态旅游理论和实践发展的一个主要问题就是对于生态旅游是什么，生态旅游应该实现什么以及如何实现等问题缺乏统一的认识。
面对什么是生态旅游这个基本问题，研究者们解读众殊。论文第二章“争论与辨析：生态旅游的认识”，全面、细致地梳理了生态旅游的界定、定义的分歧和演变、生态旅游提出的背景、生态旅游与自然旅游、可替代旅游、可持续旅游、社区旅游等相关概念的关系以及针对生态旅游提出的各种质疑和指责。在此基础上，文章提出要认识生态旅游，需要从参与主体(WHO)、参与动机(WHY)、发展原则(WHICH)、发展领域(WHERE)、实施方式(HOW)和实际效果(WHAT)等六个角度来把握。
生态旅游要实现什么目标?哪些主体参与目标的实现?他们之间的关系是什么?这些问题是关乎生态旅游发展的关键，而目前在这方面，还没有系统的研究。作者在第三章“冲突和协调：生态旅游的目标和主体”中不惜笔墨，花费了较多篇幅来讨论生态旅游的目标和主体。在目标方面，文章从保护和发展两个角度，环境、经济、社会、体验四个纬度，保护区、旅游业和当地社区三个方面分析了生态旅游目标的多重性，并指出其间存在既对立又协调的矛盾关系。在利益相关者方面，论文详细分析了几个主要利益相关者在参与生态旅游时自身所面临的追求和约束的双重性(即当地社区面临市场参与和文化生存，旅游者面临需求满足和行为约束，旅游企业面临利润获取和社会责任，保护区面临资源保护和经济自养的双重性等)，以及各个利益相关者之间错综复杂的关系(如保护区与当地社区是共存还是排斥，旅游者对当地社区是尊重还是侵蚀，旅游业与其他产业是互补还是替代等)。另外，还就生态旅游的核心主体——当地社区及其参与生态旅游的方式、效果等进行了分析。论文指出，发展生态旅游，要实现多重性的目标，获得一个协调的共生系统，需要对共生单元之间的共生条件、共生界面、组织模式和行为模式进行调整，需要通过各利益相关者之间的利益让渡、“讨价还价”、相互妥协、共同协作建立一个新的利益获取和分配机制。文章还探讨了政府、旅游业、当地社区、旅游者、非政府组织、学术界和相关机构、媒体、多边援助机构等各个利益相关者在生态旅游发展中所应该扮演的角色。
对于中国这样一个发展中大国，如何来认识生态旅游，分析其现实条件和存在问题，借鉴国外经验，寻找到适合中国国情的生态旅游发展道路，是本文的写作初衷，也是其落脚点。论文第四章“借鉴与探索：我国生态旅游的发展道路”分析了我国生态旅游发展的背景、现状、存在问题，借鉴国际上在规划、管理、评估、监控、认证等方面比较成熟的做法，提出了我国生态旅游发展的实施系统。
国内外关于生态旅游的研究成果比较丰富，但表现为两个特点：其一是自然科学研究多，社会科学研究少；二是分散研究多，系统研究少。本文主要从社会科学的角度，对生态旅游，尤其是其多重目标和多个主体进行了较为系统的研究。如果说有什么创新或者不同于以往研究之处的话，那就是利用了利益相关者理论对生态旅游进行分析，试图解析生
态旅游目标间的关系，以及参与主体之间的复杂关系;并从社会科学的角度，对生态旅游
发展的内在机理进行分析。希望本文的研究为解决我国生态旅游发展中的重大问题提供一
些建议，为处理好各个利益相关主体之间的关系提供一些参考。
Ecotourism has been paid much attention by the government, related organizations and researchers of different fields since its birth in 1980's. What's ecotourism? What should be the objectives of ecotourism? Who participate the development of ecotourism? What're their roles of the different participants and what are their relationships? As a large developing country, how China should develop ecotourism? These are the questions that this dissertation tries to probe into and answer.
Except for the preface, this dissertation consists of four chapters, including the development of ecotourism research and practice, the discussion of ecotourism, its multiple objectives and participants, and the way of Chinese ecotourism development.
It's essential to know the background, the evolution, the present situation and the problems of ecotourism research and practice both at home and abroad before the deeper and narrower analysis. The first chapter reviews and comments on the development of ecotourism research and practice at home and abroad. The author points out that the lack of common understanding of ecotourism, ecotourism's objective, and the way to realize the objectives block ecotourism development.
Researchers have different understandings on what's ecotourism. The second chapter of this dissertation retrospects the definitions and their differences, evolution of the term of "ecotourism", the background of its birth, the differences between ecotourism and nature tourism, alternative tourism, sustainable tourism, community-based tourism and other terms. It comments on the criticisms of ecotourism as well. Based on these analyses, the author gives a framework of "5 W & 1 H" to understand ecotourism, including who (the participants or stakeholders), why (the motivations of the participants), which (the objectives and principles), where (the background and sites), how (the methods and ways) and what (the performances and effects).
What are the objectives of ecotourism? Who are the participants? What are the relationships between them? These critical questions are yet not answered systematically. The author analyzes the objectives and stakeholders of ecotourism in details in the third chapter. This dissertation construes the objectives of ecotourism in terms of two angles (conservation and development), three dimensions (environmental, economical, social and experience dimensions), three entities (tourism industry, the reserve and local community) and the complicated relationships among them. According to the author, the stakeholders are confronted with dilemma. For the local community, the dilemma is to participate in the market economy while protecting their own cultural identity. For the ecotourist, the dilemma is to meet needs while abiding by the strict behavior regulations. Ecotourism corporation should earn profit while bearing the social responsibilities, and the reserve should protect the natural resource while earning money by itself. Meanwhile, the relationships among the stakeholders are very complex. This paper also summaries the researches of the key stakeholder-the local community and their participation method and the results. Based on the above analysis, the author points out that to develop ecotourism is to realize multiple objectives and to establish a symbiosis system, hence it's necessary to adjust the condition and the media of symbiosis, and to change the structural and behavior modes. In fact, it's a process to establish a new profit earning and interests contribution system and to develop a new institution by compromises and trade-offs among the stakeholders. This dissertation also analyzes the roles of different stakeholders in the development of ecotourism, such as the government, the tourism industry, the local community, the ecotourists, the NGOs, the media, the academics, other related organizations and so on.
How to evaluate the role of ecotourism and its development environment, factors and problems in China? How to find an appropriate way to develop ecotourism in China based on it own c
除导言外，论文共分四章，围绕生态旅游的发展、对生态旅游的认识、生态旅游的多重目标和多个主体、我国生态旅游的发展道路等四个方面展开论述。
了解国内外生态旅游理论和实践的背景、特征、现状、问题，是开展相关分析的基础。论文第一章“兴起与演变：生态旅游的发展”对国内外生态旅游的理论研究和实践发展进行了回顾和总结，并指出，困扰生态旅游理论和实践发展的一个主要问题就是对于生态旅游是什么，生态旅游应该实现什么以及如何实现等问题缺乏统一的认识。
面对什么是生态旅游这个基本问题，研究者们解读众殊。论文第二章“争论与辨析：生态旅游的认识”，全面、细致地梳理了生态旅游的界定、定义的分歧和演变、生态旅游提出的背景、生态旅游与自然旅游、可替代旅游、可持续旅游、社区旅游等相关概念的关系以及针对生态旅游提出的各种质疑和指责。在此基础上，文章提出要认识生态旅游，需要从参与主体(WHO)、参与动机(WHY)、发展原则(WHICH)、发展领域(WHERE)、实施方式(HOW)和实际效果(WHAT)等六个角度来把握。
生态旅游要实现什么目标?哪些主体参与目标的实现?他们之间的关系是什么?这些问题是关乎生态旅游发展的关键，而目前在这方面，还没有系统的研究。作者在第三章“冲突和协调：生态旅游的目标和主体”中不惜笔墨，花费了较多篇幅来讨论生态旅游的目标和主体。在目标方面，文章从保护和发展两个角度，环境、经济、社会、体验四个纬度，保护区、旅游业和当地社区三个方面分析了生态旅游目标的多重性，并指出其间存在既对立又协调的矛盾关系。在利益相关者方面，论文详细分析了几个主要利益相关者在参与生态旅游时自身所面临的追求和约束的双重性(即当地社区面临市场参与和文化生存，旅游者面临需求满足和行为约束，旅游企业面临利润获取和社会责任，保护区面临资源保护和经济自养的双重性等)，以及各个利益相关者之间错综复杂的关系(如保护区与当地社区是共存还是排斥，旅游者对当地社区是尊重还是侵蚀，旅游业与其他产业是互补还是替代等)。另外，还就生态旅游的核心主体——当地社区及其参与生态旅游的方式、效果等进行了分析。论文指出，发展生态旅游，要实现多重性的目标，获得一个协调的共生系统，需要对共生单元之间的共生条件、共生界面、组织模式和行为模式进行调整，需要通过各利益相关者之间的利益让渡、“讨价还价”、相互妥协、共同协作建立一个新的利益获取和分配机制。文章还探讨了政府、旅游业、当地社区、旅游者、非政府组织、学术界和相关机构、媒体、多边援助机构等各个利益相关者在生态旅游发展中所应该扮演的角色。
对于中国这样一个发展中大国，如何来认识生态旅游，分析其现实条件和存在问题，借鉴国外经验，寻找到适合中国国情的生态旅游发展道路，是本文的写作初衷，也是其落脚点。论文第四章“借鉴与探索：我国生态旅游的发展道路”分析了我国生态旅游发展的背景、现状、存在问题，借鉴国际上在规划、管理、评估、监控、认证等方面比较成熟的做法，提出了我国生态旅游发展的实施系统。
国内外关于生态旅游的研究成果比较丰富，但表现为两个特点：其一是自然科学研究多，社会科学研究少；二是分散研究多，系统研究少。本文主要从社会科学的角度，对生态旅游，尤其是其多重目标和多个主体进行了较为系统的研究。如果说有什么创新或者不同于以往研究之处的话，那就是利用了利益相关者理论对生态旅游进行分析，试图解析生
态旅游目标间的关系，以及参与主体之间的复杂关系;并从社会科学的角度，对生态旅游
发展的内在机理进行分析。希望本文的研究为解决我国生态旅游发展中的重大问题提供一
些建议，为处理好各个利益相关主体之间的关系提供一些参考。
Ecotourism has been paid much attention by the government, related organizations and researchers of different fields since its birth in 1980's. What's ecotourism? What should be the objectives of ecotourism? Who participate the development of ecotourism? What're their roles of the different participants and what are their relationships? As a large developing country, how China should develop ecotourism? These are the questions that this dissertation tries to probe into and answer.
Except for the preface, this dissertation consists of four chapters, including the development of ecotourism research and practice, the discussion of ecotourism, its multiple objectives and participants, and the way of Chinese ecotourism development.
It's essential to know the background, the evolution, the present situation and the problems of ecotourism research and practice both at home and abroad before the deeper and narrower analysis. The first chapter reviews and comments on the development of ecotourism research and practice at home and abroad. The author points out that the lack of common understanding of ecotourism, ecotourism's objective, and the way to realize the objectives block ecotourism development.
Researchers have different understandings on what's ecotourism. The second chapter of this dissertation retrospects the definitions and their differences, evolution of the term of "ecotourism", the background of its birth, the differences between ecotourism and nature tourism, alternative tourism, sustainable tourism, community-based tourism and other terms. It comments on the criticisms of ecotourism as well. Based on these analyses, the author gives a framework of "5 W & 1 H" to understand ecotourism, including who (the participants or stakeholders), why (the motivations of the participants), which (the objectives and principles), where (the background and sites), how (the methods and ways) and what (the performances and effects).
What are the objectives of ecotourism? Who are the participants? What are the relationships between them? These critical questions are yet not answered systematically. The author analyzes the objectives and stakeholders of ecotourism in details in the third chapter. This dissertation construes the objectives of ecotourism in terms of two angles (conservation and development), three dimensions (environmental, economical, social and experience dimensions), three entities (tourism industry, the reserve and local community) and the complicated relationships among them. According to the author, the stakeholders are confronted with dilemma. For the local community, the dilemma is to participate in the market economy while protecting their own cultural identity. For the ecotourist, the dilemma is to meet needs while abiding by the strict behavior regulations. Ecotourism corporation should earn profit while bearing the social responsibilities, and the reserve should protect the natural resource while earning money by itself. Meanwhile, the relationships among the stakeholders are very complex. This paper also summaries the researches of the key stakeholder-the local community and their participation method and the results. Based on the above analysis, the author points out that to develop ecotourism is to realize multiple objectives and to establish a symbiosis system, hence it's necessary to adjust the condition and the media of symbiosis, and to change the structural and behavior modes. In fact, it's a process to establish a new profit earning and interests contribution system and to develop a new institution by compromises and trade-offs among the stakeholders. This dissertation also analyzes the roles of different stakeholders in the development of ecotourism, such as the government, the tourism industry, the local community, the ecotourists, the NGOs, the media, the academics, other related organizations and so on.
How to evaluate the role of ecotourism and its development environment, factors and problems in China? How to find an appropriate way to develop ecotourism in China based on it own c
引文
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周光召主编，《中国可持续发展战略》，西苑出版社，2000年
周笑源，《对生态旅游有关问题的再思考》，《桂林旅游高等专科学校学报》，2002(6)
周世强等，《生态旅游对生物圈保护区的影响分析》，《生态经济》，1995(4)
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张广瑞，《生态旅游的理论与实践》，《旅游学刊》，1999(1)
张广瑞译，《关于旅游业的21世纪议程》，《旅游学刊》，1998(2)—(5)
张广瑞，《关于生态旅游的几点认识》，《2002中国生态旅游论坛论文集》
张广瑞，《糊涂的困惑》，《旅游研究与信息》，2002(4)
张光生，《生态旅游对自然保护区的综合影响》，《安徽师范大学建校七十周年论文集(B辑)》，安徽人民出版社，1998
张光生，《自然保护区生态旅游可持续发展的对策分析》，《资源开发与市场》，1999(4)
张秋菊、海鹰，《我国生态旅游研究进展综述》，《新疆师范大学报·哲社版》，2000年21卷3期
张建萍，《生态旅游理论与实践》，中国旅游出版社，2001年
张建雄，《生态旅游泛化现象略论》，《桂林旅游高等专科学校学报》，2002(6)
张林源等，《我国自然保护区的生态旅游研究》，《地理学与国土研究》，1996(1)
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国际生态旅游学会http://www.ecotourism.org
世界自然基金会：http://www.wwf.org
世界旅游组织：http://www.worldtourism.org.
联合国环境署：http://www.uneporg
联合国开发署：http://www.undp.org
澳大利亚生态旅游协会：http://www.aes.org.au