肾脏3.0T磁共振扩散成像的研究
|
摘要
背景及目的 磁共振扩散成像(MR Diffusion Imaging)通过分析水分子随机运动的动态分布状况，能够无创而可靠的提供活体组织病理生理状态下组织成分之间水交换的功能状态，包括扩散加权成像(Diffusion-weighted Imaging，DWI)和扩散张量成像(Diffusion Tensor Imaging DTI)。平面回波成像(Echo-Planar Imaging，EPI)技术的应用，拓展了磁共振扩散成像在腹部的应用，肾脏由于高血流量及强大的水转运量成为扩散研究价值较大的脏器。3.0T磁共振信噪比提高及扫描时间缩短，能获得高分辨率的图像，同1.5T磁共振相比，在扩散成像上有显著的优越性。本研究通过正常肾脏扩散成像的描述性研究，探讨肾脏3.0T磁共振扩散成像适合的的扫描参数及测量方法，以及性别和年龄等因素对正常值的影响。
材料和方法 研究对象包括48例健康志愿者。肾脏常规MR扫描后行DWI及DTI扫描，采用SS-EPI-DWI(DTI)序列，并行空间采集成像和空间预饱和技术，单次屏气。DWI的方向取前／后，右／左，上／下三方向的拟和b值取100、500和800s／mm~2；DTI为6个方向，b值取800s／mm~2，工作站自动合成ADC图及DTI图，手工测量相应ADC值及FA、RA值。利于扩散加权纤维成像(Diffusion Tensor Tractography，DTT)技术绘制
Part I
3.0T MR Diffusion Imaging of Normal Kidney
Background and purpose: MR diffusion imaging, including diffusion -weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), could provide the information of water commutation in tissue under physiological and pathological condition. Echo-planner imaging technique has broadened the application of MR diffusion imaging in abdomen. Kidney is a valuable organ for diffusion imaging research as its high volume of blood flow and water commutation. Compared with 1.5T MR, 3.0T MR has higher resolution of imaging with better SNR and shorter scanning time. Our aim was to study the normal appearance of kidney in MR diffusion imaging and to probe the suitable scanning parameters and measurement methods. The infection of sex and age is also discussed.
Material and methods: Forty-eight volunteers underwent diffusion-sensitive magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the kidneys with a breathe-hold single-shot echo planar imaging (SS-EPI) sequence. DWI was the trace imaging of three orthogonal directions with b values of 100, 500 and 800s/mm~2, and DTI was in 6 direction with b values of 100 and 800s/mm~2. ADCs, FA and RA values were measured from ADC map and DTI map.
材料和方法 研究对象包括48例健康志愿者。肾脏常规MR扫描后行DWI及DTI扫描，采用SS-EPI-DWI(DTI)序列，并行空间采集成像和空间预饱和技术，单次屏气。DWI的方向取前／后，右／左，上／下三方向的拟和b值取100、500和800s／mm~2；DTI为6个方向，b值取800s／mm~2，工作站自动合成ADC图及DTI图，手工测量相应ADC值及FA、RA值。利于扩散加权纤维成像(Diffusion Tensor Tractography，DTT)技术绘制
Part I
3.0T MR Diffusion Imaging of Normal Kidney
Background and purpose: MR diffusion imaging, including diffusion -weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), could provide the information of water commutation in tissue under physiological and pathological condition. Echo-planner imaging technique has broadened the application of MR diffusion imaging in abdomen. Kidney is a valuable organ for diffusion imaging research as its high volume of blood flow and water commutation. Compared with 1.5T MR, 3.0T MR has higher resolution of imaging with better SNR and shorter scanning time. Our aim was to study the normal appearance of kidney in MR diffusion imaging and to probe the suitable scanning parameters and measurement methods. The infection of sex and age is also discussed.
Material and methods: Forty-eight volunteers underwent diffusion-sensitive magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the kidneys with a breathe-hold single-shot echo planar imaging (SS-EPI) sequence. DWI was the trace imaging of three orthogonal directions with b values of 100, 500 and 800s/mm~2, and DTI was in 6 direction with b values of 100 and 800s/mm~2. ADCs, FA and RA values were measured from ADC map and DTI map.
引文
1．周诚；杨正汉；叶晓华．CT、MR功能成像在肝脏病变的应用进展．中国医学计算机成像杂志，2004，10(5)：712-715．
2. Smith SM. Overview of fMRI analysis. Br J Radiol, 2004; 77(2): S167-175.
3. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with single-shot echo-planar imaging in the upper abdomen: preliminary clinical experience in 61 patients. Abdom Imaging, 1999, 24(5): 456-466
4. Chow LC, Bammer R, Moseley ME, et al. Single breath-hold diffusion-weighted imaging of the abdomen. J Magn Resort Imaging. 2003, 18(3): 377-382.
5. Sotak CH. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water and its relationship to cell volume changes in pathological states. Neurochem Int, 2004, 45(4): 569-582.
6. Yamashita Y, Tang Y, Takahashi M. Ultra fast MR imaging of the abdomen: echo planar imaging and diffusion weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1998, 8(2): 367—374.
7. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Mitsuzaki K, et al. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in diffuserenal disease by diffusion weighted echo planar MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999, (6): 832-837.
8. Toyoshima S, Noguchi K, Seto H, et al. Functional evaluation of hydronephrosis by diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and split glomerular filtration rate. Acta Radiol, 2000, 41(6): 642-646.
9．许玉峰，王霄英，蒋学祥．肾脏ADC值与滤过功能相关性的初步研究．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(6)：941-945
10. Yang D, Ye Q, Williams DS, et al. Normal and transplanted rat kidneys . diffusion MRI imaging at 7 T . Radiology, 2004,231 (3) :702-709.
11. Chan J H , Tsui EY, Luk SH , et al . MR diffusion-weighted imaging of kidney : differentiation between hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. Clinical Imaging,2001,25 (2): 110-113
12. Mueller MF, Prasad PV, Bimmler D, et al. Functional imaging of the kidney by means of measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient. Radiology, 1994, 193(3):711-715.
13. Cova M, Squillaci E, Stacul F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the evaluation of renal lesions: preliminary results. Br J Radiol, 2004,77(9):851-857.
14. Jones RA , Grattan Smit h JD. Age dependence of t he renal apparent diffusion coefficient in children. Pediat r Radiol, 2003, 33(12) :850-854.
15. Fukuda Y, Ohashi I, Hanafusa K, et al. Anisotropic diffusion in kidney : apparent diffusion coefficient measurements for clinical use. J Magn Reson Imaging,2000,11 (2): 156-160.
16. Bammer R. Basic principles of diffusion-weighted imaging . Eur J Radiol ,2003 ,45 (3): 169-184.
17. Yamada I, Aung W, Himeno Y, et al. Difusion coefficients in abdominal organs and hepatic lesions: evaluation with intravoxel incoherent motion echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1999, 210(3):617-623.
18. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with a single-shot echo-planar sequence: detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. AJR, 1998,170(2):397-402.
19. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology. 1986, 161(2): 401-407.
20. Issa B. In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissues using echo-planar imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002, 16(2): 196-200
21. Stejskal EO, Tanner JE. Spin diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of time-dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys, 1965, 42(2); 288-292.
22. Okubo T, Aoki S, Abe O, et al. [Principles of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and application to clinical neurology] Rinsho Shinkeigaku (Japanese). 2004, 44(11): 954-956.
23. Muller MF, Edelman RR. Echo planar imaging of the abdomen. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1995, 7(2): 112-119.
24. Kuhl CK, Gieseke J, von Falkenhausen M, et al. Sensitivity encoding for diffusion-weighted MR imaging at 3.0 T: intraindividual comparative study. Radiology, 2005, 234(2): 517-526.
25．吴胜勇，尉传社．3.0T MR成像系统的优势及其在中枢神经系统中的应用．医学综述，2005，11(1)：93-95
26. Ries M, Jones RA, Basseau F, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI of the human kidney. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2001, 14(1): 42-49.
27. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology, 1988, 168(4): 497-505.
28. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Sumi S, et al Focal liver masses: characterization with diffusion- weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1997, 204(5): 739—744.
29．陈再智，吴玉林，徐忠飞，等．肝脏局灶病变血供对表观扩散系数的影响．中华放射学杂志，2002，(10)：892-897．
30. Thoeny HC, De Keyzer F, Oyen RH, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of kidneys in healthy volunteers and patients with parenchymal diseases: initial experience. Radiology, 2005, 235 (3): 911-917.
31．格氏解剖学(38版)．辽宁教育出版社，1999，6：1819-1826
32．姚泰．人体生理学．人民卫生出版社．2001，6：256-263
33．王娜，刘荣波，孔维芳等．成人活体肾脏CT／MRI测量指标分析及影响因素探讨．中国循证医学杂志，2004，4(11)：771-777
34. P. J. Basser, J. Mattiello, D. Le Bihan. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tenser from the NMR spin echo. J Magn Reson. 1994, 103(3): 247-254.
35. P. J. Basser, J. Mattiello, D. Le Bihan. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J 1994; 66(3): 259-0267.
36. J. Mattiello, P. J. Basser, D. Le Bihan. Analytical expressions for the b matrix in MR diffusion imaging and spectroscopy. J Magn Reson, 1994; 108(2): 131-141.
37. Pierpaoli C. Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology, 1996, 186(3): 637-648.
38. Basset PJ, Jones DK. Diffusion-tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis-a technical review. NMR Biomed. 2002, 15(7-8): 456-467.
39. Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J. 1994, 66(1): 259-267.
40. Enis Le-Bihan, Jean-Francois Mangin, Cyril Poupon et al. Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2001, 13(4): 534-546.
41．李德军，包尚联，马林等．扩散张量成像(DTI)在中枢神经系统(CNS)中的应用．国外医学生物医学工程分册，2003，26(5)：1-7
42．郭雪梅，肖江喜．扩散张量磁共振成像基本原理及应用．实用放射学杂志，2003，19(9)：840-843
43. Taouli B, Martin AJ, Qayyum A, et al. Parallel imaging and diffusion tensor imaging for diffusion-weighted MRI of the liver: preliminary experience in healthy volunteers. AJR, 2004, 183(3): 677-680.
44．林茂樟．临床肾脏生理学．人民军医出版社．2004，1：244-254．
45. Grenier N, Basseau F, Ries M, et al. Functional MRI of the kidney. Abdom Imaging, 2003, 28(2): 164-175.
46. Bammer R, Acar B, Moseley ME. In vivo MR tractography using diffusion imaging. Eur J Radiol, 2003, 45(3): 223-234.
47. Moil S, Van Zijl PCM. Fiber tracking: principles and strategies-a technical review. NMR Biomed, 2002, 15(7-8): 468-480
1. Liu Y. Renal fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(2): 213-217.
2. Struts G; Muller. The role of tubulointerstitial processes in progression of primary renal disease. Nephrol Dial transplant, 1994, 9(Suppl): 10
3．杜胜华，唐德炎．细胞因子、肾间质细胞与肾间质纤维化．国外医学泌尿系统分册，2004，24(1)：93-97
4．牟利军，贾金康．肾间质纤维化的防治进展．国外医学泌尿系统分册，2005，25(3)：405-408
5．刘小荣，沈颖，伏立兵．儿童肾小球肾炎的进行性损害与肾小管间质病变关系的探讨．北京医学，2005，27(5)：276-278
6. Yamashita Y, Tang Y, Takahashi M. Ultra fast MR imaging of the abdomen: echo planar imaging and diffusion weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1998, 8(2): 367-374.
7. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y , Mitsuzaki K, et al. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in diffuserenal disease by diffusion weighted echo planar MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999, (6): 832-837.
8. Toyoshima S, Noguchi K, Seto H, et al. Functional evaluation of hydronephrosis by diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and split glomerular filtration rate. Acta Radiol, 2000, 41(6): 642-646.
9．许玉峰，王霄英，蒋学祥．肾脏ADC值与滤过功能相关性的初步研究．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(6)：941-945
10．陈楠．肾小管间质疾病诊疗新技术．北京：人民军医出版社．2002，4： 5-10．
11．董德长．实用肾脏病学．上海：上海科技出版社．1999，7：552．
12．成令忠．现代组织学．上海：上海科技文献出版社．2003，2：957-960．
13．郑法雷．慢性肾功能衰竭进展的机制与防治．中华内科杂志．1998，37(3)：425-236
14. Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Johnson RJ, Herrera-Acosta J. Tubulointerstitial damage and progression of renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl, 2005, (99): S82-86.
15. Warach S, Gaa J, Siewert B, et al. Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol, 1995, 37(2): 231-241
16. Marks MP, De Crespigny A, Lentz D, et al. Acute and chronic stroke: navigated spin-echo diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology, 1996, 199(3): 403-408
17. Kim T, Murakami T, Takahashi S, et al. Diffusion-weighted single-shot echo planar MR imaging for liver disease. AJR, 1999, 173(1): 393-398.
18. Noguchi K, Watanabe N, Nagayoshi T, et al. Role of diffusion-weighted echo-planar MRI in distinguishing between brain abscess and tumor: a preliminary report. Neuroradiology, 1999, 41(3): 171-176.
19. Mascalchi M, Filippi M, Floris R, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR of the brain: methodology and clinical application. Radiol Med. 2005, 109(3): 155-197.
20. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Sumi S, et al. Focal liver masses: characterization with diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1997, 204(6): 739—744.
21. Keogan MT, Edelman RR. Technologic advances in abdominal MR imaging. Radiology, 2001, 220(2): 310-320.
22. Ichikawa T, Araki T. Fast magnetic resonance imaging of liver. Eur J Radiol, 1999, 29(3): 186-210.
23. Warach S, Gaa J, Siewert B, et al. Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted MRI. Ann neurol, 1995, 37(1): 231-241.
24. Muller MF, Edelman RR. Echo planar imaging of the abdomen. Top Magn Resort Imaging. 1995, 7(2): 112-119.
25. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology, 1988, 168(4): 497-505.
26. Koinuma M, Ohashi I, Hanafusa K, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2005, 22(1): 80-85.
27. AmanoY, KumazakiT, IshiharaM. Single shot diffusion weighted echo planar imaging of normal and cirrhotic livers using a phased array multi coil. Acta Radiologica, 1998, 39(4): 440-446
28．杨正汉，谢敬霞，胡碧芳等．肝硬化组织表观扩散系数改变及其可能机制的实验研究．中国医学影像技术，2002，18(9)：849-851．
29．管生，赵卫东，周康荣，等．磁共振功能扩散成像对肝脏早期弥漫性病变诊断价值的实验研究．中华肝脏病杂志，2005，(7)：524-527
30．万青松，夏明珠，胡家才．肾间质纤维化的分子基础．中国中西医结合肾病杂志，2003，(7)：429-430
1. Smith SM. Overview of fMRI analysis. Br J Radiol. 2004; 77(2): S167-175.
2. Na DG, Thijs VN, Albers GW, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute ischemia: value of apparent diffusion coefficient and signal intensity thresholds in predicting tissue at risk and final infarct size. Am J Neuroradiol. 2004,25(8): 1331- 1336
3. Tatlisumak T, Strbian D, Abo Ramadan U, et al. The role of diffusionand perfusion- weighted magnetic resonance imaging in drug development for ischemic stroke: from laboratory to clinics. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2004,2(4):343-355.
4. Inatomi Y, Kimura K, Yonehara T, et al. DWI abnormalities and clinical characteristics in TIA patients.Neurology. 2004, 62(3):376-380.
5. Wong YY, Lam WW. Diffusion-weighted imaging in hyperacute stroke- gold standard. Acta Radiol. 2003, 44(5):547-549.
6. Doege CA, Kerskens CM, Romero BI, et al. Assessment of diffusion and perfusion deficits in patients with small subcortical ischemia. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003,24(7): 1355-1363.
7. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al.Contribution of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging to neuroradiology. J Neuroradiol. 1987; 14(4):295-312.
8. Moore RJ, Issa B, Tokarczuk P, et al. In vivo intravoxel incoherent motion measurements in the human placenta using echo-planar imaging at 0.5 T. Magn Reson Med, 2000, 43(2):295-302
9. Bammer R. Basic principles of diffusion-weighted imaging . Eur J Radiol ,2003 ,45 (3): 169-184.
10. Muller MF, Edelman RR. Echo planar imaging of the abdomen. Magn Reson Imaging. 1995,7(2):112-119.
11. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with single-shot echo-planar imaging in the upper abdomen: preliminary clinical experience in 61 patients. Abdom Imaging, 1999, 24(5):456-466
12. Yamada I, Aung W, Himeno Y, et al. Difusion coefficients in abdominal organs and hepatic lesions: evaluation with intravoxel incoherent motion echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1999, 210(3):617-623.
13. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with a single shot echo-planar sequence: detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. AJR, 1998, 170(2):397-402.
14. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology. 1986,161(2):401-407.
15. Yamada N, Imakita S, Sakuma T. Value of diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient in recent cerebral infarctions: a correlative study with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 1999,20(2): 193-198
16. Issa B. In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissues using echo-planar imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002,16(2): 196-200
17. Sotak CH. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water and its relationship to cell volume changes in pathological states. Neurochem Int, 2004, 45(4)：569-82．
18．于同刚，戴嘉中，李克．3.0TMRI上正常成人脑组织ADC值定量研究．中华现代影像学杂志．2005，2(1)：1-4
19．李德军，包尚联，马林．不同b值和扩散张量成像DTI导出量的定量关系研究．中华放射学杂志．2004，38(12)：118-123
20. Silvera S, Oppenheim C, Touze E, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma on diffusion-weighted images: influence of T2-shine-through and T2-blackout effects. Am J Neuroradiol. 2005, 26(2): 236-41.
21. Chen S, Ikawa F, Kurisu K, et al. Quantitative MR evaluation of intracranial epidermoid tumors by fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging and echo-plannar diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR, 2001, 22(12): 1089-1096
22. Burdette JH, Elster AD, Ricci PE. Acute cerebral infarction: quantification of spin-density and T2 shine-through phenomena on diffusion-weighted MR images. Radiology. 1999, 212(2): 333-339
23. Provenzale JM, Engelter ST, Petrella JR, et al. Use of MR exponential diffusion-weighted images to eradicate T2 "shine-through" effect. A JR. 1999, 172(2): 537-9.
24. Yamashita Y, Tang Y, Takahashi M. Ultra fast MR imaging of the abdomen: echo planar imaging and diffusion weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1998, 8(2): 367—374.
25. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Sumi S, et al Focal liver masses: characterization with diffusion2weighted echo2planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1997, 204: 739—744.
26. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 168：497-505．
27．陈再智，吴玉林，徐忠飞，等．肝脏局灶病变血供对表观扩散系数的影响．中华放射学杂志，2002，(10)：892-897．
28. HahnEL. Spin echoes. PhysRev, 1950, 80: 580～593
29. Stejskal EO, Tanner JE. Spin diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of time dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys 1965, 42(2): 288-292.
30. Stahlberg F, Brockstedt S, Thomsen C, et al. Single-shot diffusionweighted echo-planar imaging of normal and cirrhotic livers using a phased-array multicoil. Acta Radiol, 1999, 40(3): 339-345.
31. Boulanger Y, Amara M, Lepanto L, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the liver of hepatitis C patients. NMR Biomed. 2003, 16(3): 132-136.
32. Dietrich O, Raya JG, Sommer J, et al. A comparative evaluation of a RARE-based single-shot pulse sequence for diffusion-weighted MRI of musculoskeletal soft-tissue tumors. Eur Radiol, 2005, 15(4): 772-783.
33. Murtz P, Pauleit D, Traber F, et al. Pulse triggering for improved diffusion2weighted MR imaging of the abdomen. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr, 2000, 172(7): 587-590.
34. Murtz P, Flacke S, Traber F, et al. Abdomen: diffusion-weighted MR imaging with pulse2triggered single-shot sequences. Radiology, 2002, 224(1): 258-264.
35．尚全良，肖恩华，贺忠等．GE Signa Twinspeed 1.5T磁共振肝脏扩散加权成像的技术探讨．中国医学影像技术．2004，20(10)：1515-1518
36．康立丽，卢广文，余晓锷等．MRI扫描参数与信噪比关系的实验研究．中华放射学杂志，2003，27(3)：225-227．
37．张必达，汪坚敏．磁共振并行采集技术及应用．世界医疗器械．2004，12(5)：42-44．
38. Pruessmam KP, Weiger M, Scheidegger MB, etal. SENCE: Sensitivity Encoding for Fast MRI. Magn Reson Med, 1999, 42(3): 925-927.
39. Takahara T, Imai Y, Yamashita T, Yasuda S, Nasu S, Van Cauteren M. Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS): technical improvement using free breathing, STIR and high resolution 3D display. Radiat Med, 2004, 22(4): 275-282.
40. Kennedy SD, Zhong J. Diffusion measurements free of motion artifacts using intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. Magn Reson Med, 2004, 52(1): 1-6.
41. Muller MF, Prasad P, Siewert Bet al. Abdominal diffusion mapping with use of a whole-body echo-planar system. Radiology, 1994, 190(6): 475-478.
42. Koinuma M, Ohashi I, Hanafusa K, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 22(1): 80-85.
43. Aube C, Racineux PX, Lebigot J, et al. [Diagnosis and quantification of hepatic fibrosis with diffusion weighted MR imaging: preliminary results] J Radiol. 2004, 85(3): 301-306.
44. Amano Y, Kumazaki T, Ishihara M. Single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging of normal and cirrhotic livers using a phased-array multicoil. Acta Radiol. 1998, 39(4): 440-442.
45．杨正汉，谢敬霞，胡碧芳等．肝硬化组织表观扩散系数改变及其可能机制的实验研究．中国医学影像技术，2002，18(9)：849-851
46．管生，赵卫东，周康荣，等．磁共振功能扩散成像对肝脏早期弥漫性病变 诊断价值的实验研究．中华肝脏病杂志，2005，(7)：524-527
47. Sakuma H, Nomura Y, Takeda P, et al. Adult and neonatal human brain: Diffusion anisotropy and myelination with diffusion weighted MR imaging. Radiology, 1991, 180(1): 229-233.
48．丁爽，贾文霄．磁共振扩散成像在肝包虫病中的应用研究．实用放射学杂志，2005，21(7)：711-712
49. Bachir Taouli, Valerie Vilgrain, Erik Dumont et al. evaluation of liver diffusion isotropy and characterization of focal hepatic lesions with two single-shot echo-planar MR imaging sequences: prospective study in 66 patients; Radiology 2003; 226; 71-78
50. Kim T, Murakami T, Takahashi S et al. Diffusion-weighted single-shot echoplanar MR imaging for liver disease. A JR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173(4): 393-398
51. Moteki T, Horikoshi H, Oya N, et al. Evaluation of hepatic lesions and hepatic parenchyma using diffusion-weighted reordered turbo FLASH magnetic resonance image. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2002, 15(5): 564-572.
52. Chan JH, Tsui EY, Luk SH, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the liver: distinguishing hepatic abscess from cystic or necrotic tumor. Abdom Imaging, 2001, 26(2): 161-165.
53．李英，张晓鹏，唐磊．肝脏恶性肿瘤扩散加权成像与T2加权成像对比研究．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(12)：1835-1838
54．郑晓林，徐辉雄，吕明德等．磁共振扩散加权成像检测肝内小病灶的临床应用．中国医学影像技术，2004，20(10)：1510-1512．
55. Low RN, Francis IR, Sigeti JS, et al. Abdominal MR imaging comparison of T2-weighted fast and conventional spin-echo, and contrast-enhanced fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled imaging. Radiology, 1993, 186(3): 803-811.
56. Rydberg JN, Lomas DJ, Coakley KJ, et al. Comparison of breath-hold fast spin-echo and conventional spin-echo pulse sequences for Y2-weighted MR imaging of liver lesions. Radiology, 1995, 194(2): 431-437.
57. Soyer P, de Giry SC, Gueye C, et al. Detection of focal hepatic lesions with MR imaging: prospective comparison of T2-weighted fast spin-echo, and gadolinium chelale-enhanced 3D gradient-recalled imaging. AJR, 1996, 166(3): 1115-1121.
58. Kanematsu M, Hoshi H, Itoh K, et al. Focal hepatic lesion detection: comparison of four fat-suppressed T2-weighted MR imaging pulse sequences. Radiology, 1999, 211(1): 367-372.
59. Gleen A, Virian S, Neil D, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in patients with cirrhosis: prospective diagnosis with MR imaging and explantation correlation. Radiology, 2001, 219(2): 445-454.
60. Tomoaki L, Hiroki H, Junichi H, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with a single-shot echo planar sequence detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. AJR, 1998, 170(2): 397-402
61．窦郁，郭顺林，周怀琪等．磁共振扩散成像评价梗阻性黄疸患者肝脏功能．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(3)：398-401
62. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Mitsuzaki K, etal. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in diffuserenal disease by diffusion weighted echo planar MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999, (6): 832-837.
63. Mueller MF. Prasad PV. Bimmler D. et al. Functional imaging of the kidney by means of measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient. Radiology, 1994,193(3):711-715.
64. Thoeny HC, De Keyzer F, Oyen RH, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of kidneys in healthy volunteers and patients with parenchymal diseases: initial experience. Radiology,2005,235(3):911-917.
65. Ries M, Jones RA, Basseau F, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI of the human kidney. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2001,14(1):42-49.
66. Chow LC, Bammer R, Moseley ME,et al. Single breath-hold diffusion-weighted imaging of the abdomen. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003,18(3):377-382.
67. Grenier N, Basseau F, Ries M, et al. Functional MRI of the kidney. Abdom Imaging 2003; 28(3): 164-175.
68. Verswijvel G, Vandecaveye V, Gelin G, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the evaluation of renal infection: preliminary results. JBR-BTR,2002,85(2): 100-103.
69. Squillaci E, Manenti G, Cova M, et al. Correlation of diffusion-weighted MR imaging with cellularity of renal tumours. Anticancer Res, 2004,24(6):4175-4179.
70. Cova M, Squillaci E, Stacul F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the evaluation of renal lesions: preliminary results. Br J Radiol, 2004,77(9):851-857.
71. Squillaci E, Manenti G, Di Stefano F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the evaluation of renal tumours. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2004,23(1):39-45.
72. Sugahara T , Korogi Y, Kochi M, et al. Usefulness of diffusion-weighted MRI with echo-planar technique in the evaluation of cellularity in gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999; 9(1): 53-60.
73. Chart JHM, Tsui EYK, Luk SH. et al. MR diffusion-weighted imaging of kidney: Differentiation between hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. Journal of Clinical Imaging, 2001, 25(2): 110-113.
74. Toyoshima S, Noguchi K, Seto H, et al. Functional evaluat ion of hydronephrosis by diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and split glomerular filtrationrate. Acta Radiol, 2000, 41(5): 642-646
75．许玉峰，王霄英，蒋学祥．肾脏ADC值与滤过功能相关性的初步研究．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(6)：941-945
76. Yang D, Ye Q, Williams DS, et al. Normal and transplanted rat kidneys: diffusion MR imaging at 7 T. Radiology, 2004, 231(3): 702-709.
77. Yanashita Y, Nmnimoto T, Mitsuzaki K, etal. Mucin-producing tumor of the pancreas: diagnostic value of diffusion weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1998, 208(3); 605-609
78. Irie H, Honda H, Kuroiwa T, et al. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in intraductal mucin-producing tumor of the pancreas by diffusion weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Abdom Imaging, 2002, 27(1): 82-87.
79. Mary T. Kogan, Robert R. Edelman. Technologic advances in abdominal MR imaging;; Radiology. 2001, 220(1): 310-320
2. Smith SM. Overview of fMRI analysis. Br J Radiol, 2004; 77(2): S167-175.
3. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with single-shot echo-planar imaging in the upper abdomen: preliminary clinical experience in 61 patients. Abdom Imaging, 1999, 24(5): 456-466
4. Chow LC, Bammer R, Moseley ME, et al. Single breath-hold diffusion-weighted imaging of the abdomen. J Magn Resort Imaging. 2003, 18(3): 377-382.
5. Sotak CH. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water and its relationship to cell volume changes in pathological states. Neurochem Int, 2004, 45(4): 569-582.
6. Yamashita Y, Tang Y, Takahashi M. Ultra fast MR imaging of the abdomen: echo planar imaging and diffusion weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1998, 8(2): 367—374.
7. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Mitsuzaki K, et al. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in diffuserenal disease by diffusion weighted echo planar MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999, (6): 832-837.
8. Toyoshima S, Noguchi K, Seto H, et al. Functional evaluation of hydronephrosis by diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and split glomerular filtration rate. Acta Radiol, 2000, 41(6): 642-646.
9．许玉峰，王霄英，蒋学祥．肾脏ADC值与滤过功能相关性的初步研究．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(6)：941-945
10. Yang D, Ye Q, Williams DS, et al. Normal and transplanted rat kidneys . diffusion MRI imaging at 7 T . Radiology, 2004,231 (3) :702-709.
11. Chan J H , Tsui EY, Luk SH , et al . MR diffusion-weighted imaging of kidney : differentiation between hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. Clinical Imaging,2001,25 (2): 110-113
12. Mueller MF, Prasad PV, Bimmler D, et al. Functional imaging of the kidney by means of measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient. Radiology, 1994, 193(3):711-715.
13. Cova M, Squillaci E, Stacul F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the evaluation of renal lesions: preliminary results. Br J Radiol, 2004,77(9):851-857.
14. Jones RA , Grattan Smit h JD. Age dependence of t he renal apparent diffusion coefficient in children. Pediat r Radiol, 2003, 33(12) :850-854.
15. Fukuda Y, Ohashi I, Hanafusa K, et al. Anisotropic diffusion in kidney : apparent diffusion coefficient measurements for clinical use. J Magn Reson Imaging,2000,11 (2): 156-160.
16. Bammer R. Basic principles of diffusion-weighted imaging . Eur J Radiol ,2003 ,45 (3): 169-184.
17. Yamada I, Aung W, Himeno Y, et al. Difusion coefficients in abdominal organs and hepatic lesions: evaluation with intravoxel incoherent motion echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1999, 210(3):617-623.
18. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with a single-shot echo-planar sequence: detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. AJR, 1998,170(2):397-402.
19. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology. 1986, 161(2): 401-407.
20. Issa B. In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissues using echo-planar imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002, 16(2): 196-200
21. Stejskal EO, Tanner JE. Spin diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of time-dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys, 1965, 42(2); 288-292.
22. Okubo T, Aoki S, Abe O, et al. [Principles of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and application to clinical neurology] Rinsho Shinkeigaku (Japanese). 2004, 44(11): 954-956.
23. Muller MF, Edelman RR. Echo planar imaging of the abdomen. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1995, 7(2): 112-119.
24. Kuhl CK, Gieseke J, von Falkenhausen M, et al. Sensitivity encoding for diffusion-weighted MR imaging at 3.0 T: intraindividual comparative study. Radiology, 2005, 234(2): 517-526.
25．吴胜勇，尉传社．3.0T MR成像系统的优势及其在中枢神经系统中的应用．医学综述，2005，11(1)：93-95
26. Ries M, Jones RA, Basseau F, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI of the human kidney. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2001, 14(1): 42-49.
27. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology, 1988, 168(4): 497-505.
28. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Sumi S, et al Focal liver masses: characterization with diffusion- weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1997, 204(5): 739—744.
29．陈再智，吴玉林，徐忠飞，等．肝脏局灶病变血供对表观扩散系数的影响．中华放射学杂志，2002，(10)：892-897．
30. Thoeny HC, De Keyzer F, Oyen RH, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of kidneys in healthy volunteers and patients with parenchymal diseases: initial experience. Radiology, 2005, 235 (3): 911-917.
31．格氏解剖学(38版)．辽宁教育出版社，1999，6：1819-1826
32．姚泰．人体生理学．人民卫生出版社．2001，6：256-263
33．王娜，刘荣波，孔维芳等．成人活体肾脏CT／MRI测量指标分析及影响因素探讨．中国循证医学杂志，2004，4(11)：771-777
34. P. J. Basser, J. Mattiello, D. Le Bihan. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tenser from the NMR spin echo. J Magn Reson. 1994, 103(3): 247-254.
35. P. J. Basser, J. Mattiello, D. Le Bihan. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J 1994; 66(3): 259-0267.
36. J. Mattiello, P. J. Basser, D. Le Bihan. Analytical expressions for the b matrix in MR diffusion imaging and spectroscopy. J Magn Reson, 1994; 108(2): 131-141.
37. Pierpaoli C. Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology, 1996, 186(3): 637-648.
38. Basset PJ, Jones DK. Diffusion-tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis-a technical review. NMR Biomed. 2002, 15(7-8): 456-467.
39. Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J. 1994, 66(1): 259-267.
40. Enis Le-Bihan, Jean-Francois Mangin, Cyril Poupon et al. Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2001, 13(4): 534-546.
41．李德军，包尚联，马林等．扩散张量成像(DTI)在中枢神经系统(CNS)中的应用．国外医学生物医学工程分册，2003，26(5)：1-7
42．郭雪梅，肖江喜．扩散张量磁共振成像基本原理及应用．实用放射学杂志，2003，19(9)：840-843
43. Taouli B, Martin AJ, Qayyum A, et al. Parallel imaging and diffusion tensor imaging for diffusion-weighted MRI of the liver: preliminary experience in healthy volunteers. AJR, 2004, 183(3): 677-680.
44．林茂樟．临床肾脏生理学．人民军医出版社．2004，1：244-254．
45. Grenier N, Basseau F, Ries M, et al. Functional MRI of the kidney. Abdom Imaging, 2003, 28(2): 164-175.
46. Bammer R, Acar B, Moseley ME. In vivo MR tractography using diffusion imaging. Eur J Radiol, 2003, 45(3): 223-234.
47. Moil S, Van Zijl PCM. Fiber tracking: principles and strategies-a technical review. NMR Biomed, 2002, 15(7-8): 468-480
1. Liu Y. Renal fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(2): 213-217.
2. Struts G; Muller. The role of tubulointerstitial processes in progression of primary renal disease. Nephrol Dial transplant, 1994, 9(Suppl): 10
3．杜胜华，唐德炎．细胞因子、肾间质细胞与肾间质纤维化．国外医学泌尿系统分册，2004，24(1)：93-97
4．牟利军，贾金康．肾间质纤维化的防治进展．国外医学泌尿系统分册，2005，25(3)：405-408
5．刘小荣，沈颖，伏立兵．儿童肾小球肾炎的进行性损害与肾小管间质病变关系的探讨．北京医学，2005，27(5)：276-278
6. Yamashita Y, Tang Y, Takahashi M. Ultra fast MR imaging of the abdomen: echo planar imaging and diffusion weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1998, 8(2): 367-374.
7. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y , Mitsuzaki K, et al. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in diffuserenal disease by diffusion weighted echo planar MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999, (6): 832-837.
8. Toyoshima S, Noguchi K, Seto H, et al. Functional evaluation of hydronephrosis by diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and split glomerular filtration rate. Acta Radiol, 2000, 41(6): 642-646.
9．许玉峰，王霄英，蒋学祥．肾脏ADC值与滤过功能相关性的初步研究．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(6)：941-945
10．陈楠．肾小管间质疾病诊疗新技术．北京：人民军医出版社．2002，4： 5-10．
11．董德长．实用肾脏病学．上海：上海科技出版社．1999，7：552．
12．成令忠．现代组织学．上海：上海科技文献出版社．2003，2：957-960．
13．郑法雷．慢性肾功能衰竭进展的机制与防治．中华内科杂志．1998，37(3)：425-236
14. Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Johnson RJ, Herrera-Acosta J. Tubulointerstitial damage and progression of renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl, 2005, (99): S82-86.
15. Warach S, Gaa J, Siewert B, et al. Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol, 1995, 37(2): 231-241
16. Marks MP, De Crespigny A, Lentz D, et al. Acute and chronic stroke: navigated spin-echo diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology, 1996, 199(3): 403-408
17. Kim T, Murakami T, Takahashi S, et al. Diffusion-weighted single-shot echo planar MR imaging for liver disease. AJR, 1999, 173(1): 393-398.
18. Noguchi K, Watanabe N, Nagayoshi T, et al. Role of diffusion-weighted echo-planar MRI in distinguishing between brain abscess and tumor: a preliminary report. Neuroradiology, 1999, 41(3): 171-176.
19. Mascalchi M, Filippi M, Floris R, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR of the brain: methodology and clinical application. Radiol Med. 2005, 109(3): 155-197.
20. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Sumi S, et al. Focal liver masses: characterization with diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1997, 204(6): 739—744.
21. Keogan MT, Edelman RR. Technologic advances in abdominal MR imaging. Radiology, 2001, 220(2): 310-320.
22. Ichikawa T, Araki T. Fast magnetic resonance imaging of liver. Eur J Radiol, 1999, 29(3): 186-210.
23. Warach S, Gaa J, Siewert B, et al. Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted MRI. Ann neurol, 1995, 37(1): 231-241.
24. Muller MF, Edelman RR. Echo planar imaging of the abdomen. Top Magn Resort Imaging. 1995, 7(2): 112-119.
25. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology, 1988, 168(4): 497-505.
26. Koinuma M, Ohashi I, Hanafusa K, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2005, 22(1): 80-85.
27. AmanoY, KumazakiT, IshiharaM. Single shot diffusion weighted echo planar imaging of normal and cirrhotic livers using a phased array multi coil. Acta Radiologica, 1998, 39(4): 440-446
28．杨正汉，谢敬霞，胡碧芳等．肝硬化组织表观扩散系数改变及其可能机制的实验研究．中国医学影像技术，2002，18(9)：849-851．
29．管生，赵卫东，周康荣，等．磁共振功能扩散成像对肝脏早期弥漫性病变诊断价值的实验研究．中华肝脏病杂志，2005，(7)：524-527
30．万青松，夏明珠，胡家才．肾间质纤维化的分子基础．中国中西医结合肾病杂志，2003，(7)：429-430
1. Smith SM. Overview of fMRI analysis. Br J Radiol. 2004; 77(2): S167-175.
2. Na DG, Thijs VN, Albers GW, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute ischemia: value of apparent diffusion coefficient and signal intensity thresholds in predicting tissue at risk and final infarct size. Am J Neuroradiol. 2004,25(8): 1331- 1336
3. Tatlisumak T, Strbian D, Abo Ramadan U, et al. The role of diffusionand perfusion- weighted magnetic resonance imaging in drug development for ischemic stroke: from laboratory to clinics. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2004,2(4):343-355.
4. Inatomi Y, Kimura K, Yonehara T, et al. DWI abnormalities and clinical characteristics in TIA patients.Neurology. 2004, 62(3):376-380.
5. Wong YY, Lam WW. Diffusion-weighted imaging in hyperacute stroke- gold standard. Acta Radiol. 2003, 44(5):547-549.
6. Doege CA, Kerskens CM, Romero BI, et al. Assessment of diffusion and perfusion deficits in patients with small subcortical ischemia. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003,24(7): 1355-1363.
7. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al.Contribution of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging to neuroradiology. J Neuroradiol. 1987; 14(4):295-312.
8. Moore RJ, Issa B, Tokarczuk P, et al. In vivo intravoxel incoherent motion measurements in the human placenta using echo-planar imaging at 0.5 T. Magn Reson Med, 2000, 43(2):295-302
9. Bammer R. Basic principles of diffusion-weighted imaging . Eur J Radiol ,2003 ,45 (3): 169-184.
10. Muller MF, Edelman RR. Echo planar imaging of the abdomen. Magn Reson Imaging. 1995,7(2):112-119.
11. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with single-shot echo-planar imaging in the upper abdomen: preliminary clinical experience in 61 patients. Abdom Imaging, 1999, 24(5):456-466
12. Yamada I, Aung W, Himeno Y, et al. Difusion coefficients in abdominal organs and hepatic lesions: evaluation with intravoxel incoherent motion echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1999, 210(3):617-623.
13. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with a single shot echo-planar sequence: detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. AJR, 1998, 170(2):397-402.
14. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology. 1986,161(2):401-407.
15. Yamada N, Imakita S, Sakuma T. Value of diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient in recent cerebral infarctions: a correlative study with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 1999,20(2): 193-198
16. Issa B. In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissues using echo-planar imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002,16(2): 196-200
17. Sotak CH. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water and its relationship to cell volume changes in pathological states. Neurochem Int, 2004, 45(4)：569-82．
18．于同刚，戴嘉中，李克．3.0TMRI上正常成人脑组织ADC值定量研究．中华现代影像学杂志．2005，2(1)：1-4
19．李德军，包尚联，马林．不同b值和扩散张量成像DTI导出量的定量关系研究．中华放射学杂志．2004，38(12)：118-123
20. Silvera S, Oppenheim C, Touze E, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma on diffusion-weighted images: influence of T2-shine-through and T2-blackout effects. Am J Neuroradiol. 2005, 26(2): 236-41.
21. Chen S, Ikawa F, Kurisu K, et al. Quantitative MR evaluation of intracranial epidermoid tumors by fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging and echo-plannar diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR, 2001, 22(12): 1089-1096
22. Burdette JH, Elster AD, Ricci PE. Acute cerebral infarction: quantification of spin-density and T2 shine-through phenomena on diffusion-weighted MR images. Radiology. 1999, 212(2): 333-339
23. Provenzale JM, Engelter ST, Petrella JR, et al. Use of MR exponential diffusion-weighted images to eradicate T2 "shine-through" effect. A JR. 1999, 172(2): 537-9.
24. Yamashita Y, Tang Y, Takahashi M. Ultra fast MR imaging of the abdomen: echo planar imaging and diffusion weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1998, 8(2): 367—374.
25. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Sumi S, et al Focal liver masses: characterization with diffusion2weighted echo2planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1997, 204: 739—744.
26. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, et al. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 168：497-505．
27．陈再智，吴玉林，徐忠飞，等．肝脏局灶病变血供对表观扩散系数的影响．中华放射学杂志，2002，(10)：892-897．
28. HahnEL. Spin echoes. PhysRev, 1950, 80: 580～593
29. Stejskal EO, Tanner JE. Spin diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of time dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys 1965, 42(2): 288-292.
30. Stahlberg F, Brockstedt S, Thomsen C, et al. Single-shot diffusionweighted echo-planar imaging of normal and cirrhotic livers using a phased-array multicoil. Acta Radiol, 1999, 40(3): 339-345.
31. Boulanger Y, Amara M, Lepanto L, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the liver of hepatitis C patients. NMR Biomed. 2003, 16(3): 132-136.
32. Dietrich O, Raya JG, Sommer J, et al. A comparative evaluation of a RARE-based single-shot pulse sequence for diffusion-weighted MRI of musculoskeletal soft-tissue tumors. Eur Radiol, 2005, 15(4): 772-783.
33. Murtz P, Pauleit D, Traber F, et al. Pulse triggering for improved diffusion2weighted MR imaging of the abdomen. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr, 2000, 172(7): 587-590.
34. Murtz P, Flacke S, Traber F, et al. Abdomen: diffusion-weighted MR imaging with pulse2triggered single-shot sequences. Radiology, 2002, 224(1): 258-264.
35．尚全良，肖恩华，贺忠等．GE Signa Twinspeed 1.5T磁共振肝脏扩散加权成像的技术探讨．中国医学影像技术．2004，20(10)：1515-1518
36．康立丽，卢广文，余晓锷等．MRI扫描参数与信噪比关系的实验研究．中华放射学杂志，2003，27(3)：225-227．
37．张必达，汪坚敏．磁共振并行采集技术及应用．世界医疗器械．2004，12(5)：42-44．
38. Pruessmam KP, Weiger M, Scheidegger MB, etal. SENCE: Sensitivity Encoding for Fast MRI. Magn Reson Med, 1999, 42(3): 925-927.
39. Takahara T, Imai Y, Yamashita T, Yasuda S, Nasu S, Van Cauteren M. Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS): technical improvement using free breathing, STIR and high resolution 3D display. Radiat Med, 2004, 22(4): 275-282.
40. Kennedy SD, Zhong J. Diffusion measurements free of motion artifacts using intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. Magn Reson Med, 2004, 52(1): 1-6.
41. Muller MF, Prasad P, Siewert Bet al. Abdominal diffusion mapping with use of a whole-body echo-planar system. Radiology, 1994, 190(6): 475-478.
42. Koinuma M, Ohashi I, Hanafusa K, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 22(1): 80-85.
43. Aube C, Racineux PX, Lebigot J, et al. [Diagnosis and quantification of hepatic fibrosis with diffusion weighted MR imaging: preliminary results] J Radiol. 2004, 85(3): 301-306.
44. Amano Y, Kumazaki T, Ishihara M. Single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging of normal and cirrhotic livers using a phased-array multicoil. Acta Radiol. 1998, 39(4): 440-442.
45．杨正汉，谢敬霞，胡碧芳等．肝硬化组织表观扩散系数改变及其可能机制的实验研究．中国医学影像技术，2002，18(9)：849-851
46．管生，赵卫东，周康荣，等．磁共振功能扩散成像对肝脏早期弥漫性病变 诊断价值的实验研究．中华肝脏病杂志，2005，(7)：524-527
47. Sakuma H, Nomura Y, Takeda P, et al. Adult and neonatal human brain: Diffusion anisotropy and myelination with diffusion weighted MR imaging. Radiology, 1991, 180(1): 229-233.
48．丁爽，贾文霄．磁共振扩散成像在肝包虫病中的应用研究．实用放射学杂志，2005，21(7)：711-712
49. Bachir Taouli, Valerie Vilgrain, Erik Dumont et al. evaluation of liver diffusion isotropy and characterization of focal hepatic lesions with two single-shot echo-planar MR imaging sequences: prospective study in 66 patients; Radiology 2003; 226; 71-78
50. Kim T, Murakami T, Takahashi S et al. Diffusion-weighted single-shot echoplanar MR imaging for liver disease. A JR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173(4): 393-398
51. Moteki T, Horikoshi H, Oya N, et al. Evaluation of hepatic lesions and hepatic parenchyma using diffusion-weighted reordered turbo FLASH magnetic resonance image. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2002, 15(5): 564-572.
52. Chan JH, Tsui EY, Luk SH, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the liver: distinguishing hepatic abscess from cystic or necrotic tumor. Abdom Imaging, 2001, 26(2): 161-165.
53．李英，张晓鹏，唐磊．肝脏恶性肿瘤扩散加权成像与T2加权成像对比研究．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(12)：1835-1838
54．郑晓林，徐辉雄，吕明德等．磁共振扩散加权成像检测肝内小病灶的临床应用．中国医学影像技术，2004，20(10)：1510-1512．
55. Low RN, Francis IR, Sigeti JS, et al. Abdominal MR imaging comparison of T2-weighted fast and conventional spin-echo, and contrast-enhanced fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled imaging. Radiology, 1993, 186(3): 803-811.
56. Rydberg JN, Lomas DJ, Coakley KJ, et al. Comparison of breath-hold fast spin-echo and conventional spin-echo pulse sequences for Y2-weighted MR imaging of liver lesions. Radiology, 1995, 194(2): 431-437.
57. Soyer P, de Giry SC, Gueye C, et al. Detection of focal hepatic lesions with MR imaging: prospective comparison of T2-weighted fast spin-echo, and gadolinium chelale-enhanced 3D gradient-recalled imaging. AJR, 1996, 166(3): 1115-1121.
58. Kanematsu M, Hoshi H, Itoh K, et al. Focal hepatic lesion detection: comparison of four fat-suppressed T2-weighted MR imaging pulse sequences. Radiology, 1999, 211(1): 367-372.
59. Gleen A, Virian S, Neil D, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in patients with cirrhosis: prospective diagnosis with MR imaging and explantation correlation. Radiology, 2001, 219(2): 445-454.
60. Tomoaki L, Hiroki H, Junichi H, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with a single-shot echo planar sequence detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. AJR, 1998, 170(2): 397-402
61．窦郁，郭顺林，周怀琪等．磁共振扩散成像评价梗阻性黄疸患者肝脏功能．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(3)：398-401
62. Namimoto T, Yamashita Y, Mitsuzaki K, etal. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in diffuserenal disease by diffusion weighted echo planar MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999, (6): 832-837.
63. Mueller MF. Prasad PV. Bimmler D. et al. Functional imaging of the kidney by means of measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient. Radiology, 1994,193(3):711-715.
64. Thoeny HC, De Keyzer F, Oyen RH, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of kidneys in healthy volunteers and patients with parenchymal diseases: initial experience. Radiology,2005,235(3):911-917.
65. Ries M, Jones RA, Basseau F, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI of the human kidney. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2001,14(1):42-49.
66. Chow LC, Bammer R, Moseley ME,et al. Single breath-hold diffusion-weighted imaging of the abdomen. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003,18(3):377-382.
67. Grenier N, Basseau F, Ries M, et al. Functional MRI of the kidney. Abdom Imaging 2003; 28(3): 164-175.
68. Verswijvel G, Vandecaveye V, Gelin G, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the evaluation of renal infection: preliminary results. JBR-BTR,2002,85(2): 100-103.
69. Squillaci E, Manenti G, Cova M, et al. Correlation of diffusion-weighted MR imaging with cellularity of renal tumours. Anticancer Res, 2004,24(6):4175-4179.
70. Cova M, Squillaci E, Stacul F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the evaluation of renal lesions: preliminary results. Br J Radiol, 2004,77(9):851-857.
71. Squillaci E, Manenti G, Di Stefano F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the evaluation of renal tumours. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2004,23(1):39-45.
72. Sugahara T , Korogi Y, Kochi M, et al. Usefulness of diffusion-weighted MRI with echo-planar technique in the evaluation of cellularity in gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999; 9(1): 53-60.
73. Chart JHM, Tsui EYK, Luk SH. et al. MR diffusion-weighted imaging of kidney: Differentiation between hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. Journal of Clinical Imaging, 2001, 25(2): 110-113.
74. Toyoshima S, Noguchi K, Seto H, et al. Functional evaluat ion of hydronephrosis by diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and split glomerular filtrationrate. Acta Radiol, 2000, 41(5): 642-646
75．许玉峰，王霄英，蒋学祥．肾脏ADC值与滤过功能相关性的初步研究．中国医学影像技术，2005，21(6)：941-945
76. Yang D, Ye Q, Williams DS, et al. Normal and transplanted rat kidneys: diffusion MR imaging at 7 T. Radiology, 2004, 231(3): 702-709.
77. Yanashita Y, Nmnimoto T, Mitsuzaki K, etal. Mucin-producing tumor of the pancreas: diagnostic value of diffusion weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology, 1998, 208(3); 605-609
78. Irie H, Honda H, Kuroiwa T, et al. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in intraductal mucin-producing tumor of the pancreas by diffusion weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Abdom Imaging, 2002, 27(1): 82-87.
79. Mary T. Kogan, Robert R. Edelman. Technologic advances in abdominal MR imaging;; Radiology. 2001, 220(1): 310-320