从自我否定到精神永存
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摘要
《紫色》是美国黑人女作家爱丽丝·沃克比较成熟的一部代表作，它以全新的视角、新颖的构思和独特的手法对美国现代黑人女性的思想和生活进行了深入细致的探讨。在这部作品中，爱丽丝·沃克塑造了一个崭新的女性形象—茜莉，引起了众多评论家的极大关注。
本文从小说产生的历史、社会和文化背景出发，系统地分析、探讨了在充满歧视的美国社会中经历了自我丧失后谋求自我肯定和精神自由的黑人女性。本文共分三部分：第一部分分析在茜莉一步步走向自我丧失的过程中传统、心理、信仰和现实生活所起的作用；第二部分讨论茜莉如何从肉体和精神上发现和肯定自身的潜能和价值；第三部分也是结论部分，探讨了茜莉奋斗的结果，即：茜莉通过不懈的奋斗获得了肉体的自由和经济的独立，并在此基础上寻求精神的存在和延续，最终建立了与男人和世界的平衡关系，获得了内心的平和与幸福。
The Color Purple, one of the maturest and the most representative works of Alice Walker, probes into the thought and life of modern Afro-American women with a new visual angle, original conception and special writing skill. In this novel, black woman writer Alice Walker shapes a new womanist image-Celie, who arouses great interests of many critics.
At different levels of historical, social and cultural background, this thesis gives a coherent and systematic analysis of the image of a woman who reaches self-affirmation and spiritual survival after undergoing self-abnegation in the American society, which is filled with problems of discrimination. The thesis falls into three parts: part one analyzes the influence of the traditional forces in real life upon Celie, which leads to her self-abnegation; Celie's discovery and affirmation of her physical and spiritual values makes up the second part; part three concludes the paper, illustrating the outcome of Celie's struggle, that is, after her unremitting efforts, Celie wins her spiritual survival based on her physical freedom and economic independence, achieves harmony with men and the world, and gains happiness and peace of mind in the established social environment.
本文从小说产生的历史、社会和文化背景出发，系统地分析、探讨了在充满歧视的美国社会中经历了自我丧失后谋求自我肯定和精神自由的黑人女性。本文共分三部分：第一部分分析在茜莉一步步走向自我丧失的过程中传统、心理、信仰和现实生活所起的作用；第二部分讨论茜莉如何从肉体和精神上发现和肯定自身的潜能和价值；第三部分也是结论部分，探讨了茜莉奋斗的结果，即：茜莉通过不懈的奋斗获得了肉体的自由和经济的独立，并在此基础上寻求精神的存在和延续，最终建立了与男人和世界的平衡关系，获得了内心的平和与幸福。
The Color Purple, one of the maturest and the most representative works of Alice Walker, probes into the thought and life of modern Afro-American women with a new visual angle, original conception and special writing skill. In this novel, black woman writer Alice Walker shapes a new womanist image-Celie, who arouses great interests of many critics.
At different levels of historical, social and cultural background, this thesis gives a coherent and systematic analysis of the image of a woman who reaches self-affirmation and spiritual survival after undergoing self-abnegation in the American society, which is filled with problems of discrimination. The thesis falls into three parts: part one analyzes the influence of the traditional forces in real life upon Celie, which leads to her self-abnegation; Celie's discovery and affirmation of her physical and spiritual values makes up the second part; part three concludes the paper, illustrating the outcome of Celie's struggle, that is, after her unremitting efforts, Celie wins her spiritual survival based on her physical freedom and economic independence, achieves harmony with men and the world, and gains happiness and peace of mind in the established social environment.
引文
1. Lillie P. Howard, Alice Walker and Zora Zeale Hurston: The Common Bond (Westport, Connecticut & London: Greenwood Press, 1992), P 46.
2. Mac G. Henderson, Alice Walker: The Color Purple (New York & Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), P 66.
3. Gayle Green & Coppelia ed., Making a Difference: Feminist Criticism (London: Methuen, 1985), P 40.
4．刘英，“论艾丽斯．沃克笔下女主人公形象的演变”，解放军外国语学院学报，2000，(9)，P 83-86．
5. Donna Haisy Winchell, Alice Walker (New York: Twayre Publishers, 1992), P 14.
6. Maroula Joannou, Contemporary Women's Writing: From The Golden Notes Book to The Color Purple, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000), P 179.
7. Molly Hite, The Other Side of the Story: Structure and Strategies of Contemporary Feminist Narrative, (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1989), P 103.
8. Maroula Joannou, Contemporary Women's Writing: From The Golden Notes Book to The Color Purple, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000), P 180.
9. Tamar Katz, Alice Walker: "Show Me How to Do Like You": Didacticism and Epistolary-Form in The Color Purple, (New York & Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), P185.
10. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and K.A. Appiah, Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, (New York: Amistad Press Inc., 1993), P 303.
11. Tamar Katz, Alice Walker: "Show Me How to Do Like You": Didacticism and Epistolary Form in The Color Purple, (New York & Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), 185.
12. Alice Walker, The Color Purple, (New York: Pocket Books, 1982), P 181. All the quotations in this paper refer to this edition, unless otherwise stated.
13. Martha J. Cutter, "Philomla Speaks: Alice Walker's Revisioning of Rape Archetypes in The Color Purple", (Los Angels: Mellus, Fall 2000), P 167.
14．约翰·克里曼编，贺明明译，弗洛伊德著作选，成都：四川人民出版社，1998，P121．
15. Barbara Christian, Alice Walker: The Black Woman Artist as Wayward, (New York & Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), P 45-46.
16. Ibid. P 64.
17．张岩冰，女权主义文论，济南：山东教出版社，1998，P 48．
18．谢金良、卢关泉主编，圣经典故词典，上海：复旦大学出版社，1998，P 706
19．Ibid．213
20．弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著，乔继堂主编，王义国、张军学、邹枚等译，伍尔夫全集第二卷，北京：中国社会科学院出版社，2001，P 488．
21．张岩冰，女权主义文论，山东教育出版社，1998，P 46．
22．弗吉尼亚．伍尔夫著，乔继堂主编，王义国、张军学、邹枚等译，伍尔夫全集第二卷，北京：中国社会科学院出版社，2001，P 570．
23．Ibid．P 523．
24．多丽丝．莱辛著，陈才宇、刘新民译，金色笔记，南京：译林出版社，2000，P 9．
25. http://www.cctv.com/feminist.html 2004-4-10
26．弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著，乔继堂主编，王义国、张军学、邹枚等译，伍尔夫全集第二卷，北京：中国社会科学院出版社，2001，P 528．
Baker, Houston A. Jr., and Redmond, Patricia. Afro-American Literary Study in the 1990s, (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1989).
Bloom, Harold. Alice Walker: Modern Critical Views. (New York and Philadephia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989).
Cutter, Martha J. Philomla Speaks: Alice Walker's Revisioning of Rape Archetypes in The Color Purple. (Los Angels: Mellus, Fall 2000).
Gates, Henry Louis Jr., and Appiah. K. A. Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, (New York: Amistad Press Inc., 1993).
Gates, James C. "Towards a Map of Mis(sed) Reading: The Presence of Absence in The Color Purple". African American Review, Spring 1992, Vol. 26 Issue 1.
Hankinson, Static Lynn. "from Monotheism to Pantheism: Liberation from Patriarchy in Alice Walker's The Color Purple", (Midwest Quarterly, Spring 1997), Vol. 38 Issue 3.
Heglar, Charles J. "From Monotheism to Pantheism: Liberation from Patriarchy in Alice Walker's The Color Purple", Midwest Quarterly. Spring 1997. Vol. 38 Issue 3.
Hite, Molly. The Other Side of The Story: Structures and Strategies of Contemporary Feminist Narrative, (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1989).
Howard, Lillie P., Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston. The Common Bond, (Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1989).
Inge, Tonette Bond. Southern Women Writers: The New Generation, (Tuscaloosa and London: Alabama University Press, 1990).
Joannou, Maroula. Contemporary Women's Writing from the Golden Notebook to The Color Purple, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000).
Lasswell, Thomas & Lasswell, Marcia. Marriage & the Family, (Belmont, California:
Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995).
Lerner, Genda. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, (New York: Random House Inc., 1973).
Levecq, Christine. "Black Women Writers and the American Neo-Slave Narrative. Feminnity Unfettered (Book Review)". African-American Review, Spring 2001.Vol. 35 Issue 1.
Lowis, Catherine E. "Serving Quilting, Knitting: Handicraft and Freedom in The Color Purple and A Woman's Story", Literature Film Quarterly, 2001. Vol. 29 Issue 3.
Melman, Billie. Women and the Popular Imagination in the Twenties, (London: Macmillan Press, 1988).
Walker, Alice. The Color Purple, (New York: Pocket Books, 1985).
Wasserman, Jerry. Queen Bee, King Bee." The Color Purple and the Blued, Canadian Review of American Studies, 2000 Vol. 30 Issue 3.
Winchell, Donna Haisty. Alice Walker, (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992).
白薇，对苦难的精神超越，北京：民族出版社，2003．
鲍晓兰，西方女权主义研究评介，三联书店，1995．
车文博主编，弗洛伊德文集，长春：长春出版社，2001．
方平，为什么顶楼上藏着一个疯女人，上海：上海文艺出版社，1994．
黄梅，一间自己的屋子，河北教育出版社，1995．
嵇敏，“美国黑人女权主义概观”，外国文学研究，2000，(4)．
柯林威尔森著，杜新宇译，马思洛和弗洛伊德主义，北京：华文出版社，2002．
李蓉，“在阅读中改变世界——西方女性主义文学批评与现代解释学”，外国文学研究，2000，(1)．
刘英，“论爱丽丝·沃克笔下女主人公形象的演变”，外国文学研究，2001，(2)．
刘耀中，荣格、弗洛伊德与艺术，北京：宝文堂书店，1989．
陆扬，精神分析文论，济南：山东教育出版社，1998
唐陶华，美国历史上的黑人奴隶制，上海人民出版社，1980．
王成宇，“《紫色》的空白语言艺术”，外国文学研究，2000，(4)．
望晓路，当代美国小说理论，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001．
汪义群，英美文学研究论丛，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001．
威廉·福斯特著，余家煌译，美国历史中的黑人，北京：三联书店出版社，1960．
翁得修、都岚岚，美国黑人女性文学，吉林大学出版社，2000．
徐明、魏来，外国文学史话(西方20世纪后期卷)，吉林人民出版社，2001．
杨敬仁，“美国黑人文学的新突破——评爱丽丝·沃克的《紫色》”，外国文学研究，1989，(1)．
约翰·克里曼编，贺明明译，弗洛伊德著作选，成都：四川人民出版社，1998．
张京媛，当代女性主义文学批评，北京大学出版社，1995．
张岩冰，女权主义文论，山东教育出版社，1998．
郑万耕，传统与超越，北京：北师大出版社，2001．
2. Mac G. Henderson, Alice Walker: The Color Purple (New York & Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), P 66.
3. Gayle Green & Coppelia ed., Making a Difference: Feminist Criticism (London: Methuen, 1985), P 40.
4．刘英，“论艾丽斯．沃克笔下女主人公形象的演变”，解放军外国语学院学报，2000，(9)，P 83-86．
5. Donna Haisy Winchell, Alice Walker (New York: Twayre Publishers, 1992), P 14.
6. Maroula Joannou, Contemporary Women's Writing: From The Golden Notes Book to The Color Purple, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000), P 179.
7. Molly Hite, The Other Side of the Story: Structure and Strategies of Contemporary Feminist Narrative, (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1989), P 103.
8. Maroula Joannou, Contemporary Women's Writing: From The Golden Notes Book to The Color Purple, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000), P 180.
9. Tamar Katz, Alice Walker: "Show Me How to Do Like You": Didacticism and Epistolary-Form in The Color Purple, (New York & Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), P185.
10. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and K.A. Appiah, Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, (New York: Amistad Press Inc., 1993), P 303.
11. Tamar Katz, Alice Walker: "Show Me How to Do Like You": Didacticism and Epistolary Form in The Color Purple, (New York & Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), 185.
12. Alice Walker, The Color Purple, (New York: Pocket Books, 1982), P 181. All the quotations in this paper refer to this edition, unless otherwise stated.
13. Martha J. Cutter, "Philomla Speaks: Alice Walker's Revisioning of Rape Archetypes in The Color Purple", (Los Angels: Mellus, Fall 2000), P 167.
14．约翰·克里曼编，贺明明译，弗洛伊德著作选，成都：四川人民出版社，1998，P121．
15. Barbara Christian, Alice Walker: The Black Woman Artist as Wayward, (New York & Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), P 45-46.
16. Ibid. P 64.
17．张岩冰，女权主义文论，济南：山东教出版社，1998，P 48．
18．谢金良、卢关泉主编，圣经典故词典，上海：复旦大学出版社，1998，P 706
19．Ibid．213
20．弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著，乔继堂主编，王义国、张军学、邹枚等译，伍尔夫全集第二卷，北京：中国社会科学院出版社，2001，P 488．
21．张岩冰，女权主义文论，山东教育出版社，1998，P 46．
22．弗吉尼亚．伍尔夫著，乔继堂主编，王义国、张军学、邹枚等译，伍尔夫全集第二卷，北京：中国社会科学院出版社，2001，P 570．
23．Ibid．P 523．
24．多丽丝．莱辛著，陈才宇、刘新民译，金色笔记，南京：译林出版社，2000，P 9．
25. http://www.cctv.com/feminist.html 2004-4-10
26．弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著，乔继堂主编，王义国、张军学、邹枚等译，伍尔夫全集第二卷，北京：中国社会科学院出版社，2001，P 528．
Baker, Houston A. Jr., and Redmond, Patricia. Afro-American Literary Study in the 1990s, (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1989).
Bloom, Harold. Alice Walker: Modern Critical Views. (New York and Philadephia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989).
Cutter, Martha J. Philomla Speaks: Alice Walker's Revisioning of Rape Archetypes in The Color Purple. (Los Angels: Mellus, Fall 2000).
Gates, Henry Louis Jr., and Appiah. K. A. Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, (New York: Amistad Press Inc., 1993).
Gates, James C. "Towards a Map of Mis(sed) Reading: The Presence of Absence in The Color Purple". African American Review, Spring 1992, Vol. 26 Issue 1.
Hankinson, Static Lynn. "from Monotheism to Pantheism: Liberation from Patriarchy in Alice Walker's The Color Purple", (Midwest Quarterly, Spring 1997), Vol. 38 Issue 3.
Heglar, Charles J. "From Monotheism to Pantheism: Liberation from Patriarchy in Alice Walker's The Color Purple", Midwest Quarterly. Spring 1997. Vol. 38 Issue 3.
Hite, Molly. The Other Side of The Story: Structures and Strategies of Contemporary Feminist Narrative, (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1989).
Howard, Lillie P., Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston. The Common Bond, (Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1989).
Inge, Tonette Bond. Southern Women Writers: The New Generation, (Tuscaloosa and London: Alabama University Press, 1990).
Joannou, Maroula. Contemporary Women's Writing from the Golden Notebook to The Color Purple, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000).
Lasswell, Thomas & Lasswell, Marcia. Marriage & the Family, (Belmont, California:
Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995).
Lerner, Genda. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, (New York: Random House Inc., 1973).
Levecq, Christine. "Black Women Writers and the American Neo-Slave Narrative. Feminnity Unfettered (Book Review)". African-American Review, Spring 2001.Vol. 35 Issue 1.
Lowis, Catherine E. "Serving Quilting, Knitting: Handicraft and Freedom in The Color Purple and A Woman's Story", Literature Film Quarterly, 2001. Vol. 29 Issue 3.
Melman, Billie. Women and the Popular Imagination in the Twenties, (London: Macmillan Press, 1988).
Walker, Alice. The Color Purple, (New York: Pocket Books, 1985).
Wasserman, Jerry. Queen Bee, King Bee." The Color Purple and the Blued, Canadian Review of American Studies, 2000 Vol. 30 Issue 3.
Winchell, Donna Haisty. Alice Walker, (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992).
白薇，对苦难的精神超越，北京：民族出版社，2003．
鲍晓兰，西方女权主义研究评介，三联书店，1995．
车文博主编，弗洛伊德文集，长春：长春出版社，2001．
方平，为什么顶楼上藏着一个疯女人，上海：上海文艺出版社，1994．
黄梅，一间自己的屋子，河北教育出版社，1995．
嵇敏，“美国黑人女权主义概观”，外国文学研究，2000，(4)．
柯林威尔森著，杜新宇译，马思洛和弗洛伊德主义，北京：华文出版社，2002．
李蓉，“在阅读中改变世界——西方女性主义文学批评与现代解释学”，外国文学研究，2000，(1)．
刘英，“论爱丽丝·沃克笔下女主人公形象的演变”，外国文学研究，2001，(2)．
刘耀中，荣格、弗洛伊德与艺术，北京：宝文堂书店，1989．
陆扬，精神分析文论，济南：山东教育出版社，1998
唐陶华，美国历史上的黑人奴隶制，上海人民出版社，1980．
王成宇，“《紫色》的空白语言艺术”，外国文学研究，2000，(4)．
望晓路，当代美国小说理论，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001．
汪义群，英美文学研究论丛，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001．
威廉·福斯特著，余家煌译，美国历史中的黑人，北京：三联书店出版社，1960．
翁得修、都岚岚，美国黑人女性文学，吉林大学出版社，2000．
徐明、魏来，外国文学史话(西方20世纪后期卷)，吉林人民出版社，2001．
杨敬仁，“美国黑人文学的新突破——评爱丽丝·沃克的《紫色》”，外国文学研究，1989，(1)．
约翰·克里曼编，贺明明译，弗洛伊德著作选，成都：四川人民出版社，1998．
张京媛，当代女性主义文学批评，北京大学出版社，1995．
张岩冰，女权主义文论，山东教育出版社，1998．
郑万耕，传统与超越，北京：北师大出版社，2001．