身份的危机与建构
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摘要
欧内斯特·盖恩斯(Ernest Gaines,1933-)是继赖特、鲍德温和艾里森之后美国20世纪六十年代以来美国最重要的小说家之一,也是美国南方最负盛名的黑人小说家,但国内对其小说创作的研究还仅仅处于起步阶段,无论是在其小说的思想内涵方面,还是其叙事艺术方面,都缺乏系统、深入的研究。
本文以男性气概理论为视角,深入研究盖恩斯小说中黑人男性气概及其男性身份的实践性多元建构策略。
首先,盖恩斯在把重压下的勇气作为黑人男性气概的总基调的同时,通过女性叙事赋予了黑人男性气概与白人男权文化语境下的支配性男性气概不同的特质。盖恩斯小说中的黑人男性气概继承了传统男性气概中的合理内核,同时摒弃了其霸道、征服、暴力等消极因素,从而建构起一种新型男性气概模式。
其次,盖恩斯的小说把黑人男性气概的建构与黑人男性个人空间中的道德伦理建构结合起来。其中,黑人男性的父性回归就是其中的一项重要建构策略,这种个人空间中道德伦理的建构也是其在公共空间中有所作为的保障。
再次,盖恩斯小说中黑人男性气概的建构与“双重身份”的超越结合起来,使黑人男性气概获得了政治身份与文化身份的确证。
第四,盖恩斯的小说在黑人男性气概的建构过程中,既没有忽视宗教信仰作为一种不可或缺的救赎力量对黑人男性气概建构的重大意义,又没有忽略黑人理性教育的重要性,而是让两者有机地统一于黑人男性的成长过程中,使之在信仰与理性之间获得平衡。
第五,盖恩斯的小说中黑人男性气概的建构还与黑人种族的集体解放和救赎结合起来,强调黑人个体对黑人社区的责任。
最后,盖恩斯的小说在黑人男性气概的建构方面还体现了深邃的历史视野,探究了对灭绝人性的奴隶制给黑人留下的历史创伤的正确认识对黑人男性气概建构的重要性,表现出一种辨证的过去观,并且以一种开放的、积极的态度对待黑人现状的变革,使黑人的男性气概与男性身份在变革现状、开拓未来的过程中得到建构与实践。
可以说,在黑人男性气概的建构方面,盖恩斯的小说所体现的是一种实践性多元的建构策略,这种建构策略蕴含了强烈的问题意识,是针对黑人男性因历史和现实种种原因所造成的种种缺失和面临的种种危机展开的,有效地平衡和弥合了黑人男性在其成长过程中所经历的诸如个人与集体、信仰与理性、男性与女性、个人空间与公共空间等矛盾和冲突,因而有着更多的可实践性和可操作性,同时也使小说在男性叙事方面充满了张力和效度,更能引发读者的深层思考。
总之,盖恩斯的小说把黑人男性气概置放到一个更为丰富、多元、广阔的叙事空间里建构,让黑人男性个体在矛盾与悖论中反思,在挫败中成长；少了不着边际的追问和臆想,多了脚踏实地的努力与奋斗。因此,盖恩斯小说创作中所再现的不再是《土生子》与《隐形人》等小说中所表现出来的那种抽象的、飘忽的男性气概,而是一种更为真实、更有时代气息、更符合人性的男性气概。
用男性气概视角研究盖恩斯小说、黑人文学乃至世界文学至少有以下几个方面的意义：
首先,研究盖恩斯小说中的男性书写和男性气概的建构有利于促进对美国黑人文学乃至世界文学研究范式的丰富和拓展,有着不可忽略的理论建构意义。当今世界文学中的性别研究其实是女性研究的代名词,男性研究一直处于失语状态。作为男性研究理论体系的核心概念,男性气概的研究必然会大大促进世界文学中的男性研究,这有利于对打破当今文学中性别研究的不平衡状态。
其次,有利于黑人男性形象的丰富和深化。黑人男性形象的塑造在黑人文学中一直占据一个重要的位置。无论赖特、鲍德温和艾里森等黑人男性作家还是莫里森和沃克等黑人女性作家,都非常注重黑人男性形象的塑造。盖恩斯的小说中对黑人男性形象的塑造大大丰富和拓展了黑人男性书写传统。
再次,对盖恩斯小说或黑人文学中的黑人男性气概的研究对当代黑人男性获得其主体性从而走出身份危机——这也是本文主、副标题的关联所在——有着重要的启示意义。
最后,对黑人男性气概的研究对于构建和谐的两性伦理有着不可或缺的重大意义。在21世纪的今天,早已经不合时宜的男权文化依然左右着人们的思想和观念,对和谐的两性关系的构建依然是一个重大障碍。因此对盖恩斯小说中黑人男性气概的研究有利于促进人们对男权文化语境下的支配性男性气概的批判,对构建和谐的两性伦理有着重大意义。
Ernest Gaines is one of the most important novelists since Richards Wright, James Baldwin, and Ralph Ellison in America. And he is also the most important novelist in South USA. However, the research on his novels has just begun. No systematic and deep-going research has been carried out both on the thoughts and narrative arts in his novels.
This dissertation mainly studies the practicable multiple strategies about the construction of black manhood and black male identity in Ernest Gaines's novels from the perspective of the theory of masculinity studies.
Firstly, while making the "courage under pressure" as the overall keynote, Gaines endows black manhood a specialty quite different from the hegemonic manhood defined by the white patriarchal culture with a female narrative. The black manhood in Gaines's novels inherits some reasonable notion of patriarchal manhood and at the same time abandons such negative and destructive elements as the hegemony, longing to conquer, and violence embodied in patriarchal manhood, thus constructing a new model of black manhood.
Secondly, the construction of black manhood in Gaines's novels is closely connected with the construction of morality of black individuals in their private space. The restoration of black men's fatherhood is such a strategy. And the construction of morality of black men in their private space guarantees their success in public space.
Thirdly, the construction of black manhood in Gaines's novels is connected with the transcendence of the "double conscious" which endows black manhood with the affirmation of political identity and cultural identity.
Fourthly, during the process of black manhood construction, Gaines's novels neither ignore the significance of religion as an indispensable salvaging power to black manhood, nor give a blind eye to the importance of rational education to black people. Instead, they integrate the two powers into the the growth of black men, thus keeping a balance between the two.
Fifthly, Gaines's novels also combine the construction of black manhood with the collective liberation and salvage of the black people, emphasizing the sense of responsibility of the black individuals to the black community.
Finally, Gaines's novels exhibits insightful historic vision while constructing black manhood, exploring the significance of the right cognition of historic trauma left by dehumanizing slavery upon black men, demonstrating a dialectic notion about the past. At the same time, his novels uphold an open and active attitude towards the change of black people's status quo and thus make the black manhood constructed and practiced during the very process of changing the black people's circumstances and creating a new future.
Undoubtedly, Gaines's novels exhibit a practicable multiple strategy in terms of the construction of black manhood. This strategy has a strong sense of problem and it is carried out according to various deficiencies and crisisses obsessing black men both for the historical and realistic reasons. It efficiently balances and bridges the contradictions and conflicts between individual and collective, belief and rationality, male and female, private space and public space, and the two identities during the growth of black males, thus becoming more practicable and operational. At the same time, this strategy is full of tension and power in the male narrative which will provoke more profound thinking about the issue among the readers.
In short, the black manhood in Gaines's novels is constructed in an ample, multiple, and expansive narrative space, making the black male individuals reflect themselves in contradictions and paradoxes and obtain their maturity in frustrations, making them cut down useless metaphysical quest and unreasonable speculation and devote themselves to hardheaded work and struggle. Therefore, what Gaines's novels construct is no longer the abtract and uncertain manhood represented in such African American novels as Native Son and Invisible Man, but a more truthful and humanistic manhood with great sense of times.
There are several benefits as follows to study Gaines's novels, the African American literature, or even the world literature from the perspective of manhood:
Firstly, the study of male writing and the construction of black manhood will help enrich and diversify the paradigms of literary research both for African American literature and the world literature, so it has theoretical significance. The gender studies in literature nowadays almost equate the female studies, and masculinity studies have seriously been ignored. As the core concept in masculinity studies, the study of manhood will promote the masculinity studies and resume the balance of gender studies in literature.
Secondly, the study of black manhood will enrich and deepen the image of black males.The representation of the black males has always occupied a crucial position in African American literature. Such male writers as Wright and Baldwin and such female writers as Morrison and Walker have done a lot of work in the representation of black males. The black male portrayed in the novels by Gainies has greatly enriched this tradition of black male writing.
Thirdly, the studies of black manhood in Gaines's novels or black literature are of much illuminating importance for black men to actualize their subjectivity and then to go out of their identity crisisses----this is also the internal relationship between principal title and subtitle.
Fourthly, the study of black manhood in Gaines's novels will be of great significance for the construction of harmonious relationship between the male and female. Today, the obsolete patriarchal culture is still exerting negative influence upon people's notion about manhood and creating a big obstacle to the constructing of a harmonious gender relationship. In this sense, the study of black manhood in Gaines's novels will promote people's critical awareness of hegemonic manhood shaped by the patriarchal culture, and will prove to be of great importance for the construction of a harmonious ethics.
本文以男性气概理论为视角,深入研究盖恩斯小说中黑人男性气概及其男性身份的实践性多元建构策略。
首先,盖恩斯在把重压下的勇气作为黑人男性气概的总基调的同时,通过女性叙事赋予了黑人男性气概与白人男权文化语境下的支配性男性气概不同的特质。盖恩斯小说中的黑人男性气概继承了传统男性气概中的合理内核,同时摒弃了其霸道、征服、暴力等消极因素,从而建构起一种新型男性气概模式。
其次,盖恩斯的小说把黑人男性气概的建构与黑人男性个人空间中的道德伦理建构结合起来。其中,黑人男性的父性回归就是其中的一项重要建构策略,这种个人空间中道德伦理的建构也是其在公共空间中有所作为的保障。
再次,盖恩斯小说中黑人男性气概的建构与“双重身份”的超越结合起来,使黑人男性气概获得了政治身份与文化身份的确证。
第四,盖恩斯的小说在黑人男性气概的建构过程中,既没有忽视宗教信仰作为一种不可或缺的救赎力量对黑人男性气概建构的重大意义,又没有忽略黑人理性教育的重要性,而是让两者有机地统一于黑人男性的成长过程中,使之在信仰与理性之间获得平衡。
第五,盖恩斯的小说中黑人男性气概的建构还与黑人种族的集体解放和救赎结合起来,强调黑人个体对黑人社区的责任。
最后,盖恩斯的小说在黑人男性气概的建构方面还体现了深邃的历史视野,探究了对灭绝人性的奴隶制给黑人留下的历史创伤的正确认识对黑人男性气概建构的重要性,表现出一种辨证的过去观,并且以一种开放的、积极的态度对待黑人现状的变革,使黑人的男性气概与男性身份在变革现状、开拓未来的过程中得到建构与实践。
可以说,在黑人男性气概的建构方面,盖恩斯的小说所体现的是一种实践性多元的建构策略,这种建构策略蕴含了强烈的问题意识,是针对黑人男性因历史和现实种种原因所造成的种种缺失和面临的种种危机展开的,有效地平衡和弥合了黑人男性在其成长过程中所经历的诸如个人与集体、信仰与理性、男性与女性、个人空间与公共空间等矛盾和冲突,因而有着更多的可实践性和可操作性,同时也使小说在男性叙事方面充满了张力和效度,更能引发读者的深层思考。
总之,盖恩斯的小说把黑人男性气概置放到一个更为丰富、多元、广阔的叙事空间里建构,让黑人男性个体在矛盾与悖论中反思,在挫败中成长；少了不着边际的追问和臆想,多了脚踏实地的努力与奋斗。因此,盖恩斯小说创作中所再现的不再是《土生子》与《隐形人》等小说中所表现出来的那种抽象的、飘忽的男性气概,而是一种更为真实、更有时代气息、更符合人性的男性气概。
用男性气概视角研究盖恩斯小说、黑人文学乃至世界文学至少有以下几个方面的意义：
首先,研究盖恩斯小说中的男性书写和男性气概的建构有利于促进对美国黑人文学乃至世界文学研究范式的丰富和拓展,有着不可忽略的理论建构意义。当今世界文学中的性别研究其实是女性研究的代名词,男性研究一直处于失语状态。作为男性研究理论体系的核心概念,男性气概的研究必然会大大促进世界文学中的男性研究,这有利于对打破当今文学中性别研究的不平衡状态。
其次,有利于黑人男性形象的丰富和深化。黑人男性形象的塑造在黑人文学中一直占据一个重要的位置。无论赖特、鲍德温和艾里森等黑人男性作家还是莫里森和沃克等黑人女性作家,都非常注重黑人男性形象的塑造。盖恩斯的小说中对黑人男性形象的塑造大大丰富和拓展了黑人男性书写传统。
再次,对盖恩斯小说或黑人文学中的黑人男性气概的研究对当代黑人男性获得其主体性从而走出身份危机——这也是本文主、副标题的关联所在——有着重要的启示意义。
最后,对黑人男性气概的研究对于构建和谐的两性伦理有着不可或缺的重大意义。在21世纪的今天,早已经不合时宜的男权文化依然左右着人们的思想和观念,对和谐的两性关系的构建依然是一个重大障碍。因此对盖恩斯小说中黑人男性气概的研究有利于促进人们对男权文化语境下的支配性男性气概的批判,对构建和谐的两性伦理有着重大意义。
Ernest Gaines is one of the most important novelists since Richards Wright, James Baldwin, and Ralph Ellison in America. And he is also the most important novelist in South USA. However, the research on his novels has just begun. No systematic and deep-going research has been carried out both on the thoughts and narrative arts in his novels.
This dissertation mainly studies the practicable multiple strategies about the construction of black manhood and black male identity in Ernest Gaines's novels from the perspective of the theory of masculinity studies.
Firstly, while making the "courage under pressure" as the overall keynote, Gaines endows black manhood a specialty quite different from the hegemonic manhood defined by the white patriarchal culture with a female narrative. The black manhood in Gaines's novels inherits some reasonable notion of patriarchal manhood and at the same time abandons such negative and destructive elements as the hegemony, longing to conquer, and violence embodied in patriarchal manhood, thus constructing a new model of black manhood.
Secondly, the construction of black manhood in Gaines's novels is closely connected with the construction of morality of black individuals in their private space. The restoration of black men's fatherhood is such a strategy. And the construction of morality of black men in their private space guarantees their success in public space.
Thirdly, the construction of black manhood in Gaines's novels is connected with the transcendence of the "double conscious" which endows black manhood with the affirmation of political identity and cultural identity.
Fourthly, during the process of black manhood construction, Gaines's novels neither ignore the significance of religion as an indispensable salvaging power to black manhood, nor give a blind eye to the importance of rational education to black people. Instead, they integrate the two powers into the the growth of black men, thus keeping a balance between the two.
Fifthly, Gaines's novels also combine the construction of black manhood with the collective liberation and salvage of the black people, emphasizing the sense of responsibility of the black individuals to the black community.
Finally, Gaines's novels exhibits insightful historic vision while constructing black manhood, exploring the significance of the right cognition of historic trauma left by dehumanizing slavery upon black men, demonstrating a dialectic notion about the past. At the same time, his novels uphold an open and active attitude towards the change of black people's status quo and thus make the black manhood constructed and practiced during the very process of changing the black people's circumstances and creating a new future.
Undoubtedly, Gaines's novels exhibit a practicable multiple strategy in terms of the construction of black manhood. This strategy has a strong sense of problem and it is carried out according to various deficiencies and crisisses obsessing black men both for the historical and realistic reasons. It efficiently balances and bridges the contradictions and conflicts between individual and collective, belief and rationality, male and female, private space and public space, and the two identities during the growth of black males, thus becoming more practicable and operational. At the same time, this strategy is full of tension and power in the male narrative which will provoke more profound thinking about the issue among the readers.
In short, the black manhood in Gaines's novels is constructed in an ample, multiple, and expansive narrative space, making the black male individuals reflect themselves in contradictions and paradoxes and obtain their maturity in frustrations, making them cut down useless metaphysical quest and unreasonable speculation and devote themselves to hardheaded work and struggle. Therefore, what Gaines's novels construct is no longer the abtract and uncertain manhood represented in such African American novels as Native Son and Invisible Man, but a more truthful and humanistic manhood with great sense of times.
There are several benefits as follows to study Gaines's novels, the African American literature, or even the world literature from the perspective of manhood:
Firstly, the study of male writing and the construction of black manhood will help enrich and diversify the paradigms of literary research both for African American literature and the world literature, so it has theoretical significance. The gender studies in literature nowadays almost equate the female studies, and masculinity studies have seriously been ignored. As the core concept in masculinity studies, the study of manhood will promote the masculinity studies and resume the balance of gender studies in literature.
Secondly, the study of black manhood will enrich and deepen the image of black males.The representation of the black males has always occupied a crucial position in African American literature. Such male writers as Wright and Baldwin and such female writers as Morrison and Walker have done a lot of work in the representation of black males. The black male portrayed in the novels by Gainies has greatly enriched this tradition of black male writing.
Thirdly, the studies of black manhood in Gaines's novels or black literature are of much illuminating importance for black men to actualize their subjectivity and then to go out of their identity crisisses----this is also the internal relationship between principal title and subtitle.
Fourthly, the study of black manhood in Gaines's novels will be of great significance for the construction of harmonious relationship between the male and female. Today, the obsolete patriarchal culture is still exerting negative influence upon people's notion about manhood and creating a big obstacle to the constructing of a harmonious gender relationship. In this sense, the study of black manhood in Gaines's novels will promote people's critical awareness of hegemonic manhood shaped by the patriarchal culture, and will prove to be of great importance for the construction of a harmonious ethics.
引文
① Earl Ofari Htchinson, The Assassination of the Black Male Image, New York:Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1996, p.14.
② Keith Clark, Black Manhood in James Baldwin, Ernest J. Gaines, and August Wilson, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.67.
③宫玉波、梁亚平：《殉难、复仇、融合——试评美国文学中黑人形象的嬗变》,《外国文学研究》,2003年第5期,第159页。
①王雪梅、毛刚：《从<土生子>到<看不见的人>——从两位主人公对待黑人文化的态度看美国黑人文学发展》,《社科纵横》,2004年第4期,第131页。
②同上,第131页。
③同上，第132页。
④谭惠娟：《从<无形人>到<六月庆典>——论拉尔夫·埃利森的文学创作》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》,2003年第6期.第106页。
①谭惠娟：《詹姆斯·鲍德温的文学‘弑父’与美国黑人文学的转向》,《外国文学研究》,2006年第6期,第135页。
①Anne K.Simpson, A Gathering of Gaines:The Man and the Writer, Lafayette:University of Southwestern Lousisiana,1991,p.206.
②Valerie Melissa Babb, Ernest Gaines, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1991, p.5.
③Karen Carmean, Ernest J. Gaines:A Critical Companion, London:Greenwood Press,1998, p.8.
① Anne K. Simpson, A Gathering of Gaines:The Man and the Writer, Lafayette:University of Southwestern Lousisiana,1991, p.264.
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, back cover.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, title page.
②Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, title page.
③Anne K Simpson,A Gathering of Gaines:The Man and the Writer, Lafayette:University of Southwestern Lousisiana,1991,p.329.
④Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, the head page.
① Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, cover page.
② Ibid., back cover.
① Keith Clark, Black Manhood in James Baldwin, Ernest J. Gaines, and August Wilson, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.60.
② Ibid., p.87.
①王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》,译林出版社,2006年版,第499-500页。
②李庆学：《南方黑人文化的记录者——欧内斯特·盖恩斯访谈》,《译林》,2007年第4期,第183页。
①计艳辉：《成长的艰难——评欧内斯特·盖恩斯短片小说<阴沉沉的天>》,《吉林广播大学学报》,2008年第4期,第107页。
②同上,第109页。
③鲁莉：《回顾历史、展示现状、思索未来——简评欧内斯特·盖恩斯作品<老人集合>》,《时代文学》,2009年第3期,第95页。
④同上,第96页。
⑤栾奇：《进步源自任何微小的有益的改变——论盖恩斯小说<临终一课>人物格兰特内心改变的意义》,《社会科学战线》,2009年第12期,第151页。
⑥同上,151页。
①Keith Clark, Black Manhood in James Baldwin, Ernest J. Gaines, and August Wilson, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.67.
①方刚：《男性研究与男性运动》,山东人民出版社,2008年版,“自序”第1页。
②同上,第2页。
①哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第4-5页。
②方刚：《男性研究与男性运动》,山东人民出版社,2008年版,第3页。
①R. W. Connell, Masculinities, Berkeley:University of California Press,2005, p.68.
②这类的书目很多,如理查德·梅杰和加内特·曼悉尼·比尔森(Richard Majors and Janet Mancini Billson)的《扮酷：美国黑人的两难处境》(Cool Pose:The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America,1992)、马金·吉姆·考纳(Markene Kim Connor)的《怎样才叫酷?：美国黑人男性气概的理解》(What Is Cool?: Understanding Black Manhood in America,2003)、德森·J·弗兰克林(Anderson J. Franklin)的《从兄弟之情到男性气概：黑人如何从隐形综合症中挽救彼此的关系和梦想》(From Brotherhood to Manhood:How Black Men Rescue Their Relationships and Dreams from the Invisibility Syndrome,2004)、斯蒂夫·埃斯特(Steve Estes)的《我是男人!：种族、男性气概和民权运动》(I Am A Man!:Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement,2005)和约瑟夫·A·拜里IIMD的《美国黑人的男性气概》(Manhood in Black Americans,2006)等等,由此我们可以看到美国黑人社会学家对黑人男性气概的重视程度。
①David D.Gilmore, Manhood in the Making:Cultural Concepts of Masculinity, New Haven & London:Yale University Press,1990, p.1.
①David D.Gilmore, Manhood in the Making:Cultural Concepts of Masculinity, New Haven & London:Yale University Press,1990, p.123.
①张德明：《流散族群的身份建构——当代加勒比海英语文学研究》,浙江大学出版社,2007年版,第173页。
②《孟子·告子下》,《四书五经》,陈戌国点校,岳麓出版社,2002年,第90页。
③同上,第126页.
①亚历克斯·哈里著：《根》,郑惠丹译,译林出版社,2005年版,第77页。
①哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版，第205页。
②R·W·康奈尔著：《男性气质》,柳莉等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第42-43页。
③同上,第63页。
④同上,第92页。
①R·W·康奈尔著：《男性气质》,柳莉等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第110页。
②转引自秦启文、周永康：《形象学导论》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第332页。
③秦启文、周永康：《形象学导论》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年,第332页。
④哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第57页。
⑤同上,第34页。
⑥同上,第132页。
①秦启文、周永康：《形象学导论》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第340页。
①这些作品中,伊姆·阿克巴(Na'im Akbar)写的《美国黑人视野》(Vision for Black Men,1991)、厄尔·奥法利·希钦森(Earl Ofari.Htchinson)写的《黑人男性形象的扼杀》(The Assassination of the Black Male Image,1996)、菲利普·布莱恩·哈普(Phillip Brian Harpe)写的《难道我们不是男人吗?：男性焦虑与非裔美国人的身份问题》(Are We Not Men?:Masculine Anxiety and the Problem of African-American Identity,1996)、亚瑟·莱德维奇(Asher Ledwidge)写的《写给黑人男性：灵魂和救赎》(For the Black Man:Soul and Redemption,2001)、毛里斯·0·华莱士(Maurice O.Wallace)的《男性气概的建构：非裔美国男性文学文化中的身份和理想,1775-1995》(Constructing the Black Masculine:Identity and Ideality in African American Men's Literature and Culture,1775-1995,2002)、贝尔·沪克斯(bell hooks)写的《震撼我的灵魂：黑人与自尊》(Rock My Soul:Black People and Self-Esteem,2003)和马克·安东尼·尼尔(Mark Anthony Neal)写的《新黑人》(New Black Man,2006)等著作最具代表性。
① Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.138.
② Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.102.
①哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第307页。
②吴金平：《自由之路——弗·道格拉斯与美国黑人解放运动》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,第29页。
③同上,第34页。
④乔安妮·格兰特著：《美国黑人斗争史——1619年至今的历史、文献与分析》,郭瀛等译,中国社会科学出版社,1987年版,第508页。
⑤同上,第510页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.102.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.19.
①欧内斯特·海明威著：《老人与海》,世界图书出版公司,1989年版,第92页。
②哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第139页。
③同上,第29页。
④John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.114-115.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.84.
②《孟子·滕文公下》,《四书五经》,陈戌国点校,岳麓出版社,2002版,第90页.
③哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第72页。
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.242.
② Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.40.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.242.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.16-82.
② Ibid.,p.56.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.138.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Mozart and Leadbelly:Stories and Essays, New York:Random House,2005, p.50.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.254.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Mozart and Leadbelly:Stories and Essays, New York:Random House,2005, p.49.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.103.
② Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.126.
③ John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.138-139.
④R·W·康奈尔著：《男性气质》,柳莉等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第276页。
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.70.
② Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.58.
①Henry Louis Gates,Jr.Thirteen Ways of Looking at A Black Man,New York:Vintage Books,1997,p.ⅩⅤ.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.258.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995 p.263.
①转引自黄虚峰：《美国南方转型时期社会生活研究(1877-1920),上海人民出版社,2007年版,第55页。
②Sambo一词出现在17世纪中叶,该词已被用来专门指北美黑人,并带有很强的贬义色彩。这一解释参见张立新的著作《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》(中国社会科学出版社,2007年版)第2页的注释。
③张立新：《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版，第2页。
①张立新：《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版,第51页。
②同上,第260页。
③同上,第51页。
④同上,第188页。
①转引自Earl Ofari Htchinson, The Assassination of the Black Male Image, New York:Simon & Schuster Paperbacks,1996, pp.25-26.
②Ibid., p.26.
③James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1962, reprinted 1993, p.82.
①查尔斯·泰勒著、董之琳等译：“承认的政治”,收录于《文化与公共性》,汪晖、陈燕谷主编,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2005年版,第324页。
②同上,第324页。
③转引自Maurice O.Wallace, Constructing the Black Masculine:Identity and Ideality in African American Men's Literature and Culture,1775-1995, Durham:Duke University Press,2002, p.34.
④James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1962, reprinted 1993, p.77. ⑤Emest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.192.
①Karen Carmean, Ernest J. Gaines:A Critical Companion, London:Greenwood Press,1998, p.51.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.115.
② Karen Carmean, Ernest J. Gaines:A Critical Companion, London:Greenwood Press,1998, P57.
①乔安妮·格兰特：《美国黑人斗争史——1619年至今的历史、文献与分析》,郭瀛等译,中国社会科学出版社,1987年版,第92-93页。
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.101.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.172.
③Ibid., p.183.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.191.
②Ibid.,p.47.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.9.
②Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.72.
①王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第66页。
②哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第230页。
①Ernest J.Gaines, Mozart and Leadbelly:Stories and Essays, New York:Random House,2005, pp.49-50.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.30.
①秦启文、周永康：《形象学导论》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第333页。
① Frank W. Shelton, "In My Father's House:Ernest Gaines after Jane Pittman", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.24.
①Joseph Griffin, "Ernest J. Gaines's Good News:Sacrifice and Redemption in 'Of Love and Dust'", Modern Language Studies, Vol.18, p.81.
②Mary Ellen Doyle, Voices from the Quarters:The Fiction of Ernest J. Gaines, Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2002, p.170.
① David E. Vancil, "Redemption According to Ernest Gaines." African American Review, Vol.28, p.490.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.171.
①方刚：《当代西方男性气质理论概述》,《国外社会科学》,2006年第4期,第67-72页。
②bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.7.
① John W. Roberts, "The Individual and the Community in Two Short Stories by Ernest J. Gaines", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.25.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.98.
① Ernest J.Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.57.
② Ibid., p.61.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.84.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.86,
① bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.93.
② Ibid., p.105.
③ Ibid., p.106.
④ Ibid., p.117.
⑤ Ibid.,p.87.
① Suzanne W. Jones, Race Mixing:Southern Fiction since the Sixties, Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004, p.126.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.9.
② Ibid., p.134.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.134.
②Ibid., p.176.
③Ibid., p.132.
④Ibid., p.136.
①Ernest J.Gaines,Catherine Carmier,New York:Random House,1964,p.139.
②Ibid.,p.153.
③Ibid.,p.153.
④Ibid.,p.154.
⑤Ibid.,p.118.
⑥Ibid.,p.118.
⑦Ibid.,p.117.
⑧Ibid.,p.118.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.116.
② Ibid., p.116.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.12.
②Ibid.,p.12.
③Ibid.,p.117.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, pp.118-119.
②Ibid.,p.119.
③Ibid.,p.212.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.247.
②转引自寿静心：《从中心到边缘——论当代女性主义文学中的男性形象》,《青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2007年2月,第83页。
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.93.
② Suzanne W. Jones, Race Mixing:Southern Fiction since the Sixties, Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004, p.139.
① Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, eds. Conversations with James Baldwin, Jackson and Longdon:University Press of Mississippi,1989, p.130.
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.93.
③ Ibid., p.94.
④ Ibid., p.95.
⑤ Ibid., p.95.
⑥ Ibid., p.95.
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.95.
② Ibid., p.101.
③ Ibid., pp.94-95.
④ Ibid.,p.97.
⑤ Ibid., p.97.
⑥ Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.100.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.99.
②哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第79-80页。
①哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第110页。
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.102.
③ Ibid.p.93.
①转引自bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.50.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.49.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.169.
①欧内斯特·海明威：《老人与海(英文版)》,世界图书出版公司,1989年版,第92页。
②R·W·康奈尔著：《男性气质》,柳莉等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第337页。
③欧内斯特·海明威：《老人与海(英文版)》,世界图书出版公司,1989年版,第113页。
①同上,第113页
②Ernest J.Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.102.
①Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Bantam Books,1993, p.31.
②Ibid.,p.32.
① Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Bantam Books,1993, p.106.
② Ibid., p.203.
③ Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Bantam Books,1993, p.203.
① Suzanne W. Jones, Race Mixing:Southern Fiction since the Sixties, Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004, p.146.
① Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.210.
② Ibid., p.210.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.21.
① Mary Ellen Dyle, "A melus Interview:Ernest J. Gaines---'Other Thngs to Write About'", MELUS, Volume 11, p.73.
①张立新：《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版,第170页。
②同上,第170页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.87.
②Ibid., p.108.
③Ibid., p.108.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.144.
② Ibid., p.144.
①L·达维逊&L·K·果敦著：《性别社会学》,程志民等译,重庆出版社,1989年版,第168页。
②L·达维逊&L·K·果敦著：《性别社会学》,程志民等译,重庆出版社,1989年版,第168页。
③同上,第169页。
④L·达维逊&L·K·果敦著：《性别社会学》,程志民等译,重庆出版社,1989年版，第169页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.14. ②Ibid. pp.211-212.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.147.
② Ernest J. Gaines, OfLove and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.12.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.224.
①Ernest J.Gaines,In My Father's House,New York:Random House,1978,p.148.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.156.
②Ibid., p.159.
③Ibid., p.172.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.160.
②Ibid., p.161.
③Ibid., p.163.
④Ibid.,p.163.
① James Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name, New York:Vintage International,1993, p.126.
② http://yxk.cn.yahoo.com/articles/20100518/326q_2.html.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.10.
② Ibid.,p.16.
③ Ibid.,p.68.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.52.
②Ibid.,p.60.
③Ibid.,p.67.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.67.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.105.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.99.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.99.
②王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》,译林出版社,2006年版,第354页。
③Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.99.
①Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, eds. Conversations with James Baldwin, Jackson and Longdon:University Press of Mississippi,1989, p.78.
②Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.103.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.76.
② Ibid., p.26.
③ Ibid., p.27.
④ Ibid., p.27.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.27.
② Ibid., p.27.
③ Ibid., p.75.
④ James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1962, reprinted 1993, p.99.
⑤ Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.102.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.196.
② Ibid., p.196.
③ Ibid., p.198.
①Ernest J.Gaines,In My Father's House,New York: Random House,1978,p.153.
①Ernest J.Gaines,In My Father's House,New York:Random House,1978,p.69.
①王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》,译林出版社,2006年版,第516页。
②Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, pp.149-150.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.202.
②Ibid., p.166.
①阿瑟·科尔曼、莉比·科尔曼著：《父亲：神话与角色的变换》,刘文成、王军等译,东方出版社,1998年版,第34页。
①蒋天平：《上帝还是恶魔?——20世纪美国黑人小说中的父性》,《海外文坛》,2008年第3期,第156页。
②Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.166.
①Ibid., p.166.
②Mary Ellen Doyle, Voices from the Quarters:The Fiction of Ernest J. Gaines, Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press, 2002, p.156.
① W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, New York:Bantam Books,1989, p.3.
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.112.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.161.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.113.
①陈致远：《多元文化的现代美国》,四川人民出版社,2003年,第353页。
②同上,第354页
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.115.
①转引自Joseph Griffin, "Calling, Naming, and Coming of Age in Emest Gaines's A Gathering of Old Men", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.68.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, pp.3-4.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.123.
②Ibid., p.123.
③Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.93.
④Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.21.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.5.
② Ibid., p.132.
③ Ibid., p.6.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House, p.210.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.210.
①Joseph Griffin, "Calling, Naming, and Coming of Age in Ernest Gaines's A Gathering of Old Men", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.68.
②易中天：《艺术人类学》,上海文艺出版社,1992年版,第61页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.115.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.188.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.277.
② Ibid., p.277.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.216.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.193.
② Phyllis Baker, African-American Spirituality, Thought & Culture, New York:iUniverse, Inc.,2007, p.91.
①Ernest J.Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.18.
②Ibid., p.63.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.62.
①Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005,48.
②许芳：《托妮·莫里森笔下的黑人世界》,《武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版)》,2001年第6期,第585页。
①转引自许芳：《托妮·莫里森笔下的黑人世界》,《武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版)》,2001年第6期,第585页。
②黄晖：《20世纪美国黑人文学批评理论》,《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期,第24页。
③王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第124页。
④曾竹青：《当代美国黑人文学寻根热潮》,《湘潭大学社会科学学报》,2002年第4期,第104页。
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.237.
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.240.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.152.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.236.
① Joseph Griffin, "Calling, Naming, and Coming of Age in Emest Gaines's A Gathering of Old Men", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.68.
①关于对“进步”话语的反省和批判,请参看殷企平：《推敲“进步”话语——新型小说在19世纪的英国》(商务印书馆,2009年版),该作深刻剖析了19世纪英国小说体现出来的工业社会对“进步”话语的盲目推崇,是促进人们反思“工业社会精神”和商业价值观的力著。
②尼采著：《快乐的知识》,黄明嘉译,中央编译出版社,1999年版,第126页。
③王岳川：《艺术本体论》,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版,第53页。
④张志刚：《宗教哲学研究——当代观念、关键环节及其方法论批判》,中国人民大学出版社,2003年版,第251页。
①郭湛：《主体性哲学——人的存在及其意义》,云南人民出版社,2002年版,第38页。
② Cornel West, "Nihilism in Black America", Black Popular Culture, ed. Gina Dent, Seattle:Bay Press,1992, p. 43.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.237.
① Ernest J.Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.94.
② Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.35.
① Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.90.
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971,p.239.
③ Gaines, Ernest J. In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.51.
① Gaines, Ernest J. A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.52.
② Ibid.,p.61.
③ Ibid.,p.71.
① Gaines, Ernest J. A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.71.
② Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.102.
③ Ibid., p.40.
④ Ibid., p.55.
①Ernest J.Gaines,A Lesson Before Dying,New York: Random House,1993,p.151.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.95.
② Ibid., p.96.
③ Ibid., p.97.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.97.
② Albert J.Raboteau, Canaan Land:A Religious History of African Americans, New York:Oxford University, 2001, p.104.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.36-37.
② James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1993, p.31.
③ Ibid.,p.30.
④ Ibid.,p.30.
①James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1993, pp.39-40.
②Ibid., p.47.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.100.
② Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.214.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.155.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.155.
②Ibid., pp.155-156.
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.156.
② Ibid., pp.156-157.
①胡山林：《文学艺术与终极关怀》,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版,第36页。
② Lee Papa, "'His Feet on your Neck':The New Religion in the Works of Ernest J. Gaines", African American Review, Vol.27, p.192.
① Ibid., p.192.
② Mary Ellen Doyle:"Ernest Gaines' Materials:Place, People, Author", MELUS, Vol.15, pp.84-85.
③ Phyllis Baker, African-American Spirituality, Thought & Culture, New York:iUniverse, Inc.,2007, p.37.
④ Ibid., p.37.
①伯纳德·W·贝尔：《非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统》,刘捷等译,四川人民出版社,2000年,第358页。
② Albert J. Raboteau, Canaan Land:A Religious History of African Americans, New York:Oxford University, 2001, p.135.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.222.
② Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.116.
③ John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.185.
① Ibid., p.249.
② Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.158.
①Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.251.
②转引自Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.174.
③Jerrrey J. Folks, "Communal Responsibility in Ernest J. Gaines's A Lesson Before Dying", Southern Review, Vol. 52, p.265.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.223.
②Albert J.Raboteau, Canaan Land:A Religious History of African Americans, New York:Oxford University, 2001,p.134.
③Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.150.
④Jeffrey K. Hadden and Theodore E. Long, ed. Religion and Religiosity in America:Studies in Honor of Joseph H. Fichter, New York:The Crossroad Publishing Company,1983, p.131.
⑤ Ibid., p.149.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.164.
②W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, New York:Bantam Books,1989, p.136.
③Milton C. Sernett. ed. African American Religious History:A Documentary Witness, Durham and London:Duke University Press,1999, pp.3-4.
④Jacqeline Bobo, "The Politics of Interpretation:Black Critics, Filmmakers, Audiences", Black Popular Culture, ed. by Gina Dent, Seattle:Bay Press,1992, p.71.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.51-52.
②James Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name, New York:Vintage International,1993, p.136.
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.225.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.34.
② John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.218.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, pp.34-35.
② Ibid., p.34.
③ John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.218.
④ Ibid., p.218.
①Carter GWoodson, The Mis-Educatioin of the Negro, Blacksburg:Wilder Publications,2008, p.15.
① Mary C. Waters, Black Identities:West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, New York:Harvard University Press,1999, p.67.
② Carter G. Woodson, The Educatioin of the Negro, New York:A&B Publisher Group,1999, p.1.
③ Ibid.,p.5.
④ Ibid., pp.5-6.
⑤ John Henrik Clarke, "Foreword" to The Educatioin of the Negro, by Carter G. Woodson, New York:A&B Publisher Group,1999, p.ⅸ.
⑥ John Henrik Clarke, "Foreword" to The Educatioin of the Negro, by Carter G. Woodson, New York:A&B Publisher Group,1999, p.ⅸ.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York: Random House,1993, p.56.
①Ibid.,p.56.
① bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.39.
② Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.65.
③ Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Educatioin of the Negro, Blacksburg:Wilder Publications,2008, p.7.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.90.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.65.
② Ibid., p.192.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.125.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.39.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.113.
②Ibid., p.113.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.115.
②王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》,译林出版社,2006年,第350页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.116.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York: Random House,1993, p.164.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.149.
② Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, eds. Conversations with James Baldwin, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1989, p.45.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.91.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.44.
③ Bernard W. Bell, The Contemporary African American Novel:Its Folk Roots and Modern Literary Branches, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007, p.201.
④ Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.191.
⑤ Ibid., p.156.
①Ernest J.Gaines,Catherine Carmier,New York: Random House,1964,p.80.
②Ibid.,p.81.
③Ibid.,p.157.
④Ibid.,p.63.
⑤Ibid.,p.66.
⑥Ibid.,p.67.
①Charles H. Rowell, "The Quarters:Ernest Gaines and the Sense of Place", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.33.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.79.
③Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.29.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.30.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.31.
① Suzanne W. Jones, Race Mixing:Southern Fiction since the Sixties, Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004, p.141.
② John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.63.
① Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, eds. Conversations with James Baldwin, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1989, p.155.
①王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第132页。
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.70.
③王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第132页。
①王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第132页。
②同上,第136页。
③王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第137页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971,241.
①吴金平：《自由之路——弗·道格拉斯与美国黑人解放运动》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,第279页。
③同上,第281页。
④同上,第294页。
⑤Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.20.
⑥转引自Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.20.
⑦Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.22.
⑧Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.23.
①王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第116-117页。
②《论语·子路》,《四书五经》,陈戌国点校,岳麓出版社,2002年版,第44页。
①大卫·雷·格里芬著：《后现代精神》,王成兵译,中央编译出版社,1997年版,第139页。
②Ernest J.Gaines,Bloodline,New York:Random House,1968,P.100.
①Ibid.,P.100.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.56.
①艾·阿德勒著：《理解人生》,陈刚、陈旭译,贵州人民出版社,1991年版,第11页。
②同上,第11页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.87.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.110.
②Ibid., p.196.
①John W. Roberts, "The Individual and the Community in Two Short Stories by Ernest J. Gaines", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.28.
②Charles H. Rowell, "The Quarters:Ernest Gaines and the Sense of Place", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.30.
①Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.49.
②王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第131-132页。
③Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978,p.124.
①James Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name, New York:Vintage International,1962, reprinted 1993, p.78.
②Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.50.
①爱德华·W·萨义德著：《知识分子论》,单德兴译,三联书店,2002年版,第40页。
②顾红亮：《责任与她者——列维纳斯的责任观》,《社会科学研究》,2006年第1期,第40页。
①张立新：《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版,第230-231页。
②王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第116页。
③同上,第108页。
①Houston A. Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.73.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.98.
③Ibid., p.98.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.29.
②Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.50.
③Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.45.
①Ibid., p.137.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.171.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.122.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.29.
③Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.242.
①乔修峰：《乔治·艾略特与维多利亚时代的责任观念》,《外国文学研究》,2009年第4期,第109页。
②Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.216.
③Bernard W. Bell, The Contemporary African American Novel:Its Folk Roots and Modern Literary Branches, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007, p.203.
①Anissa Janine Wardi,"A Lesson Before Dying",MELUS,Vol.21,p.193.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.167.
②Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.46.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.191.
②转引自伯纳德·W·贝尔著：《非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统》,刘捷等译,四川人民出版社,2000年版,第303页。
①Charles H. Rowell,"The Quarters:Ernest Gaines and the Sense of Place", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.34.
②Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971,p.242.
③鲁迅：《呐喊》自序,《鲁迅全集》(第一卷),鲁迅先生纪念委员会编,人民文学出版社,1973年,第274页。
①鲁迅：《呐喊》自序,《鲁迅全集》(第一卷),鲁迅先生纪念委员会编,人民文学出版社,1973年,第274页。
②同上,第274页。
③Ernest J.Gaines,The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman,New York:Bantam Books,1971,p.242.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House. New York: Random House,1978, p.202.
②Ibid pp.201-202.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House. New York:Random House,1978, p.201.
① Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, Bejing:Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press,1994, p.256.
② Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.200.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978,p.129.
② Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.44.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.136.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.211.
②Ibid., p.211.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson 1995, p.264.
②Jerrrey J.Folks, "Communal Responsibility in Emest J. Gaines's A Lesson Before Dying", Southern Review, Vol. 52, p.259.
③ John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.34.
①Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978,152.
②转引自殷企平：“重复”,《西方文论关键词》,赵一凡等主编,外语教学与研究出版社,2006年版,第19页。
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.284.
②bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.111.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.74-75.
②曾竹青：《当代美国黑人文学寻根热潮》,《湘潭大学社会科学学报》,2002年第4期,第110页。
①Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.41.
②Gaines, Ernest J. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.25.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.25.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.26.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.89.
②Ibid., p.89.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.259.
①Ibid.,p.29.
②Ernest J.Gaines,In My Father's House.New York:Random House,1978,p.167.
③Ibid.,p.169.
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宫玉波、梁亚平：《殉难、复仇、融合——试评美国文学中黑人形象的嬗变》,《外国文学研究》,2003年第5期,第158-161页。
顾红亮：《责任与她者——列维纳斯的责任观》,《社会科学研究》,2006年第1期,第37-40页。
黄晖：《20世纪美国黑人文学批评理论》,《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期,第24页。
计艳辉：《成长的艰难——评欧内斯特·盖恩斯短片小说<阴沉沉的天>》,载《吉林广播大学学报》,2008年第4期,第107-109页。
蒋天平：《上帝还是恶魔?——20世纪美国黑人小说中的父性》,《海外文坛》,2008年第3期,第155-157页。
李庆学：《南方黑人文化的记录者——欧内斯特·盖恩斯访谈》,《译林》,2007年第4期,第183-186页。
鲁莉：《回顾历史、展示现状、思索未来——简评欧内斯特·盖恩斯作品<老人集合>》,《时代文学》,2009年第3期,第95-97页。
栾奇：《进步源自任何微小的有益的改变——论盖恩斯小说<临终一课>人物格兰特内心改变的意义》,《社会科学战线》,2009年第12期,第151-156页。
寿静心：《从中心到边缘——论当代女性主义文学中的男性形象》,《青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2007年第2期,第81-85页。
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——：《詹姆斯·鲍德温的文学‘弑父’与美国黑人文学的转向》,《外国文学研究》,2006年第6期,第130-138页。
王雪梅、毛刚：《从<土生子>到<看不见的人>——从两位主人公对待黑人文化的态度看美国黑人文学发展》,《社科纵横》,2004年第4期,第131-132页。
严华、谈言玲：《是神话,还是谎言?——解读盖恩斯<死前一课>》,《扬州大学学报(人文社会科学版)》,2007年第2期,第67-70页。
曾竹青：《当代美国黑人文学寻根热潮》,《湘潭大学社会科学学报》,2002年第4期,第103-106页。
http://yxk.cn.yahoo.com/articles/20100518/326q2.html.
② Keith Clark, Black Manhood in James Baldwin, Ernest J. Gaines, and August Wilson, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.67.
③宫玉波、梁亚平：《殉难、复仇、融合——试评美国文学中黑人形象的嬗变》,《外国文学研究》,2003年第5期,第159页。
①王雪梅、毛刚：《从<土生子>到<看不见的人>——从两位主人公对待黑人文化的态度看美国黑人文学发展》,《社科纵横》,2004年第4期,第131页。
②同上,第131页。
③同上，第132页。
④谭惠娟：《从<无形人>到<六月庆典>——论拉尔夫·埃利森的文学创作》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》,2003年第6期.第106页。
①谭惠娟：《詹姆斯·鲍德温的文学‘弑父’与美国黑人文学的转向》,《外国文学研究》,2006年第6期,第135页。
①Anne K.Simpson, A Gathering of Gaines:The Man and the Writer, Lafayette:University of Southwestern Lousisiana,1991,p.206.
②Valerie Melissa Babb, Ernest Gaines, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1991, p.5.
③Karen Carmean, Ernest J. Gaines:A Critical Companion, London:Greenwood Press,1998, p.8.
① Anne K. Simpson, A Gathering of Gaines:The Man and the Writer, Lafayette:University of Southwestern Lousisiana,1991, p.264.
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, back cover.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, title page.
②Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, title page.
③Anne K Simpson,A Gathering of Gaines:The Man and the Writer, Lafayette:University of Southwestern Lousisiana,1991,p.329.
④Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, the head page.
① Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, cover page.
② Ibid., back cover.
① Keith Clark, Black Manhood in James Baldwin, Ernest J. Gaines, and August Wilson, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.60.
② Ibid., p.87.
①王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》,译林出版社,2006年版,第499-500页。
②李庆学：《南方黑人文化的记录者——欧内斯特·盖恩斯访谈》,《译林》,2007年第4期,第183页。
①计艳辉：《成长的艰难——评欧内斯特·盖恩斯短片小说<阴沉沉的天>》,《吉林广播大学学报》,2008年第4期,第107页。
②同上,第109页。
③鲁莉：《回顾历史、展示现状、思索未来——简评欧内斯特·盖恩斯作品<老人集合>》,《时代文学》,2009年第3期,第95页。
④同上,第96页。
⑤栾奇：《进步源自任何微小的有益的改变——论盖恩斯小说<临终一课>人物格兰特内心改变的意义》,《社会科学战线》,2009年第12期,第151页。
⑥同上,151页。
①Keith Clark, Black Manhood in James Baldwin, Ernest J. Gaines, and August Wilson, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.67.
①方刚：《男性研究与男性运动》,山东人民出版社,2008年版,“自序”第1页。
②同上,第2页。
①哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第4-5页。
②方刚：《男性研究与男性运动》,山东人民出版社,2008年版,第3页。
①R. W. Connell, Masculinities, Berkeley:University of California Press,2005, p.68.
②这类的书目很多,如理查德·梅杰和加内特·曼悉尼·比尔森(Richard Majors and Janet Mancini Billson)的《扮酷：美国黑人的两难处境》(Cool Pose:The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America,1992)、马金·吉姆·考纳(Markene Kim Connor)的《怎样才叫酷?：美国黑人男性气概的理解》(What Is Cool?: Understanding Black Manhood in America,2003)、德森·J·弗兰克林(Anderson J. Franklin)的《从兄弟之情到男性气概：黑人如何从隐形综合症中挽救彼此的关系和梦想》(From Brotherhood to Manhood:How Black Men Rescue Their Relationships and Dreams from the Invisibility Syndrome,2004)、斯蒂夫·埃斯特(Steve Estes)的《我是男人!：种族、男性气概和民权运动》(I Am A Man!:Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement,2005)和约瑟夫·A·拜里IIMD的《美国黑人的男性气概》(Manhood in Black Americans,2006)等等,由此我们可以看到美国黑人社会学家对黑人男性气概的重视程度。
①David D.Gilmore, Manhood in the Making:Cultural Concepts of Masculinity, New Haven & London:Yale University Press,1990, p.1.
①David D.Gilmore, Manhood in the Making:Cultural Concepts of Masculinity, New Haven & London:Yale University Press,1990, p.123.
①张德明：《流散族群的身份建构——当代加勒比海英语文学研究》,浙江大学出版社,2007年版,第173页。
②《孟子·告子下》,《四书五经》,陈戌国点校,岳麓出版社,2002年,第90页。
③同上,第126页.
①亚历克斯·哈里著：《根》,郑惠丹译,译林出版社,2005年版,第77页。
①哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版，第205页。
②R·W·康奈尔著：《男性气质》,柳莉等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第42-43页。
③同上,第63页。
④同上,第92页。
①R·W·康奈尔著：《男性气质》,柳莉等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第110页。
②转引自秦启文、周永康：《形象学导论》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第332页。
③秦启文、周永康：《形象学导论》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年,第332页。
④哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第57页。
⑤同上,第34页。
⑥同上,第132页。
①秦启文、周永康：《形象学导论》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第340页。
①这些作品中,伊姆·阿克巴(Na'im Akbar)写的《美国黑人视野》(Vision for Black Men,1991)、厄尔·奥法利·希钦森(Earl Ofari.Htchinson)写的《黑人男性形象的扼杀》(The Assassination of the Black Male Image,1996)、菲利普·布莱恩·哈普(Phillip Brian Harpe)写的《难道我们不是男人吗?：男性焦虑与非裔美国人的身份问题》(Are We Not Men?:Masculine Anxiety and the Problem of African-American Identity,1996)、亚瑟·莱德维奇(Asher Ledwidge)写的《写给黑人男性：灵魂和救赎》(For the Black Man:Soul and Redemption,2001)、毛里斯·0·华莱士(Maurice O.Wallace)的《男性气概的建构：非裔美国男性文学文化中的身份和理想,1775-1995》(Constructing the Black Masculine:Identity and Ideality in African American Men's Literature and Culture,1775-1995,2002)、贝尔·沪克斯(bell hooks)写的《震撼我的灵魂：黑人与自尊》(Rock My Soul:Black People and Self-Esteem,2003)和马克·安东尼·尼尔(Mark Anthony Neal)写的《新黑人》(New Black Man,2006)等著作最具代表性。
① Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.138.
② Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.102.
①哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第307页。
②吴金平：《自由之路——弗·道格拉斯与美国黑人解放运动》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,第29页。
③同上,第34页。
④乔安妮·格兰特著：《美国黑人斗争史——1619年至今的历史、文献与分析》,郭瀛等译,中国社会科学出版社,1987年版,第508页。
⑤同上,第510页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.102.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.19.
①欧内斯特·海明威著：《老人与海》,世界图书出版公司,1989年版,第92页。
②哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第139页。
③同上,第29页。
④John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.114-115.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.84.
②《孟子·滕文公下》,《四书五经》,陈戌国点校,岳麓出版社,2002版,第90页.
③哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第72页。
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.242.
② Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.40.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.242.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.16-82.
② Ibid.,p.56.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.138.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Mozart and Leadbelly:Stories and Essays, New York:Random House,2005, p.50.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.254.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Mozart and Leadbelly:Stories and Essays, New York:Random House,2005, p.49.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.103.
② Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.126.
③ John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.138-139.
④R·W·康奈尔著：《男性气质》,柳莉等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第276页。
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.70.
② Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.58.
①Henry Louis Gates,Jr.Thirteen Ways of Looking at A Black Man,New York:Vintage Books,1997,p.ⅩⅤ.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.258.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995 p.263.
①转引自黄虚峰：《美国南方转型时期社会生活研究(1877-1920),上海人民出版社,2007年版,第55页。
②Sambo一词出现在17世纪中叶,该词已被用来专门指北美黑人,并带有很强的贬义色彩。这一解释参见张立新的著作《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》(中国社会科学出版社,2007年版)第2页的注释。
③张立新：《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版，第2页。
①张立新：《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版,第51页。
②同上,第260页。
③同上,第51页。
④同上,第188页。
①转引自Earl Ofari Htchinson, The Assassination of the Black Male Image, New York:Simon & Schuster Paperbacks,1996, pp.25-26.
②Ibid., p.26.
③James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1962, reprinted 1993, p.82.
①查尔斯·泰勒著、董之琳等译：“承认的政治”,收录于《文化与公共性》,汪晖、陈燕谷主编,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2005年版,第324页。
②同上,第324页。
③转引自Maurice O.Wallace, Constructing the Black Masculine:Identity and Ideality in African American Men's Literature and Culture,1775-1995, Durham:Duke University Press,2002, p.34.
④James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1962, reprinted 1993, p.77. ⑤Emest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.192.
①Karen Carmean, Ernest J. Gaines:A Critical Companion, London:Greenwood Press,1998, p.51.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.115.
② Karen Carmean, Ernest J. Gaines:A Critical Companion, London:Greenwood Press,1998, P57.
①乔安妮·格兰特：《美国黑人斗争史——1619年至今的历史、文献与分析》,郭瀛等译,中国社会科学出版社,1987年版,第92-93页。
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.101.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.172.
③Ibid., p.183.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.191.
②Ibid.,p.47.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.9.
②Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.72.
①王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第66页。
②哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第230页。
①Ernest J.Gaines, Mozart and Leadbelly:Stories and Essays, New York:Random House,2005, pp.49-50.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.30.
①秦启文、周永康：《形象学导论》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第333页。
① Frank W. Shelton, "In My Father's House:Ernest Gaines after Jane Pittman", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.24.
①Joseph Griffin, "Ernest J. Gaines's Good News:Sacrifice and Redemption in 'Of Love and Dust'", Modern Language Studies, Vol.18, p.81.
②Mary Ellen Doyle, Voices from the Quarters:The Fiction of Ernest J. Gaines, Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2002, p.170.
① David E. Vancil, "Redemption According to Ernest Gaines." African American Review, Vol.28, p.490.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.171.
①方刚：《当代西方男性气质理论概述》,《国外社会科学》,2006年第4期,第67-72页。
②bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.7.
① John W. Roberts, "The Individual and the Community in Two Short Stories by Ernest J. Gaines", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.25.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.98.
① Ernest J.Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.57.
② Ibid., p.61.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.84.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.86,
① bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.93.
② Ibid., p.105.
③ Ibid., p.106.
④ Ibid., p.117.
⑤ Ibid.,p.87.
① Suzanne W. Jones, Race Mixing:Southern Fiction since the Sixties, Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004, p.126.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.9.
② Ibid., p.134.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.134.
②Ibid., p.176.
③Ibid., p.132.
④Ibid., p.136.
①Ernest J.Gaines,Catherine Carmier,New York:Random House,1964,p.139.
②Ibid.,p.153.
③Ibid.,p.153.
④Ibid.,p.154.
⑤Ibid.,p.118.
⑥Ibid.,p.118.
⑦Ibid.,p.117.
⑧Ibid.,p.118.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.116.
② Ibid., p.116.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.12.
②Ibid.,p.12.
③Ibid.,p.117.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, pp.118-119.
②Ibid.,p.119.
③Ibid.,p.212.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.247.
②转引自寿静心：《从中心到边缘——论当代女性主义文学中的男性形象》,《青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2007年2月,第83页。
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.93.
② Suzanne W. Jones, Race Mixing:Southern Fiction since the Sixties, Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004, p.139.
① Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, eds. Conversations with James Baldwin, Jackson and Longdon:University Press of Mississippi,1989, p.130.
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.93.
③ Ibid., p.94.
④ Ibid., p.95.
⑤ Ibid., p.95.
⑥ Ibid., p.95.
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.95.
② Ibid., p.101.
③ Ibid., pp.94-95.
④ Ibid.,p.97.
⑤ Ibid., p.97.
⑥ Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.100.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.99.
②哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第79-80页。
①哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德著：《男性气概》,刘玮译,译林出版社,2009年版,第110页。
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.102.
③ Ibid.p.93.
①转引自bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.50.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.49.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.169.
①欧内斯特·海明威：《老人与海(英文版)》,世界图书出版公司,1989年版,第92页。
②R·W·康奈尔著：《男性气质》,柳莉等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第337页。
③欧内斯特·海明威：《老人与海(英文版)》,世界图书出版公司,1989年版,第113页。
①同上,第113页
②Ernest J.Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.102.
①Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Bantam Books,1993, p.31.
②Ibid.,p.32.
① Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Bantam Books,1993, p.106.
② Ibid., p.203.
③ Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Bantam Books,1993, p.203.
① Suzanne W. Jones, Race Mixing:Southern Fiction since the Sixties, Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004, p.146.
① Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.210.
② Ibid., p.210.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.21.
① Mary Ellen Dyle, "A melus Interview:Ernest J. Gaines---'Other Thngs to Write About'", MELUS, Volume 11, p.73.
①张立新：《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版,第170页。
②同上,第170页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.87.
②Ibid., p.108.
③Ibid., p.108.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.144.
② Ibid., p.144.
①L·达维逊&L·K·果敦著：《性别社会学》,程志民等译,重庆出版社,1989年版,第168页。
②L·达维逊&L·K·果敦著：《性别社会学》,程志民等译,重庆出版社,1989年版,第168页。
③同上,第169页。
④L·达维逊&L·K·果敦著：《性别社会学》,程志民等译,重庆出版社,1989年版，第169页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.14. ②Ibid. pp.211-212.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.147.
② Ernest J. Gaines, OfLove and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.12.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.224.
①Ernest J.Gaines,In My Father's House,New York:Random House,1978,p.148.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.156.
②Ibid., p.159.
③Ibid., p.172.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.160.
②Ibid., p.161.
③Ibid., p.163.
④Ibid.,p.163.
① James Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name, New York:Vintage International,1993, p.126.
② http://yxk.cn.yahoo.com/articles/20100518/326q_2.html.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.10.
② Ibid.,p.16.
③ Ibid.,p.68.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.52.
②Ibid.,p.60.
③Ibid.,p.67.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.67.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.105.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.99.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.99.
②王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》,译林出版社,2006年版,第354页。
③Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.99.
①Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, eds. Conversations with James Baldwin, Jackson and Longdon:University Press of Mississippi,1989, p.78.
②Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.103.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.76.
② Ibid., p.26.
③ Ibid., p.27.
④ Ibid., p.27.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.27.
② Ibid., p.27.
③ Ibid., p.75.
④ James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1962, reprinted 1993, p.99.
⑤ Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.102.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.196.
② Ibid., p.196.
③ Ibid., p.198.
①Ernest J.Gaines,In My Father's House,New York: Random House,1978,p.153.
①Ernest J.Gaines,In My Father's House,New York:Random House,1978,p.69.
①王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》,译林出版社,2006年版,第516页。
②Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, pp.149-150.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.202.
②Ibid., p.166.
①阿瑟·科尔曼、莉比·科尔曼著：《父亲：神话与角色的变换》,刘文成、王军等译,东方出版社,1998年版,第34页。
①蒋天平：《上帝还是恶魔?——20世纪美国黑人小说中的父性》,《海外文坛》,2008年第3期,第156页。
②Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.166.
①Ibid., p.166.
②Mary Ellen Doyle, Voices from the Quarters:The Fiction of Ernest J. Gaines, Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press, 2002, p.156.
① W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, New York:Bantam Books,1989, p.3.
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.112.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.161.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.113.
①陈致远：《多元文化的现代美国》,四川人民出版社,2003年,第353页。
②同上,第354页
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.115.
①转引自Joseph Griffin, "Calling, Naming, and Coming of Age in Emest Gaines's A Gathering of Old Men", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.68.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, pp.3-4.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.123.
②Ibid., p.123.
③Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.93.
④Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.21.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.5.
② Ibid., p.132.
③ Ibid., p.6.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House, p.210.
② Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.210.
①Joseph Griffin, "Calling, Naming, and Coming of Age in Ernest Gaines's A Gathering of Old Men", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.68.
②易中天：《艺术人类学》,上海文艺出版社,1992年版,第61页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.115.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.188.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.277.
② Ibid., p.277.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.216.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.193.
② Phyllis Baker, African-American Spirituality, Thought & Culture, New York:iUniverse, Inc.,2007, p.91.
①Ernest J.Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.18.
②Ibid., p.63.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.62.
①Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005,48.
②许芳：《托妮·莫里森笔下的黑人世界》,《武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版)》,2001年第6期,第585页。
①转引自许芳：《托妮·莫里森笔下的黑人世界》,《武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版)》,2001年第6期,第585页。
②黄晖：《20世纪美国黑人文学批评理论》,《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期,第24页。
③王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第124页。
④曾竹青：《当代美国黑人文学寻根热潮》,《湘潭大学社会科学学报》,2002年第4期,第104页。
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.237.
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.240.
③ Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.152.
①Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.236.
① Joseph Griffin, "Calling, Naming, and Coming of Age in Emest Gaines's A Gathering of Old Men", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.68.
①关于对“进步”话语的反省和批判,请参看殷企平：《推敲“进步”话语——新型小说在19世纪的英国》(商务印书馆,2009年版),该作深刻剖析了19世纪英国小说体现出来的工业社会对“进步”话语的盲目推崇,是促进人们反思“工业社会精神”和商业价值观的力著。
②尼采著：《快乐的知识》,黄明嘉译,中央编译出版社,1999年版,第126页。
③王岳川：《艺术本体论》,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版,第53页。
④张志刚：《宗教哲学研究——当代观念、关键环节及其方法论批判》,中国人民大学出版社,2003年版,第251页。
①郭湛：《主体性哲学——人的存在及其意义》,云南人民出版社,2002年版,第38页。
② Cornel West, "Nihilism in Black America", Black Popular Culture, ed. Gina Dent, Seattle:Bay Press,1992, p. 43.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.237.
① Ernest J.Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.94.
② Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.35.
① Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.90.
② Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971,p.239.
③ Gaines, Ernest J. In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.51.
① Gaines, Ernest J. A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.52.
② Ibid.,p.61.
③ Ibid.,p.71.
① Gaines, Ernest J. A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.71.
② Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.102.
③ Ibid., p.40.
④ Ibid., p.55.
①Ernest J.Gaines,A Lesson Before Dying,New York: Random House,1993,p.151.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.95.
② Ibid., p.96.
③ Ibid., p.97.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Bloodline, New York:Random House,1968, p.97.
② Albert J.Raboteau, Canaan Land:A Religious History of African Americans, New York:Oxford University, 2001, p.104.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.36-37.
② James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1993, p.31.
③ Ibid.,p.30.
④ Ibid.,p.30.
①James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, New York:Vintage International,1993, pp.39-40.
②Ibid., p.47.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.100.
② Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.214.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.155.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.155.
②Ibid., pp.155-156.
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.156.
② Ibid., pp.156-157.
①胡山林：《文学艺术与终极关怀》,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版,第36页。
② Lee Papa, "'His Feet on your Neck':The New Religion in the Works of Ernest J. Gaines", African American Review, Vol.27, p.192.
① Ibid., p.192.
② Mary Ellen Doyle:"Ernest Gaines' Materials:Place, People, Author", MELUS, Vol.15, pp.84-85.
③ Phyllis Baker, African-American Spirituality, Thought & Culture, New York:iUniverse, Inc.,2007, p.37.
④ Ibid., p.37.
①伯纳德·W·贝尔：《非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统》,刘捷等译,四川人民出版社,2000年,第358页。
② Albert J. Raboteau, Canaan Land:A Religious History of African Americans, New York:Oxford University, 2001, p.135.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Of Love and Dust, New York:Random House,1967, p.222.
② Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.116.
③ John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.185.
① Ibid., p.249.
② Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.158.
①Ernest J.Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.251.
②转引自Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.174.
③Jerrrey J. Folks, "Communal Responsibility in Ernest J. Gaines's A Lesson Before Dying", Southern Review, Vol. 52, p.265.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.223.
②Albert J.Raboteau, Canaan Land:A Religious History of African Americans, New York:Oxford University, 2001,p.134.
③Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.150.
④Jeffrey K. Hadden and Theodore E. Long, ed. Religion and Religiosity in America:Studies in Honor of Joseph H. Fichter, New York:The Crossroad Publishing Company,1983, p.131.
⑤ Ibid., p.149.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.164.
②W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, New York:Bantam Books,1989, p.136.
③Milton C. Sernett. ed. African American Religious History:A Documentary Witness, Durham and London:Duke University Press,1999, pp.3-4.
④Jacqeline Bobo, "The Politics of Interpretation:Black Critics, Filmmakers, Audiences", Black Popular Culture, ed. by Gina Dent, Seattle:Bay Press,1992, p.71.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.51-52.
②James Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name, New York:Vintage International,1993, p.136.
① Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.225.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.34.
② John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.218.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, pp.34-35.
② Ibid., p.34.
③ John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.218.
④ Ibid., p.218.
①Carter GWoodson, The Mis-Educatioin of the Negro, Blacksburg:Wilder Publications,2008, p.15.
① Mary C. Waters, Black Identities:West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, New York:Harvard University Press,1999, p.67.
② Carter G. Woodson, The Educatioin of the Negro, New York:A&B Publisher Group,1999, p.1.
③ Ibid.,p.5.
④ Ibid., pp.5-6.
⑤ John Henrik Clarke, "Foreword" to The Educatioin of the Negro, by Carter G. Woodson, New York:A&B Publisher Group,1999, p.ⅸ.
⑥ John Henrik Clarke, "Foreword" to The Educatioin of the Negro, by Carter G. Woodson, New York:A&B Publisher Group,1999, p.ⅸ.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York: Random House,1993, p.56.
①Ibid.,p.56.
① bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.39.
② Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.65.
③ Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Educatioin of the Negro, Blacksburg:Wilder Publications,2008, p.7.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.90.
① Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.65.
② Ibid., p.192.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.125.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.39.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.113.
②Ibid., p.113.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.115.
②王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》,译林出版社,2006年,第350页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.116.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York: Random House,1993, p.164.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.149.
② Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, eds. Conversations with James Baldwin, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1989, p.45.
① Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.91.
② bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.44.
③ Bernard W. Bell, The Contemporary African American Novel:Its Folk Roots and Modern Literary Branches, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007, p.201.
④ Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.191.
⑤ Ibid., p.156.
①Ernest J.Gaines,Catherine Carmier,New York: Random House,1964,p.80.
②Ibid.,p.81.
③Ibid.,p.157.
④Ibid.,p.63.
⑤Ibid.,p.66.
⑥Ibid.,p.67.
①Charles H. Rowell, "The Quarters:Ernest Gaines and the Sense of Place", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.33.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.79.
③Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.29.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.30.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.31.
① Suzanne W. Jones, Race Mixing:Southern Fiction since the Sixties, Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004, p.141.
② John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.63.
① Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, eds. Conversations with James Baldwin, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1989, p.155.
①王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第132页。
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.70.
③王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第132页。
①王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第132页。
②同上,第136页。
③王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第137页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971,241.
①吴金平：《自由之路——弗·道格拉斯与美国黑人解放运动》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,第279页。
③同上,第281页。
④同上,第294页。
⑤Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.20.
⑥转引自Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.20.
⑦Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.22.
⑧Houston A.Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.23.
①王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第116-117页。
②《论语·子路》,《四书五经》,陈戌国点校,岳麓出版社,2002年版,第44页。
①大卫·雷·格里芬著：《后现代精神》,王成兵译,中央编译出版社,1997年版,第139页。
②Ernest J.Gaines,Bloodline,New York:Random House,1968,P.100.
①Ibid.,P.100.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.56.
①艾·阿德勒著：《理解人生》,陈刚、陈旭译,贵州人民出版社,1991年版,第11页。
②同上,第11页。
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.87.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.110.
②Ibid., p.196.
①John W. Roberts, "The Individual and the Community in Two Short Stories by Ernest J. Gaines", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.28.
②Charles H. Rowell, "The Quarters:Ernest Gaines and the Sense of Place", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.30.
①Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.49.
②王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第131-132页。
③Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978,p.124.
①James Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name, New York:Vintage International,1962, reprinted 1993, p.78.
②Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.50.
①爱德华·W·萨义德著：《知识分子论》,单德兴译,三联书店,2002年版,第40页。
②顾红亮：《责任与她者——列维纳斯的责任观》,《社会科学研究》,2006年第1期,第40页。
①张立新：《文化的扭曲——美国文学与文化中的黑人形象研究(1877-1914)》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版,第230-231页。
②王恩铭：《美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2006年版,第116页。
③同上,第108页。
①Houston A. Baker, Betrayal:How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2008, p.73.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.98.
③Ibid., p.98.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.29.
②Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.50.
③Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.45.
①Ibid., p.137.
②Ernest J. Gaines, Catherine Carmier, New York:Random House,1964, p.171.
①Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.122.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.29.
③Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.242.
①乔修峰：《乔治·艾略特与维多利亚时代的责任观念》,《外国文学研究》,2009年第4期,第109页。
②Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.216.
③Bernard W. Bell, The Contemporary African American Novel:Its Folk Roots and Modern Literary Branches, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007, p.203.
①Anissa Janine Wardi,"A Lesson Before Dying",MELUS,Vol.21,p.193.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.167.
②Ernest J. Gaines, A Gathering of Old Men, New York:Random House,1983, p.46.
①Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying, New York:Random House,1993, p.191.
②转引自伯纳德·W·贝尔著：《非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统》,刘捷等译,四川人民出版社,2000年版,第303页。
①Charles H. Rowell,"The Quarters:Ernest Gaines and the Sense of Place", Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.181, Thomson Gale,2002, p.34.
②Ernest J. Gaines, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971,p.242.
③鲁迅：《呐喊》自序,《鲁迅全集》(第一卷),鲁迅先生纪念委员会编,人民文学出版社,1973年,第274页。
①鲁迅：《呐喊》自序,《鲁迅全集》(第一卷),鲁迅先生纪念委员会编,人民文学出版社,1973年,第274页。
②同上,第274页。
③Ernest J.Gaines,The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman,New York:Bantam Books,1971,p.242.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House. New York: Random House,1978, p.202.
②Ibid pp.201-202.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House. New York:Random House,1978, p.201.
① Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, Bejing:Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press,1994, p.256.
② Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.200.
① Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978,p.129.
② Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.44.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.136.
①Ernest J. Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978, p.211.
②Ibid., p.211.
① John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson 1995, p.264.
②Jerrrey J.Folks, "Communal Responsibility in Emest J. Gaines's A Lesson Before Dying", Southern Review, Vol. 52, p.259.
③ John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.34.
①Ernest J.Gaines, In My Father's House, New York:Random House,1978,152.
②转引自殷企平：“重复”,《西方文论关键词》,赵一凡等主编,外语教学与研究出版社,2006年版,第19页。
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.284.
②bell hooks, We Real Cool:Black Men and Masculinity, New York:Routledge,2004, p.111.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, pp.74-75.
②曾竹青：《当代美国黑人文学寻根热潮》,《湘潭大学社会科学学报》,2002年第4期,第110页。
①Keith Byerman, Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005, p.41.
②Gaines, Ernest J. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York:Bantam Books,1971, p.25.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.25.
②John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.26.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.89.
②Ibid., p.89.
①John Lowe, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995, p.259.
①Ibid.,p.29.
②Ernest J.Gaines,In My Father's House.New York:Random House,1978,p.167.
③Ibid.,p.169.
Gaines, Ernest J. Catherine Carmier. New York:Random House,1964.
Gaines, Ernest J. Of Love and Dust. New York:Random House,1967.
Gaines, Ernest J. Bloodline. New York:Random House,1968.
Gaines, Ernest J. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. New York:Bantam Books, 1971.
Gaines, Ernest J. In My Father's House. New York:Random House,1978.
Gaines, Ernest J. A Gathering of Old Men. New York:Random House,1983.
Gaines, Ernest J. A Lesson Before Dying. New York:Random House,1993.
Gaines, Ernest J. Mozart and Leadbelly:Stories and Essays. New York:Random House,2005.
Babb, Valerie Melissa. Ernest Gaines. Boston:Twayne Publishers,1991.
Carmean, Karen. Ernest J. Gaines:A Critical Companion. London:Greenwood Press, 1998.
Clark, Keith. Black Manhood in James Baldwin, Ernest J. Gaines, and August Wilson.Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,2002.
Doyle, Mary Ellen. Voices from the Quarters:The Fiction of Ernest J. Gaines. Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2002.
Lowe, John, ed. Conversations with Ernest Gaines. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995.
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