藏羚羊对青藏铁路野生动物通道的适应性及穿越通道时的行为学研究
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摘要
分布在可可西里的国家濒危Ⅰ级保护动物藏羚羊,每年6～7月都集结成群,长途跋涉前往卓乃湖、太阳湖等地产仔,而青藏铁路设置的野生动物通道,是藏羚羊迁徙途中最主要的人为干扰因素。本文通过长期的观察并综合相关文献,介绍了藏羚羊的形态与分类、食性和取食行为、种群现状、繁殖和迁移行为、分布和数量、以及保护现状等,同时对野生动物通道的利用情况和藏羚羊穿越通道时的行为进行了研究。
2004年至2007年,采用自动录像监测、动态监测和定点监测相结合的方法,对青藏铁路设置的33处野生动物通道进行了全面调查监测。发现只有7处通道为藏羚羊所利用,所记录数据表明藏羚羊穿越通道的日期每年有所提前,穿越通道的数量也在逐年增加,说明藏羚羊对野生动物通道的利用率明显提升。
2004至2007年每年8月初～9月初,在藏羚羊回迁期间,采用目标动物观察法和录像记录法在可可西里观察夏季回迁藏羚羊穿越青藏铁路动物通道时的行为。发现藏羚羊穿越动物通道时的觅食、警戒、卧息、移动和“其他”5种类型的行为时间分配:在穿越通道前与通道距离1000m以外时5种行为时间分配比例分别为59.0%、8.9%、19.6%、11.2%、1.6%,而距离通道在500m附近时分别为17.1%、20.1%、2.1%、59.0%、1.7%,距通道100m以内时则分别为10.5%、69.0%、0.7%、18.3%、1.5%,说明欲通过通道的藏羚羊的警戒和移动行为有极显著(P＜0.01)的提升,觅食和卧息行为有极显著(P＜0.01)下降,“其他”行为没有差异(P＞0.05);在穿越通道后100m以内、500m附近以及1000m以外时的分析结果表明,藏羚羊的觅食、警戒和“其他”行为时间比例无差异(P＞0.05),卧息和移动行为时间比例有显著(P＜0.05)差异;分析显示穿越前后1000m以外的藏羚羊个体各行为时间分配无差异(P＞0.05)。总的看来,藏羚羊通过自己的适应和行为调节,可以适应青藏铁路动物通道对该地区的环境带来的变化。
Hohxil is one of the habitats of the Tibetan antelope,which faces the danger of extinction and is under the State's first-grade protection.In June and July each year,they form groups and travel long distances to Zhoine and Taiyang lakes to breed.The wildlife passageway of Qinghai-Tibetan railway is the most important factors of human interference of the Tibetan antelope migratory journey.In this study,the Tibetan Antelope' classification,feeding habits and feeding behavior,population status,breeding and migration behavior,distribution and quantity,and status of conservation et,were introduced by long term investigation.The utilization of the wildlife passageways,which were founded of the establishment of Qinghai-Tibetan railway,was investigated.The behavior of Tibetan antelope which crossing the wildlife passageways of Qinghai-Tibetan railway in summer was researched.
The utilization of 33 wildlife passageways,which were founded of the establishment of Qinghai-Tibetan railway,were investigated by automatic camera monitoring,dynamic monitoring and pinpoint monitoring between 2004s and 2007s.The result showed that only 7 wildlife passageways were used by Tibetan antelope of 33 wildlife passageways and demonstrated that the time of the Tibetan antelope's crossed the wildlife passageway of Qinghai-Tibetan railway had been moved up,the amounts of Tibetan antelope that crossed the wildlife passageway,were increased year by year.It means that the utilization of the wildlife passageway was increased obviously.
The month of August and September in every year of 2004s to 2007s,during the period of moving back of Tibetan antelope,we used the focal animal method and th e video recording writing method to research the behavior of Tibetan antelope who cr ossing the wildlife passageways of Qinghai-Tibetan railway in summer.Found 5 kinds of types of time assignment behaviors of Tibetan antelope,which were Foraging,Vig ilance,Resting,Moving and "Others",besides those were changed with the Tibetan an telope passing through activity.Before passing through the wildlife passageways and a way from the passageways more than 1000m,5 types of time assignment behaviors' pr oportion respectively were 59.0%、8.9%、19.6%、11.2%、1.6%;about 500m away form the passageways the proportion were 17.1%、20.1%、2.1%、59.0%、1.7%;In the sa me way when the distance less than 100m the result were 10.5%、69.0%、0.7%、18. 3%、1.5%,it showed that Tibetan antelope's behavior time assignment of Vigilance and Moving were obviously lifting(P＜0.01) before they crossed the wildlife passageways. Foraging and Lying behavior time assignment had obviously decreased(P＜0.01)."Oth ers" behavior were not difference(P＞0.05);When the distance was less than 100m,abo ut 500m and more than 1000m after Tibetan antelope crossed the wildlife passageways, the evolution results showed that:there was no difference(P＞0.05)of Foraging,Vigila nce and "Others" behavior time assignment of Tibetan antelope.Lying and Moving be havior time assignment were obviously different(P＜0.05).Before passing through the wildlife passageways and away from the passageways more than 1000m,5 types of ti me assignment behaviors' proportion respectively were no difference(P＞0.05) from pas sed through.Anyway,Tibetan antelope could habituate themselves to the changes of s urroundings owing to the Qinghai-Tibetan railway passageways building by learning an d adjusting their behavior.
2004年至2007年,采用自动录像监测、动态监测和定点监测相结合的方法,对青藏铁路设置的33处野生动物通道进行了全面调查监测。发现只有7处通道为藏羚羊所利用,所记录数据表明藏羚羊穿越通道的日期每年有所提前,穿越通道的数量也在逐年增加,说明藏羚羊对野生动物通道的利用率明显提升。
2004至2007年每年8月初～9月初,在藏羚羊回迁期间,采用目标动物观察法和录像记录法在可可西里观察夏季回迁藏羚羊穿越青藏铁路动物通道时的行为。发现藏羚羊穿越动物通道时的觅食、警戒、卧息、移动和“其他”5种类型的行为时间分配:在穿越通道前与通道距离1000m以外时5种行为时间分配比例分别为59.0%、8.9%、19.6%、11.2%、1.6%,而距离通道在500m附近时分别为17.1%、20.1%、2.1%、59.0%、1.7%,距通道100m以内时则分别为10.5%、69.0%、0.7%、18.3%、1.5%,说明欲通过通道的藏羚羊的警戒和移动行为有极显著(P＜0.01)的提升,觅食和卧息行为有极显著(P＜0.01)下降,“其他”行为没有差异(P＞0.05);在穿越通道后100m以内、500m附近以及1000m以外时的分析结果表明,藏羚羊的觅食、警戒和“其他”行为时间比例无差异(P＞0.05),卧息和移动行为时间比例有显著(P＜0.05)差异;分析显示穿越前后1000m以外的藏羚羊个体各行为时间分配无差异(P＞0.05)。总的看来,藏羚羊通过自己的适应和行为调节,可以适应青藏铁路动物通道对该地区的环境带来的变化。
Hohxil is one of the habitats of the Tibetan antelope,which faces the danger of extinction and is under the State's first-grade protection.In June and July each year,they form groups and travel long distances to Zhoine and Taiyang lakes to breed.The wildlife passageway of Qinghai-Tibetan railway is the most important factors of human interference of the Tibetan antelope migratory journey.In this study,the Tibetan Antelope' classification,feeding habits and feeding behavior,population status,breeding and migration behavior,distribution and quantity,and status of conservation et,were introduced by long term investigation.The utilization of the wildlife passageways,which were founded of the establishment of Qinghai-Tibetan railway,was investigated.The behavior of Tibetan antelope which crossing the wildlife passageways of Qinghai-Tibetan railway in summer was researched.
The utilization of 33 wildlife passageways,which were founded of the establishment of Qinghai-Tibetan railway,were investigated by automatic camera monitoring,dynamic monitoring and pinpoint monitoring between 2004s and 2007s.The result showed that only 7 wildlife passageways were used by Tibetan antelope of 33 wildlife passageways and demonstrated that the time of the Tibetan antelope's crossed the wildlife passageway of Qinghai-Tibetan railway had been moved up,the amounts of Tibetan antelope that crossed the wildlife passageway,were increased year by year.It means that the utilization of the wildlife passageway was increased obviously.
The month of August and September in every year of 2004s to 2007s,during the period of moving back of Tibetan antelope,we used the focal animal method and th e video recording writing method to research the behavior of Tibetan antelope who cr ossing the wildlife passageways of Qinghai-Tibetan railway in summer.Found 5 kinds of types of time assignment behaviors of Tibetan antelope,which were Foraging,Vig ilance,Resting,Moving and "Others",besides those were changed with the Tibetan an telope passing through activity.Before passing through the wildlife passageways and a way from the passageways more than 1000m,5 types of time assignment behaviors' pr oportion respectively were 59.0%、8.9%、19.6%、11.2%、1.6%;about 500m away form the passageways the proportion were 17.1%、20.1%、2.1%、59.0%、1.7%;In the sa me way when the distance less than 100m the result were 10.5%、69.0%、0.7%、18. 3%、1.5%,it showed that Tibetan antelope's behavior time assignment of Vigilance and Moving were obviously lifting(P＜0.01) before they crossed the wildlife passageways. Foraging and Lying behavior time assignment had obviously decreased(P＜0.01)."Oth ers" behavior were not difference(P＞0.05);When the distance was less than 100m,abo ut 500m and more than 1000m after Tibetan antelope crossed the wildlife passageways, the evolution results showed that:there was no difference(P＞0.05)of Foraging,Vigila nce and "Others" behavior time assignment of Tibetan antelope.Lying and Moving be havior time assignment were obviously different(P＜0.05).Before passing through the wildlife passageways and away from the passageways more than 1000m,5 types of ti me assignment behaviors' proportion respectively were no difference(P＞0.05) from pas sed through.Anyway,Tibetan antelope could habituate themselves to the changes of s urroundings owing to the Qinghai-Tibetan railway passageways building by learning an d adjusting their behavior.
引文
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[4]Reijnen R,Foppen R,Terbraak C,et al.The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland Ⅲ[J].Reduction of density in relation to theproximity of main roads.journal of Applied Ecology,1995,32:187-202
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[6]Forman R T T.horizontal processes.roads,suburbs,societal objectives[J],and landscape ecology.In:Landscape ecological analysis:Issues and Applications.1999.35-53
[7]Fahrig L,Merriam G.Conservation of fragmented populations.Conservation Biology[J].1994,8:50-59
[8]Clevenger A P,Chruszcz B,Gunson K E.Highway mitigation fencing reduces wildlife vehicl e collisions[J].Wildlife Society Bulletin,2001,29:646-653
[9]郑生武.中国西北地区珍稀濒危动物志[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1994
[10]张会斌,李维东,刘志虎.藏羚(Pantholops hodgsoni)[J],动物学杂志,2003,38(5):74
[11]Ginsberg J R,Schaller G B,Lowe J.A Petition to List the Tibetan Antelope(Pantholops hodgso ni) as an Endangered Species Pursuant to the U.S.Endangered[J],Species Act of 1973.1999
[12]苏建平,连新明,曹伊凡等.爱羚:第一只家养成功的藏羚[J].兽类学报,2003,23(1):83-84
[13]中国国家林业局.中国藏羚羊保护现状[J].森林与人类,2003(2):9-12
[14]SCHALLER G B.Wildlife of the Tibetan steppe[J].Chicago:University Chicago Press,1998
[15]都玉蓉,马建滨,苏建平.藏高原藏羚生物学研究现状[J],安徽农业科学,2007,35(22):6828-6829
[16]The Team of the Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the QinghaiTibet Plateau[S],Chinese Academy of Sciences,1986;Schaller,2003
[17]马松江.青藏高原唐古拉山及可可西里草地资源现状调查研究[J],草业科学.2007,24(9):15-19
[18]Huang R F.The cushion plant in the Hoh Xil area of Qinghai Acta Botanica Sinica[J],1994,36(2):130-137
[19]Duan X-H(段秀华).Investigation on current situation of grassland in Kekexili National Natural Conservation[J].Pratacultural Science.2003,20(11):11-14
[20]Zhou X-M(周兴民),Wang Z-B(王质彬),Du Q(杜庆).The Vegetation of Qinghai.Xi'ning[J].Qingh ai People's Press.(in chinese).1987
[21]连新明,张同作,曹伊凡等.夏季雌性藏羚昼间行为时间分配及运动节律[J],兽类学报,2007,27(1):53-57
[22]殷宝法,于智勇,杨生妹等.青藏公路对藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴活动的影响[J],生态学杂志,2007,26(6):810-816
[23]Qiu L(裘丽),FengZ-J(冯祚建).Effects of traffic during daytime and other human activities o n the migration of Tibetan Antelope along the Qinghai-Tibet highway[J],Qinghai-Tibet Platea u.Acta Zoolo gicaSinica(动物学报),2004,50(4):669-674
[24]Sun H-L(孙鸿烈),Zheng D(郑度).1998.Formation,Evolution and Development of Qinghai-Xiza ng(Tibetan) Plateau.Guangzhou[J].Guangdong Science & Technology Press
[25]曹俊虎,徐世晓,赵新全等.藏羚羊冷季对干物质的消化效率[J],兽类学报.2007,27(2):206-208
[26]孔飞,王晓卫,张洪峰等.藏羚羊的觅食生物学[J].生物学通报.2008,10:10-11
[27]王文.我国科学家首次摸清藏羚羊“食谱”[J],农业知识,2006,9
[28]刘务林.西藏藏羚羊[J].西藏科技.2005,11
[29]夏霖,杨奇森,李增超等.交通设施对可可西里藏羚季节性迁移的影响[J],四川动物,2005,24(2):147-151
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