烤烟专用缓释肥研制及作用机理研究
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摘要
烟草是我国一种重要的经济作物,而施肥是烤烟栽培的关键技术之一。在目前的主要栽培体系中,施肥不仅是决定烟叶产量、产值的第一因子,而且在烟叶均价、上等烟比例的影响上也占有较高的比重,施肥对烟叶香吃味的贡献仅次于品种,因此,在一定的生态环境和品种条件下,施肥是调控烟叶产质量的核心技术之一。
本研究根据烟草需肥特点,即前期早发快长,要求肥料较快释放以供给烟株的需要,培育强大的根系(促长),且也要兼顾养分的缓释及长效性的特点,制作了重氮磷、适钾的B粒子;同时,为满足烟株中后期的养分需求及促进成熟落黄,制作重钾适氮的缓释肥包膜D粒子。两种粒子按一定比例混合造粒,制成烤烟专用缓释肥(烟草专用高效BD肥),并研究了其对烟草生长发育及经济性状的影响,发现烟草专用高效BD肥养分分阶段释放,实现烟草全生育期养分的平衡供应,在省工、省时、减少环境污染和提高肥料利用率及减少肥料用量的基础上,达到烟草生产提质增效的目的。主要结果如下:
1.前期研究表明,水稻配方肥增效剂能促进植株早生快发,提高分蘖能力,同时,由于配方肥增效剂改善了植株光合性能,增强根系吸收能力,增加干物质积累。烤烟配方肥增效剂可促进烤烟烟株根系发育,显著提高烟株根系体积和根系鲜重,特别有利于成熟期根系活力的维持,保证了烟株对养分的吸收。
2.配方肥增效剂可提高根系内GA3、IAA含量,降低ABA含量,有利于烟株生长发育及优质烟叶品质形成。配方肥增效剂处理可提高根系内精胺、亚精胺含量,降低腐胺含量,在一定程度上降低了根系烟碱的合成,提高了烟株抗逆能力,从而提高了烟叶品质。
3.研究表明,喷雾干燥法、挤压成囊法、油相分离法和混合成囊法等成囊方法都能满足D粒子设计要求,其中混合成囊法工艺最优,成本最低,而包膜效果较好。
4.施用BD肥能提高烟草生理活性,与施用等量常规肥料相比,烟叶的叶绿素含量增加,旺长～打顶期变化幅度小,成熟期衰减速度减缓,缓释肥提高烟草光合作用能力的特征愈到后期愈明显。
5.施用烟草肋肥对初烤烟叶生物碱、中性致香物质和酸性致香物质含量无明显影响。
6.同一施肥水平下,施用BD肥料的烟株田间长势整齐,生长发育平缓,叶片较清秀,烟株健而不暴,叶色淡而不衰,成熟早,烤性明显改善,初烤烟叶产量、产值、上中等烟比例和均价均高于对照。
7.大理示范点研究结果表明,在中上等肥力的土壤上,针对红花大金元品种,亩施BD肥料4.8kg效果最好。其亩产量、亩产值、上等烟比例、上中等烟比例及均价等各项经济指标均优于其它处理。
8.花垣示范点研究结果表明,BD肥处理可在一定程度上提高烟叶产质量,尤其对初烤烟叶产值有显著影响。在同等施肥水平下,小区试验BD肥处理比对照增加产值16.41%,大田示范增加14.58%,减少肥料用量11.11%的BD肥处理初烤烟叶产值增加14.17%,且其初烤烟叶感官评吸质量有一定改善。
Tobacco is an important economic crop in China and fertilization is one of the key technologies of tobacco cultivation system. In the present main cultivation system, fertilization is not only the 1~(st) determined factor of the yield and quality, but also the factor with higher effects on the average price and ratio of the first class of flue-cured tobacoo leaves. Fertilizer contributes only less than variety to tobacco flavor. As a result, fertilization is one of the key technologies regulated the yield and quality of tobacco in certain in ecology and variety circumstances.
According to the fertilizer requirement trait of tobacco, namely, the plants, with early development and quick growth at early stage, require not only the rapid release but also the long-lasting release of fertilizer to supply the cultivation of strong roots system (growth promotion), B fertilizer particle microcapsules were made with higher content of N and P but median content of K. At the mean time, D fertilizer particle microcapsules were made with higher content of K but median content of N to meet the demands of tobacco plant at middle and later stage and promote maturity. These two kinds of particles were mixed in a certain proportion to made the tobacco special slow-released fertilizer (higher efficient BD fertilizer), and the effects of the BD fertilizer on the growth and development as well as economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacoo were studied in the paper. It was found that the nutrients were released by phases to realize the balanced supply of nutrient during the whole growth period, and achieve the goal of increasing the quality and output with less environmental pollution and less amount of fertilization but higher fertilizer efficiency in tobacco production industry.
1. Preliminary investigation indicates that rice synergist could improve the early growth and development and tillering ability of rice plants, and promote dry matter accumulation by improving the photosynthetic performance and root absorptive capacity at the same time. Here, synergist of flue-cured tobacco was found to promote root development, significantly improve the volume and fresh weight of root system, especially maintain the vigorous root at mature stage to guarantee the nutrient absorption of tobacco plants.
2. Synergist could increase the content of GA3 and IAA, and decrease the content of ABA within the root, thus benefit the growth and development as well as the formation of high quality of tobacco leaves. Synergist could also enhance the content of spermine and spermidine, reduce the content of putrescine within the root, depress the synthesis of nicotin to a certain extent and improve the resistance to stresses, and thereby improve the quality of tobacco.
3. It was showed that spray-drying method, squeeze-into-capsule method, oil-phase-separation method and mix-into-capsule method could meet the demand of D particles design, among them mix-into-capsule method had the optimal processess, the lowest costs and the better encapsuled effects.
4. BD fertilizer appliction could heighten physiological activity of tobacco. Compared with the equal level of conventional fertilization, the plants with BD fertilization had increased chlorophyll content with little variation from flourishing stage to tip pruning stage and delayed senescene process at muture stage. And the later the growth stage, the more obvious of the increment of tobacco photosynthetic capacity by the slow-release fertilizer.
5. BD fertilization had little effects on alkaloids, neutral and acidic aroma materials of the flu-cured tobacco.
6. Under the same fertilization level, field tobacco plants with BD fertilizer grew evenly and gently with good-looking leaves and healthy configuration, light leaf color without early senescence and fine maturation characteristic. The flue-cured trait was also improved obviously and the yield and output, the ratio of high and middle class of leaves and the average price was higher than that of the control.
7. According to results of the field demonstration project of Daili, 4.8 kg/mu was found to be the best application dosage of BD fertilizer for Hong hua da jin yuan under middle and high class of field fertility. The economic traits of plants such as yield per mu, yield value per mu, ration of the 1~(st) class of leaves, ration of the 1~(st) and middle class of leaves and average price were better than that of the control.
8. According to results of the field demonstration project of Huayuan, BD fertilization could improve the quality of tobacco leaves in a certain extent and affect significantly the economic output of the flue-cured tobacco especially. Under the equal fertilization level, the economic output was 16.41% higher than that of the control in field plot trial, and 14.58% higher than that of the control in field demonstration project. The the economic output of the flue-cured tobacco, with the reduced aplication dosage by 11.11%, was 14.17% higher than that of the control, and the sensory evaluation was also improved to some extent.
本研究根据烟草需肥特点,即前期早发快长,要求肥料较快释放以供给烟株的需要,培育强大的根系(促长),且也要兼顾养分的缓释及长效性的特点,制作了重氮磷、适钾的B粒子;同时,为满足烟株中后期的养分需求及促进成熟落黄,制作重钾适氮的缓释肥包膜D粒子。两种粒子按一定比例混合造粒,制成烤烟专用缓释肥(烟草专用高效BD肥),并研究了其对烟草生长发育及经济性状的影响,发现烟草专用高效BD肥养分分阶段释放,实现烟草全生育期养分的平衡供应,在省工、省时、减少环境污染和提高肥料利用率及减少肥料用量的基础上,达到烟草生产提质增效的目的。主要结果如下:
1.前期研究表明,水稻配方肥增效剂能促进植株早生快发,提高分蘖能力,同时,由于配方肥增效剂改善了植株光合性能,增强根系吸收能力,增加干物质积累。烤烟配方肥增效剂可促进烤烟烟株根系发育,显著提高烟株根系体积和根系鲜重,特别有利于成熟期根系活力的维持,保证了烟株对养分的吸收。
2.配方肥增效剂可提高根系内GA3、IAA含量,降低ABA含量,有利于烟株生长发育及优质烟叶品质形成。配方肥增效剂处理可提高根系内精胺、亚精胺含量,降低腐胺含量,在一定程度上降低了根系烟碱的合成,提高了烟株抗逆能力,从而提高了烟叶品质。
3.研究表明,喷雾干燥法、挤压成囊法、油相分离法和混合成囊法等成囊方法都能满足D粒子设计要求,其中混合成囊法工艺最优,成本最低,而包膜效果较好。
4.施用BD肥能提高烟草生理活性,与施用等量常规肥料相比,烟叶的叶绿素含量增加,旺长～打顶期变化幅度小,成熟期衰减速度减缓,缓释肥提高烟草光合作用能力的特征愈到后期愈明显。
5.施用烟草肋肥对初烤烟叶生物碱、中性致香物质和酸性致香物质含量无明显影响。
6.同一施肥水平下,施用BD肥料的烟株田间长势整齐,生长发育平缓,叶片较清秀,烟株健而不暴,叶色淡而不衰,成熟早,烤性明显改善,初烤烟叶产量、产值、上中等烟比例和均价均高于对照。
7.大理示范点研究结果表明,在中上等肥力的土壤上,针对红花大金元品种,亩施BD肥料4.8kg效果最好。其亩产量、亩产值、上等烟比例、上中等烟比例及均价等各项经济指标均优于其它处理。
8.花垣示范点研究结果表明,BD肥处理可在一定程度上提高烟叶产质量,尤其对初烤烟叶产值有显著影响。在同等施肥水平下,小区试验BD肥处理比对照增加产值16.41%,大田示范增加14.58%,减少肥料用量11.11%的BD肥处理初烤烟叶产值增加14.17%,且其初烤烟叶感官评吸质量有一定改善。
Tobacco is an important economic crop in China and fertilization is one of the key technologies of tobacco cultivation system. In the present main cultivation system, fertilization is not only the 1~(st) determined factor of the yield and quality, but also the factor with higher effects on the average price and ratio of the first class of flue-cured tobacoo leaves. Fertilizer contributes only less than variety to tobacco flavor. As a result, fertilization is one of the key technologies regulated the yield and quality of tobacco in certain in ecology and variety circumstances.
According to the fertilizer requirement trait of tobacco, namely, the plants, with early development and quick growth at early stage, require not only the rapid release but also the long-lasting release of fertilizer to supply the cultivation of strong roots system (growth promotion), B fertilizer particle microcapsules were made with higher content of N and P but median content of K. At the mean time, D fertilizer particle microcapsules were made with higher content of K but median content of N to meet the demands of tobacco plant at middle and later stage and promote maturity. These two kinds of particles were mixed in a certain proportion to made the tobacco special slow-released fertilizer (higher efficient BD fertilizer), and the effects of the BD fertilizer on the growth and development as well as economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacoo were studied in the paper. It was found that the nutrients were released by phases to realize the balanced supply of nutrient during the whole growth period, and achieve the goal of increasing the quality and output with less environmental pollution and less amount of fertilization but higher fertilizer efficiency in tobacco production industry.
1. Preliminary investigation indicates that rice synergist could improve the early growth and development and tillering ability of rice plants, and promote dry matter accumulation by improving the photosynthetic performance and root absorptive capacity at the same time. Here, synergist of flue-cured tobacco was found to promote root development, significantly improve the volume and fresh weight of root system, especially maintain the vigorous root at mature stage to guarantee the nutrient absorption of tobacco plants.
2. Synergist could increase the content of GA3 and IAA, and decrease the content of ABA within the root, thus benefit the growth and development as well as the formation of high quality of tobacco leaves. Synergist could also enhance the content of spermine and spermidine, reduce the content of putrescine within the root, depress the synthesis of nicotin to a certain extent and improve the resistance to stresses, and thereby improve the quality of tobacco.
3. It was showed that spray-drying method, squeeze-into-capsule method, oil-phase-separation method and mix-into-capsule method could meet the demand of D particles design, among them mix-into-capsule method had the optimal processess, the lowest costs and the better encapsuled effects.
4. BD fertilizer appliction could heighten physiological activity of tobacco. Compared with the equal level of conventional fertilization, the plants with BD fertilization had increased chlorophyll content with little variation from flourishing stage to tip pruning stage and delayed senescene process at muture stage. And the later the growth stage, the more obvious of the increment of tobacco photosynthetic capacity by the slow-release fertilizer.
5. BD fertilization had little effects on alkaloids, neutral and acidic aroma materials of the flu-cured tobacco.
6. Under the same fertilization level, field tobacco plants with BD fertilizer grew evenly and gently with good-looking leaves and healthy configuration, light leaf color without early senescence and fine maturation characteristic. The flue-cured trait was also improved obviously and the yield and output, the ratio of high and middle class of leaves and the average price was higher than that of the control.
7. According to results of the field demonstration project of Daili, 4.8 kg/mu was found to be the best application dosage of BD fertilizer for Hong hua da jin yuan under middle and high class of field fertility. The economic traits of plants such as yield per mu, yield value per mu, ration of the 1~(st) class of leaves, ration of the 1~(st) and middle class of leaves and average price were better than that of the control.
8. According to results of the field demonstration project of Huayuan, BD fertilization could improve the quality of tobacco leaves in a certain extent and affect significantly the economic output of the flue-cured tobacco especially. Under the equal fertilization level, the economic output was 16.41% higher than that of the control in field plot trial, and 14.58% higher than that of the control in field demonstration project. The the economic output of the flue-cured tobacco, with the reduced aplication dosage by 11.11%, was 14.17% higher than that of the control, and the sensory evaluation was also improved to some extent.
引文
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