长期施肥对红壤旱地玉米生产力和土壤肥力的影响及其机制研究
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摘要
南方红壤地区水热资源丰富,是我国农业生产潜力较高的区域之一。该地区拥有大量的旱地资源,发展旱地农业对区域粮食安全和农民增收均具有重要意义。随着我国粮食安全中的饲料用粮问题日益突出,充分利用南方红壤旱地资源,发展饲料玉米种植,正日益受到学术界的广泛关注。这不仅可以有效缓解南方农区饲料粮缺乏的问题,而且大大减轻北方粮食生产给生态环境带来的巨大压力。但是,红壤旱地同时也面临着种种亟待解决的问题：水热资源不协调,季节性干旱频发,土壤侵蚀和退化严重,耕地贫瘠,生产力低下等。在开发利用这些宝贵资源的同时,如何进行资源培育,改善或消除这些制约因素,提升南方旱地综合生产力,是实现南方旱地资源持续开发利用的基础。农田土壤培肥是提高农田综合生产力的关键,合理的农田培肥措施可以改善土壤的物理属性,提高土壤对肥水的保蓄和供应能力,增强土壤的抗侵蚀性。同时,良好的施肥管理可以恢复土壤肥力,改善土壤质量,进而提高耕地的生产力。而土壤培肥是一个长期的过程,需要较长时期的田间试验才能反映培肥措施的真正效果。因此,本研究借助江南丘陵区江西红壤旱地玉米长期施肥定位试验,旨在探明长期不同施肥措施对红壤旱地玉米生产力及产量稳定性和可持续性的影响,解析作物生产力及肥料效应的演变特征,阐明不同施肥措施对红壤旱地玉米田土壤肥力的影响及其演变特征,以期提出红壤旱地适宜的改良措施,从而为发展我国南方红壤旱地玉米生产提供可靠的科学依据和技术途径。主要结果如下：
1、长期不同培肥措施下,红壤旱地玉米生产力及其稳定性差异显著。对照处理的早玉米和晚玉米产量均显著下降,早玉米趋势更明显。长期N肥处理,早玉米和晚玉米产量均呈显著下降趋势。长期有机和无机肥配施,双季玉米产量均呈显著增加趋势。对早玉米或晚玉米来说,M、NPK、NPK配施有机肥(NPK+M)处理均获得了较高产量,1986-2008年早玉米平均产量分别为4,062kg·hm-2、3,733kg·hm-2和5,261kg·hm-2,晚玉米平均产量分别为3,600kg·hm-2、3,426kg·hm-2和4,630kg·hm-2。施用NPK和有机肥能显著降低玉米产量的变异系数,提高玉米生产稳定性。与对照相比,施肥能增加玉米的可持续产量指数,即提高玉米生产的可持续性,而晚玉米的单施N肥处理除外。此外,周年玉米产量的变异性低于单季玉米产量的变异性,而且在生产的可持续性上,周年玉米高于单季玉米。因此,多熟种植结合有机无机肥配施的施肥方式可以有效降低该地区玉米生产的风险,提高全年作物产量的稳定性。
2、长期施肥下,早玉米单施N肥的肥料效应呈显著下降趋势,而晚玉米无明显变化趋势。早玉米NPK的肥料效应呈下降趋势,而晚玉米呈上升趋势,但统计分析均不显著。有机肥处理双季玉米的肥料效应均呈上升趋势。而早玉米和晚玉米NPK+M的肥料效应均呈显著增加趋势。
3、平衡施肥能提高氮肥利用率和农学效率,而对氮素的生理效率有一定影响。NPK和NPK配施有机肥能显著降低作物对土壤氮素的依存率,早玉米NPK+M处理土壤氮素的依存率为18.9%,而纯N处理达53.9%,各处理的降水利用效率晚玉米均显著高于早玉米和全年。
4、长期施用有机肥和化肥对红壤旱地土壤肥力影响差异显著。有机肥和NPK+M能显著提高了土壤有机碳的含量,较试验前分别提高了10.8%和28.1%,而施用化肥(N和NPK)效应不明显,对照处理则呈下降趋势。施用有机肥或有机肥和NPK配合施用能显著提高土壤总氮、总磷、有效磷和速效钾的含量,而对照和N处理无显著变化。长期单施N肥处理,土壤pH显著降低,其他处理则相对稳定。有机肥或NPK配施有机肥显著提高了>2,000μm土壤大团聚体的比重,而相应降低了53-250μm微团聚体的比例。化肥施用对各级别土壤团聚体的比重均无显著影响。与对照相比,有机肥施用显著增加了土壤团聚体的平均重量直径和几何平均直径,而化肥施用对土壤团聚体的平均重量直径和几何平均直径均无显著影响。因此,有机肥施用增加了红壤旱地土壤的养分含量,改善了土壤结构,提高土壤肥力,而长期施用化肥,特别是单施N肥,导致土壤酸化严重。
5、长期不同的培肥措施下红穰旱地土壤碳组分差异显著,有机肥施用促进土壤固碳。与对照相比,长期施用化肥(N和NPK)对土壤有机碳及总氮无显著影响。长期有机肥单用和配施(M和NPK+M)显著提高了土壤有机碳和总氮的含量。有机肥施用显著增加了所有团聚体级别碳的含量,而施用化肥对任何团聚体级别碳的含量均无显著影响。有机肥施用显著提高了微团聚体内颗粒有机物(iPOM_m)组分碳占总土壤碳的比例。有机肥施用促进了土壤有机碳向iPOM_m内转移。iPOM_m组分碳占总土壤碳的比重来看,和对照处理的9.8%相比,M和NPK+M处理分别达到19.7%和18.6%。土壤有机碳储存向微团聚体的转移有利于土壤碳的长期保存。因此,微团聚体保护碳组分可以用于评价长期施肥管理对土壤有机质以及土壤肥力的影响。
综上所述,单施化肥能提高红壤玉米的产量,但不能改善红壤旱地的长期土壤肥力,特别是单施N肥导致土壤酸化严重,产量趋势和肥料效应也呈下降趋势；有机肥单施或有机和无机肥配施,不仅能显著增加玉米的产量,提高作物生产的稳定性和可持续性,而且提高了土壤养分含量,改善了土壤结构,对协调红壤旱地土壤的水分供应,增强土壤的抗侵蚀能力作用明显。有机无机配施的产量效应和肥料效应主要是土壤中微团聚体组分碳提高,引起土壤质量的改善缘故。因此,有机和无机肥配施不仅可以提高红壤旱地玉米的生产力和土壤肥力,而且有利于作物-土壤系统的稳定性和良性循环,是红壤旱地玉米生产理想的配施措施。
Red soil regions with abundant rainfall and high temperature are one of the most productive areas in China. There is large-area upland in southern China, thus playing a crucial role in enhancing grain security and farm's income in the region. With increasingly outstanding of the feed grain problem in food security, to fully utilize upland red soil in southern China and develop feed grain production are gained more and more concern by academic circle.Therefore, increasing corn output can not only alleviate the shortage of feed grain in southern China, but also mitigate the environmental pressure exerted by grain production in northern China with vulnerable agricultural environment and serious water shortage. However, there are also several barriers that must be addressed prior to implementing corn production in upland red soils, including mismatched supply of temperature and rainfall, frequent seasonal drought, soil erosion and degradation, and low productivity. Previous studies have shown that appropriate fertilizer management could improve soil physical properties, increase the capacity of holding water and nutrients of soil, and protect the soil against erosion, then to improve soil productivity and fertility. The objectives of this study are to (1) investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on corn yields, and its stability and sustainability in upland red soil,(2) examine the changes in corn yields and fertilization effects under long-term different fertilizer application,(3) determine the changes in soil fertility as affected by fertilization, and (4) clarify the responses of soil organic matter fractions to long-term different fertilizer application. Finally, after integrating the responses of corn yields and soil fertility to long-term fertilization, we discussed the best fertilization management practices in the upland red soil in order to provide reliable scientific and technological supports for enhancing corn output in southern China.
Our results indicated that corn productivity and stability in red soil region showed significantly difference under long-term fertilizer application. Application of N fertilizer in long term could significantly decrease early-season and late-season corn yield. Application of inorganic fertilizer combined with manure (NPK+M) in long term could significantly increase both of cropping season corn yield. There was no significant difference in corn yields between the NPK and M treatment. The average yield of early season corn were4,062kg hm-2、3,733kg hm-2and5,261kg hm"2during1986-2008, and that of late season corn were3,600hm-2、3,426kg hm-2and4,630kg hm-2during1986-2008. Application of NPK and M markedly reduced the coefficient of variation (CV) of corn yields, while N application alone did not have significant effects. Compared with the control, fertilization could increase the sustainable yield index (SYI) of corn except the N treatment for the late season corn. Thus, application of inorganic fertilizer combined with manure could not only gain the highest corn yield, but significantly increase the stability and sustainability of corn production. In addition, the variation of year-round corn yield was lower than that of single cropping ones. Moreover, the sustainability of year-round corn yield was higher than that of single cropping ones. It was concluded that multiple cropping might reduce the risk of crop production and enhance the stability of the whole-year corn yield.
Long-term application of N fertilizer alone could decrease growth of the productivity of early season corn, but there was no evident effect on late season ones. Long-term application of NPT could decrease growth of the productivity of late season corn, but increase growth of that of late season ones, while NPK fertilization had no significant effects. The first corn yield trend was significantly negative in the CK treatment, the similar declining trend was also observed in the second corn yield, but was not statistically significant. Yield trends of both the first and second corn were significantly decreasing in the N treatment. Similar yield trends in the NPK as in the N treatment were found, but were not statistically significant. The yield trends of M tended to increase, but did not show any statistical significance, whereas significantly positive trends were observed in the NPK+M for both corn cropping seasons. Trends of the fertilization effect (relative yield compared to the CK) in the N treatment were significantly declining for the first corn, but not for the second. Positive trends of the fertilization effects in the NPK was observed in the first corn, while the opposing ones was found in the second season, but the trends for both cropping seasons were not statistically significant. Trends of the fertilization effects in the M and NPK+M treatment increased over the time, but were not significant in the M. Rainfall and sunshine hours during the corn cropping season did not show significant time trends. Although the average temperature during the corn cropping season showed increasing trends, no significant relationship either between the average temperature and corn yield or between the average rainfall and corn yield was observed for both the first and second corn.
Balanced fertilization (NPK and NPK+M) significantly increased the recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency of applied N, but had no marked effects on the physiological efficiency of N. Soil N dependent rate was significantly lower in the NPK and NPK+M treatments than in the control,18.9%under NPK+M treatments and53.9%under N treatments, respectively. Rainfall use efficiency for the late season corn was significantly higher than that of the early season and year-round corn.
Manure application (M and NPK+M) significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC),10.8%under M treatment and28.1%under NPK+M treatment, respectively, but no significant effects were found in the inorganic fertilizer application treatment (N and NPK). The content of SOC showed a slight decline in the control. Application of M could significantly increase the concentrations of total N, total P, available P and available K, while no marked effects were found in the control and N treatments. Long-term application of N remarkably decreased soil pH, while no significant changes were observed in other treatments. Manure application significantly increased the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2,000μm) compared with the control, while leading to a corresponding decline in the percentage of microaggregates (53-250μm). Inorganic fertilizer application did not affect soil aggregate distribution. Manure application significantly increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil aggregates, whereas no significant effects were found under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Therefore, application of manure increased soil nutrient contents, improved soil structure, and thus increased soil fertility, while long-term N application led to serious soil acidification.
Long-term fertilization could change soil components. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizer (N and NPK) could maintain SOC contents, whereas amendment of manure (M and NPK+M) significantly increased SOC concentrations compared with the control. In comparison to the control, C concentrations of sandfree aggregates were significantly increased by amendment of manure alone or combined with NPK in all aggregate-size classes, whereas application of inorganic fertilizer exerted no significant effects on aggregate C concentrations, irrespective of aggregate-size classes. Carbon storage in the intra-aggregate particulate organic matter within microaggregates (iPOM_m) was enhanced from9.8%of the total SOC stock in the CK to19.7%and18.6%in the M and NPK+M treatments, respectively. The shift of stocked SOC towards microaggregates is beneficial for long-term soil C sequestration. Moreover, the differences in the microaggregate protected C (i.e., iPOM_m) accounted, on average, for39.8%of the differences in total SOC stocks between the CK and the manure-applied treatments. It was suggested that the microaggregate protected C could be used for assessment the impact of long-term fertilization management on SOC storage in the red soil.
In summary, inorganic fertilizer application could increase corn yields, while not improve soil fertility. Moreover, long-term application of N alone led to serious soil acidification, and showed significantly negative trends of corn yields and fertilization effects. In contrast, application of M, particularly NPK+M, could not only increase corn yield and its stability and sustainability, but enhance soil nutrient contents, improve soil structure, harmonize the supply of soil water and protect the soil against erosion. The positive time trends of corn yield and fertilization effects in the NPK+M treatment were mainly attributed to the improvement of soil fertility. It is concluded that application of NPK along with manure can enhance corn yield and soil fertility, maintain the stability and functioning of the crop-soil system, and thus is the best fertilization practice in the upland red soil.
1、长期不同培肥措施下,红壤旱地玉米生产力及其稳定性差异显著。对照处理的早玉米和晚玉米产量均显著下降,早玉米趋势更明显。长期N肥处理,早玉米和晚玉米产量均呈显著下降趋势。长期有机和无机肥配施,双季玉米产量均呈显著增加趋势。对早玉米或晚玉米来说,M、NPK、NPK配施有机肥(NPK+M)处理均获得了较高产量,1986-2008年早玉米平均产量分别为4,062kg·hm-2、3,733kg·hm-2和5,261kg·hm-2,晚玉米平均产量分别为3,600kg·hm-2、3,426kg·hm-2和4,630kg·hm-2。施用NPK和有机肥能显著降低玉米产量的变异系数,提高玉米生产稳定性。与对照相比,施肥能增加玉米的可持续产量指数,即提高玉米生产的可持续性,而晚玉米的单施N肥处理除外。此外,周年玉米产量的变异性低于单季玉米产量的变异性,而且在生产的可持续性上,周年玉米高于单季玉米。因此,多熟种植结合有机无机肥配施的施肥方式可以有效降低该地区玉米生产的风险,提高全年作物产量的稳定性。
2、长期施肥下,早玉米单施N肥的肥料效应呈显著下降趋势,而晚玉米无明显变化趋势。早玉米NPK的肥料效应呈下降趋势,而晚玉米呈上升趋势,但统计分析均不显著。有机肥处理双季玉米的肥料效应均呈上升趋势。而早玉米和晚玉米NPK+M的肥料效应均呈显著增加趋势。
3、平衡施肥能提高氮肥利用率和农学效率,而对氮素的生理效率有一定影响。NPK和NPK配施有机肥能显著降低作物对土壤氮素的依存率,早玉米NPK+M处理土壤氮素的依存率为18.9%,而纯N处理达53.9%,各处理的降水利用效率晚玉米均显著高于早玉米和全年。
4、长期施用有机肥和化肥对红壤旱地土壤肥力影响差异显著。有机肥和NPK+M能显著提高了土壤有机碳的含量,较试验前分别提高了10.8%和28.1%,而施用化肥(N和NPK)效应不明显,对照处理则呈下降趋势。施用有机肥或有机肥和NPK配合施用能显著提高土壤总氮、总磷、有效磷和速效钾的含量,而对照和N处理无显著变化。长期单施N肥处理,土壤pH显著降低,其他处理则相对稳定。有机肥或NPK配施有机肥显著提高了>2,000μm土壤大团聚体的比重,而相应降低了53-250μm微团聚体的比例。化肥施用对各级别土壤团聚体的比重均无显著影响。与对照相比,有机肥施用显著增加了土壤团聚体的平均重量直径和几何平均直径,而化肥施用对土壤团聚体的平均重量直径和几何平均直径均无显著影响。因此,有机肥施用增加了红壤旱地土壤的养分含量,改善了土壤结构,提高土壤肥力,而长期施用化肥,特别是单施N肥,导致土壤酸化严重。
5、长期不同的培肥措施下红穰旱地土壤碳组分差异显著,有机肥施用促进土壤固碳。与对照相比,长期施用化肥(N和NPK)对土壤有机碳及总氮无显著影响。长期有机肥单用和配施(M和NPK+M)显著提高了土壤有机碳和总氮的含量。有机肥施用显著增加了所有团聚体级别碳的含量,而施用化肥对任何团聚体级别碳的含量均无显著影响。有机肥施用显著提高了微团聚体内颗粒有机物(iPOM_m)组分碳占总土壤碳的比例。有机肥施用促进了土壤有机碳向iPOM_m内转移。iPOM_m组分碳占总土壤碳的比重来看,和对照处理的9.8%相比,M和NPK+M处理分别达到19.7%和18.6%。土壤有机碳储存向微团聚体的转移有利于土壤碳的长期保存。因此,微团聚体保护碳组分可以用于评价长期施肥管理对土壤有机质以及土壤肥力的影响。
综上所述,单施化肥能提高红壤玉米的产量,但不能改善红壤旱地的长期土壤肥力,特别是单施N肥导致土壤酸化严重,产量趋势和肥料效应也呈下降趋势；有机肥单施或有机和无机肥配施,不仅能显著增加玉米的产量,提高作物生产的稳定性和可持续性,而且提高了土壤养分含量,改善了土壤结构,对协调红壤旱地土壤的水分供应,增强土壤的抗侵蚀能力作用明显。有机无机配施的产量效应和肥料效应主要是土壤中微团聚体组分碳提高,引起土壤质量的改善缘故。因此,有机和无机肥配施不仅可以提高红壤旱地玉米的生产力和土壤肥力,而且有利于作物-土壤系统的稳定性和良性循环,是红壤旱地玉米生产理想的配施措施。
Red soil regions with abundant rainfall and high temperature are one of the most productive areas in China. There is large-area upland in southern China, thus playing a crucial role in enhancing grain security and farm's income in the region. With increasingly outstanding of the feed grain problem in food security, to fully utilize upland red soil in southern China and develop feed grain production are gained more and more concern by academic circle.Therefore, increasing corn output can not only alleviate the shortage of feed grain in southern China, but also mitigate the environmental pressure exerted by grain production in northern China with vulnerable agricultural environment and serious water shortage. However, there are also several barriers that must be addressed prior to implementing corn production in upland red soils, including mismatched supply of temperature and rainfall, frequent seasonal drought, soil erosion and degradation, and low productivity. Previous studies have shown that appropriate fertilizer management could improve soil physical properties, increase the capacity of holding water and nutrients of soil, and protect the soil against erosion, then to improve soil productivity and fertility. The objectives of this study are to (1) investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on corn yields, and its stability and sustainability in upland red soil,(2) examine the changes in corn yields and fertilization effects under long-term different fertilizer application,(3) determine the changes in soil fertility as affected by fertilization, and (4) clarify the responses of soil organic matter fractions to long-term different fertilizer application. Finally, after integrating the responses of corn yields and soil fertility to long-term fertilization, we discussed the best fertilization management practices in the upland red soil in order to provide reliable scientific and technological supports for enhancing corn output in southern China.
Our results indicated that corn productivity and stability in red soil region showed significantly difference under long-term fertilizer application. Application of N fertilizer in long term could significantly decrease early-season and late-season corn yield. Application of inorganic fertilizer combined with manure (NPK+M) in long term could significantly increase both of cropping season corn yield. There was no significant difference in corn yields between the NPK and M treatment. The average yield of early season corn were4,062kg hm-2、3,733kg hm-2and5,261kg hm"2during1986-2008, and that of late season corn were3,600hm-2、3,426kg hm-2and4,630kg hm-2during1986-2008. Application of NPK and M markedly reduced the coefficient of variation (CV) of corn yields, while N application alone did not have significant effects. Compared with the control, fertilization could increase the sustainable yield index (SYI) of corn except the N treatment for the late season corn. Thus, application of inorganic fertilizer combined with manure could not only gain the highest corn yield, but significantly increase the stability and sustainability of corn production. In addition, the variation of year-round corn yield was lower than that of single cropping ones. Moreover, the sustainability of year-round corn yield was higher than that of single cropping ones. It was concluded that multiple cropping might reduce the risk of crop production and enhance the stability of the whole-year corn yield.
Long-term application of N fertilizer alone could decrease growth of the productivity of early season corn, but there was no evident effect on late season ones. Long-term application of NPT could decrease growth of the productivity of late season corn, but increase growth of that of late season ones, while NPK fertilization had no significant effects. The first corn yield trend was significantly negative in the CK treatment, the similar declining trend was also observed in the second corn yield, but was not statistically significant. Yield trends of both the first and second corn were significantly decreasing in the N treatment. Similar yield trends in the NPK as in the N treatment were found, but were not statistically significant. The yield trends of M tended to increase, but did not show any statistical significance, whereas significantly positive trends were observed in the NPK+M for both corn cropping seasons. Trends of the fertilization effect (relative yield compared to the CK) in the N treatment were significantly declining for the first corn, but not for the second. Positive trends of the fertilization effects in the NPK was observed in the first corn, while the opposing ones was found in the second season, but the trends for both cropping seasons were not statistically significant. Trends of the fertilization effects in the M and NPK+M treatment increased over the time, but were not significant in the M. Rainfall and sunshine hours during the corn cropping season did not show significant time trends. Although the average temperature during the corn cropping season showed increasing trends, no significant relationship either between the average temperature and corn yield or between the average rainfall and corn yield was observed for both the first and second corn.
Balanced fertilization (NPK and NPK+M) significantly increased the recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency of applied N, but had no marked effects on the physiological efficiency of N. Soil N dependent rate was significantly lower in the NPK and NPK+M treatments than in the control,18.9%under NPK+M treatments and53.9%under N treatments, respectively. Rainfall use efficiency for the late season corn was significantly higher than that of the early season and year-round corn.
Manure application (M and NPK+M) significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC),10.8%under M treatment and28.1%under NPK+M treatment, respectively, but no significant effects were found in the inorganic fertilizer application treatment (N and NPK). The content of SOC showed a slight decline in the control. Application of M could significantly increase the concentrations of total N, total P, available P and available K, while no marked effects were found in the control and N treatments. Long-term application of N remarkably decreased soil pH, while no significant changes were observed in other treatments. Manure application significantly increased the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2,000μm) compared with the control, while leading to a corresponding decline in the percentage of microaggregates (53-250μm). Inorganic fertilizer application did not affect soil aggregate distribution. Manure application significantly increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil aggregates, whereas no significant effects were found under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Therefore, application of manure increased soil nutrient contents, improved soil structure, and thus increased soil fertility, while long-term N application led to serious soil acidification.
Long-term fertilization could change soil components. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizer (N and NPK) could maintain SOC contents, whereas amendment of manure (M and NPK+M) significantly increased SOC concentrations compared with the control. In comparison to the control, C concentrations of sandfree aggregates were significantly increased by amendment of manure alone or combined with NPK in all aggregate-size classes, whereas application of inorganic fertilizer exerted no significant effects on aggregate C concentrations, irrespective of aggregate-size classes. Carbon storage in the intra-aggregate particulate organic matter within microaggregates (iPOM_m) was enhanced from9.8%of the total SOC stock in the CK to19.7%and18.6%in the M and NPK+M treatments, respectively. The shift of stocked SOC towards microaggregates is beneficial for long-term soil C sequestration. Moreover, the differences in the microaggregate protected C (i.e., iPOM_m) accounted, on average, for39.8%of the differences in total SOC stocks between the CK and the manure-applied treatments. It was suggested that the microaggregate protected C could be used for assessment the impact of long-term fertilization management on SOC storage in the red soil.
In summary, inorganic fertilizer application could increase corn yields, while not improve soil fertility. Moreover, long-term application of N alone led to serious soil acidification, and showed significantly negative trends of corn yields and fertilization effects. In contrast, application of M, particularly NPK+M, could not only increase corn yield and its stability and sustainability, but enhance soil nutrient contents, improve soil structure, harmonize the supply of soil water and protect the soil against erosion. The positive time trends of corn yield and fertilization effects in the NPK+M treatment were mainly attributed to the improvement of soil fertility. It is concluded that application of NPK along with manure can enhance corn yield and soil fertility, maintain the stability and functioning of the crop-soil system, and thus is the best fertilization practice in the upland red soil.
引文
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