配电网络电容器优化控制算法研究
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摘要
本文对配电网络中电压的调整，就电容器投切控制问题进行了深入的研究，在前人研究成果的基础上，针对配电网络结构特点，提出了采用前推回推法计算配电网络潮流，对配电网络就地补偿电容器的控制采用模糊控制技术，对全局优化控制采用逐次线性规划算法。
本文针对配电网络环网结构开环运行的特点，提出了应用深度优先搜索策略对配电网节点进行排序，形成先排父节点再排子节点描述网络拓扑结构的链表。在此基础上，本文根据支路电压方程推导了前推回推法配电网络潮流计算的代数迭代公式以及相应收敛判据。算例分析证明，该算法具有可靠的收敛性、计算的稳定性和快速性，它可以作为配电网络其他分析计算的基础。
在配电网中布置有许多并联补偿电容器组，它们在网络经济运行中所起的作用不同和运行现场的技术条件不同，它们的实时运行控制采用不同的控制方式和控制算法。本文提出应用模糊控制技术实现对电容器组的就地投切控制，为其设计了模糊控制器，并深入地研究了其响应特性。从模糊控制器响应特性平面可以看出，与传统的“九区图”控制相比，它对投切中的振荡和拒补偿等不足都有所改进。
为了实现全局优化控制，本文将一个非线性混合整数规划优化控制模型逐次线性化成增量形式后求解，即逐次线性规划法。在求解过程中，结合了线性规划模型算法程序Lindo6.1，并引入迭代步长控制系数k，对控制变量的增量作有效的调整，同时，选取就地无功平衡点作为迭代初值。算例分析证明，本文所求补偿电容器组投切控制的优化解基本上接近全局最优解，且它具有计算速度快、鲁棒性好等特点，非常适合电容器组实时优化投切控制。
Two network analysis and operation algorithms for balanced radial distribution systems, called forward-backward sweeping method of power flow solution and real-time control of capacitors installed on distribution systems, are presented in this thesis.
Distribution networks have characteristics such as mesh network on planning and radial networks on operation. The radial topology of distribution networks has been fully exploited such that a systematic branch and node numbering scheme is utilized to achieve storage and computational economy. Using Kirchoff s voltage law, a set of simple algebraic iterative power flow equations has been developed to conduct the power flow studies, called forward-backward sweeping method. Studies on some distribution test systems show the power flow analysis of distribution systems to have the superior performance in terms of solution time and convergence characteristics.
The thesis proposes two algorithms for real-time switching control scheme of shunt capacitors. One is fuzzy control based algorithm. The response characteristic plane is obtained from studies of the fuzzy control system for switching control of capacitors installed on distribution systems. It improves on preventing the switching control process from oscillation and refusing compensation.
The other is optimal switching control of the multi-tap capacitors formulated by nonlinear hybrid integer programming model. Successive linear programming is proposed to solve it with the help of Lindo6.1 program. Digital tests are carried out and results show that the algorithm is practical and efficient for distribution systems loss minimization and can be used to optimize real distribution system operation.
本文针对配电网络环网结构开环运行的特点，提出了应用深度优先搜索策略对配电网节点进行排序，形成先排父节点再排子节点描述网络拓扑结构的链表。在此基础上，本文根据支路电压方程推导了前推回推法配电网络潮流计算的代数迭代公式以及相应收敛判据。算例分析证明，该算法具有可靠的收敛性、计算的稳定性和快速性，它可以作为配电网络其他分析计算的基础。
在配电网中布置有许多并联补偿电容器组，它们在网络经济运行中所起的作用不同和运行现场的技术条件不同，它们的实时运行控制采用不同的控制方式和控制算法。本文提出应用模糊控制技术实现对电容器组的就地投切控制，为其设计了模糊控制器，并深入地研究了其响应特性。从模糊控制器响应特性平面可以看出，与传统的“九区图”控制相比，它对投切中的振荡和拒补偿等不足都有所改进。
为了实现全局优化控制，本文将一个非线性混合整数规划优化控制模型逐次线性化成增量形式后求解，即逐次线性规划法。在求解过程中，结合了线性规划模型算法程序Lindo6.1，并引入迭代步长控制系数k，对控制变量的增量作有效的调整，同时，选取就地无功平衡点作为迭代初值。算例分析证明，本文所求补偿电容器组投切控制的优化解基本上接近全局最优解，且它具有计算速度快、鲁棒性好等特点，非常适合电容器组实时优化投切控制。
Two network analysis and operation algorithms for balanced radial distribution systems, called forward-backward sweeping method of power flow solution and real-time control of capacitors installed on distribution systems, are presented in this thesis.
Distribution networks have characteristics such as mesh network on planning and radial networks on operation. The radial topology of distribution networks has been fully exploited such that a systematic branch and node numbering scheme is utilized to achieve storage and computational economy. Using Kirchoff s voltage law, a set of simple algebraic iterative power flow equations has been developed to conduct the power flow studies, called forward-backward sweeping method. Studies on some distribution test systems show the power flow analysis of distribution systems to have the superior performance in terms of solution time and convergence characteristics.
The thesis proposes two algorithms for real-time switching control scheme of shunt capacitors. One is fuzzy control based algorithm. The response characteristic plane is obtained from studies of the fuzzy control system for switching control of capacitors installed on distribution systems. It improves on preventing the switching control process from oscillation and refusing compensation.
The other is optimal switching control of the multi-tap capacitors formulated by nonlinear hybrid integer programming model. Successive linear programming is proposed to solve it with the help of Lindo6.1 program. Digital tests are carried out and results show that the algorithm is practical and efficient for distribution systems loss minimization and can be used to optimize real distribution system operation.
引文
IEEE T-PWRD:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
IEEE T-PWRS:IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
IEEE T-PAS: IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
EPSR: Electric Power System Research
IEE Proc-C:IEE Proceeding Generation Transmission & Distribution
CUS-EPSA：全国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会
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IEEE T-PWRS:IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
IEEE T-PAS: IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
EPSR: Electric Power System Research
IEE Proc-C:IEE Proceeding Generation Transmission & Distribution
CUS-EPSA：全国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会
[1] Haley P.H,Ayres M. Super decoupled load flow with distribution slack bus. IEEE T-PAS, 104(1),1985,pp. 104-133.
[2] D.Rajicic,A.Bose. A modification to the fast decoupled power flow for networks with high R/X ratios. IEEE T-PWRS,3(2),1988,pp.743-746.
[3] D.Shirmohammadi, H. W. Hong, A. Semlyen. A compensation-based power flow method for weakly meshed distribution and transmission networks. IEEE T-PWRS,3(2), 1988,pp.753-762.
[4] Robert A,M Van Amerongen. A general purpose version of the fast decoupled load flow. IEEE T-PWRS,4(2),1989,pp.760-770.
[5] Baran,M.E., and Wu,F.F.. Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing. IEEE T-PWRD,4(2),1989,pp.1401-1407.
[6] 冯伟江．配电系统的潮流计算．CUS-EPSA，1993，pp．B162-166．
[7] R.P. Broadwater,A. Chandrasekaran,C.T. Huddleston and A.H. Khan. Power flow analysis of unbalanced multiphase radial distribution systems. EPSR, 1988,pp.23-33.
[8] Hsiao-Dong Chiang and Mesut E. Baran. On the existence and uniquesness of load flow solution for radial distribution power networks. IEEE Trans. On Circuits And Systems, 37(3), 1990, pp. 410-415.
[9] Tsai-Hsiang. Chen,Mo-Shing Chen,Kab-Ju Hwang,Paul Kotas and Elie A. Chebli. Distribution system power flow analysis-a rigid approach. IEEE T-PWRD, 6(3),1991,pp. 1146-1152.
[10] B.-K. Chen,M.-S.Chen,R.R. Shoults and C.-C. Liang. Hybrid three phase load flow. IEE Proc-C, 137(3), 1990,pp. 177-185.
[11] S.K.Goswami,S.K.Basu. Direct solution of distribution systems. IEE Proc-C,138(1),1991,pp.78-88.
[12] J.J. Grainger, H.C.Lee,A.A.El-kib. Design of a real-time switching control scheme for capacitive compensation of distribution feeders. IEEE T- PAS, 101 (8),1982,pp.2420-2428.
[13] 唐寅生，陈玉莲．安全约束下的全网最优无功电压调整控制方法研究．中国供电国际会议论文集，2000．
[14] 周邺飞，赵金荣．电压无功自动控制在变电站自动化系统中的实现．北京输配电技术国际会议论文集，1999．
[15] 张鹏．配电系统电压控制与无功优化方法研究[硕士论文]．济南：山东工业大学，1999．
[16] Hsiao-Dong Chiang, Jin-Cheng Wang,Orille Cockings and Hyoun-Duck Shin. Optimal capacitor placements in distribution systems-Part 1: A new formulation and the overall problem; Part2: Solution algorithms and numerical results. IEEE T-PWRD,5(2),1990,pp.634-649.
[17] Srinivasan Sundhararajan and Anil Pahwa. Optimal selection of capacitors for radial
distribution systems using a genetic algorithm. IEEE T-PWRS,9(3),pp.464-469. [34] M.H.Haque. A general load flow method for distribution systems. EPSR, 54(1), 2000, pp. 47-54.
[18] N.Iwan Santoso, Owen T.Tan. Neural-net based real-time control of capacitors installed on distribution systems. IEEE T-PWRD,5(1),1990.
[19] Yuan-Yih Hsu and Chien-Chuen Yang. A hybrid artificial neural network-dynamic programming approach for feeder capacitor scheduling. IEEE T-PWRS, 9(2), 1994 ,pp. 1069-1075.
[20] Hernando Duran. Optimum number, location, and size of shunt capacitors in radial distribution feeders-A dynamic programming approach. IEEE T-PAS,87(9),1968,pp.1769-1774.
[21] Y.Y. Hsu and H.C. Kuo. Dispatch of capacitors on distribution system using dynamic programming. IEE Proc-C, 140(6),1993,pp.433-438.
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