黄粉虫生物饲料及品种选育的初步研究
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摘要
本论文研究了温度、密度、幼虫生长速率转折点、饲料含水量、生物饲料对黄粉虫生长发育和种群数量的影响；并探讨了应用杂交和辐照处理技术对黄粉虫种群后代的影响和品种选育的意义。采用黄粉虫幼虫为原料，研究了其蛋白质提取分离的基本条件。
结果表明，黄粉虫在20～32℃温度范围内，幼虫各龄期随着温度的升高而缩短，龄数减少，但是在35℃时，幼虫生长极其缓慢，发育历期延长。密度影响黄粉虫幼虫的生长可分为两个阶段，一是从幼虫孵化到生长30d内，高密度处理的幼虫平均体重大于低密度处理的幼虫；二是其后的时间内，低密度的幼虫生长要快得多，体重增幅较大，中间密度的幼虫体重增加相近，因此，在工厂化生产中应先采用0~30d内高密度养殖，30d后将密度降低为4.7～7.9头/cm2。
黄粉虫幼虫在生长发育的不同阶段，生长速率不一致，30d内的幼虫，体重增加缓慢，随后快速增加，低温条件下（15℃），生长速率转折点出现在60d左右。在黄粉虫生长适温（20～32℃）范围内，随着温度的升高，幼虫生长发育越快，体重增加显著，生长速率转折点出现越早，20℃下，出现在84d；25℃，74d；30℃， 56～60d；32℃ 70d。不同含水量饲料对黄粉虫幼虫生长的影响，整个生长情况是幼虫体重随着饲料含水量的增加而增大，高含水量（30%～35%）的处理组幼虫生长较快，体重增加较大，但死亡率较高；低含水量（5％～10％）的处理组幼虫生长缓慢，生长周期较长。因此认为饲料保持适宜的含水量（15%~20%）有助于幼虫的生长发育，并有利于保持较高的种群数量。
利用酸化、碱化、酶法处理玉米秸粉、花生秧粉及地瓜秧粉，并进行发酵处理，饲喂黄粉虫小幼虫、中龄幼虫。生物饲料饲喂中龄幼虫的效果普遍优于小幼虫，生物饲料饲喂的小幼虫生长缓慢，与对照饲料麸皮相比，差异显著；中龄幼虫生长发育较好，与对照组相比虽有差异，但差异不大。不同秸秆之间花生秧粉、地瓜秧粉饲喂效果优于玉米秸粉，同一生物饲料不同处理组相比，酶处理和碱处理优于酸处理的饲喂效果。
黄粉虫（♀）、黑粉虫（♂）的杂交后代中，个体性状表现大多接近
于黄粉虫的性状特征；黑粉虫（♀）、黄粉虫（♂）的杂交后代中，个体性状表现大多接近于黑粉虫的性状特征。F1代个体较大，生长发育较快，与正常个体差异显著。比较后代中不同表现型的个体，选出优势个体，及时留种，将这些变异个体的遗传性逐步固定下来，并摸索了黄粉虫、黑粉虫基因组DNA分子的制备方法，为将来用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术鉴定黄粉虫、黑粉虫及其杂交后代奠定了基础。辐照处理后的黄粉虫卵，处理剂量大的1、2处理，虫卵不能孵化，少数孵化出的幼虫亦不能正常生长；小剂量处理的卵能孵化，但与对照组相比，幼虫生长缓慢，个体较小。
黄粉虫幼虫、蛹和成虫三种虫态均含有较丰富的蛋白质和脂肪，其含量分别达到47.4％，50.7％，53.4％和34.1％，36.2％，30.9％，其必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例分别达到42.21％，43.83％和44.01％。黄粉虫的第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸（蛋氨酸），第二限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸。黄粉虫的脂肪酸以C16－C18脂肪酸为主。本实验采用碱提取酸沉淀的方法分离得到蛋白质
The effects of several factors such as temperature, density, the turning point of growth velocity, feed moisture and fermented feed on the growth and population amounts of Tenebrio molitor were studied. And the effects of applying cross and radiation technique on the population descendants and the significance of choose breed were researched. The basic method of extracting protein from the larvae of Tenebrio molitor were studied in this paper.
During the temperature scope from 20℃ to 32℃, the each instar duration was shortened along with the temperature's heightening, and instar amounts were decreased. But at 35℃, the larvae grew very slowly and the growth duration lengthened. There were two stages of the effects of density on the larval growth of Tenebrio molitor. The first stage from hatching to growing in 30 days, the average larval weight of high density was more than that of low density, the second stage, the larvae of low density grew quickly, and their weight added quickly. The larval weight gain was similar of middle density. So the high density in 0~30days and then the density of 4.7~7.9 one/cm2 in industrialized production should be adopted.
In the different stage of the larval growth of T. molitor, the growth velocity wasn't identical. The larval weight added slowly in the first month after hatched, but in the following days, it added quickly. Under the condition of low temperature (15℃), the turning point of growth velocity appeared at about 60d. In the suitable growth temperature scope (20℃~32℃) of T. molitor, the larvae grew more quickly, their weight added greater and the turning point of growth velocity appeared earlier along with the temperature increasing, at 20℃, it appeared in 84 d; at 25℃, 74 d; at 30℃, 56,60 d; at 32℃, 70 d. The effects of different moisture content feed on the larval growth, which was that larval weight added greatly along with the moisture content increasing of feed, and the larvae grew quickly, their weight added greatly, but their mortality is high of the high moisture content (30%~35%) feed. In the contrary, the larvae grew slowly and the growth cycle was long. So the suitable moisture content (15~20%) feed was helpful to the larval growth and keep high population amount.
The acidification, basification and enzyme treatment were used to dispose
the corn halm powder, peanut vine powder , pachyrhizus vine powder and then fermented, to feed the little and middle instar larvae. The effects of feeding middle instar larvae were better than those of little instar larvae. The little larvae grew slowly feeding on fermented feeds, the difference was marked compared with the wheat bran. The middle instar larvae grew well, the difference was not marked compared with the wheat bran. Between different fermented feeds, the feeding effects of the peanut vine powder and pachyrhizus vine powder were better than that of the corn halm powder; comparing different treatment groups of the same kind of fermented feed, the feeding effects of the enzyme and basification treatment were better than that of the acidification treatment.
In the cross descendants of Tenebrio molitor and Tenebrio obscurus, the character manifestation of the cross descendants were similar to the yellow mealworm mostly. The F1 generation individual was larger and grew more quickly than the normal one. Then we could compare the different character manifestation individuals of the descendants, to choose the fine individual and reserve the breed in time, so that transmissibility of these variation individuals could be stabilized. The genome DNA preparation method of T. molitor and T. obscurus was researched, which was as the base for identifying T. molitor and T. obscurus and their cross descendants using the RAPD (the random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique in the future. The radiated technique was used to dispose the eggs of T. molitor. The most of eggs couldn't hatch of the high dose treatment－the 1,2 treatment, the fewness hatched larvae couldn't grew normally. The e
结果表明，黄粉虫在20～32℃温度范围内，幼虫各龄期随着温度的升高而缩短，龄数减少，但是在35℃时，幼虫生长极其缓慢，发育历期延长。密度影响黄粉虫幼虫的生长可分为两个阶段，一是从幼虫孵化到生长30d内，高密度处理的幼虫平均体重大于低密度处理的幼虫；二是其后的时间内，低密度的幼虫生长要快得多，体重增幅较大，中间密度的幼虫体重增加相近，因此，在工厂化生产中应先采用0~30d内高密度养殖，30d后将密度降低为4.7～7.9头/cm2。
黄粉虫幼虫在生长发育的不同阶段，生长速率不一致，30d内的幼虫，体重增加缓慢，随后快速增加，低温条件下（15℃），生长速率转折点出现在60d左右。在黄粉虫生长适温（20～32℃）范围内，随着温度的升高，幼虫生长发育越快，体重增加显著，生长速率转折点出现越早，20℃下，出现在84d；25℃，74d；30℃， 56～60d；32℃ 70d。不同含水量饲料对黄粉虫幼虫生长的影响，整个生长情况是幼虫体重随着饲料含水量的增加而增大，高含水量（30%～35%）的处理组幼虫生长较快，体重增加较大，但死亡率较高；低含水量（5％～10％）的处理组幼虫生长缓慢，生长周期较长。因此认为饲料保持适宜的含水量（15%~20%）有助于幼虫的生长发育，并有利于保持较高的种群数量。
利用酸化、碱化、酶法处理玉米秸粉、花生秧粉及地瓜秧粉，并进行发酵处理，饲喂黄粉虫小幼虫、中龄幼虫。生物饲料饲喂中龄幼虫的效果普遍优于小幼虫，生物饲料饲喂的小幼虫生长缓慢，与对照饲料麸皮相比，差异显著；中龄幼虫生长发育较好，与对照组相比虽有差异，但差异不大。不同秸秆之间花生秧粉、地瓜秧粉饲喂效果优于玉米秸粉，同一生物饲料不同处理组相比，酶处理和碱处理优于酸处理的饲喂效果。
黄粉虫（♀）、黑粉虫（♂）的杂交后代中，个体性状表现大多接近
于黄粉虫的性状特征；黑粉虫（♀）、黄粉虫（♂）的杂交后代中，个体性状表现大多接近于黑粉虫的性状特征。F1代个体较大，生长发育较快，与正常个体差异显著。比较后代中不同表现型的个体，选出优势个体，及时留种，将这些变异个体的遗传性逐步固定下来，并摸索了黄粉虫、黑粉虫基因组DNA分子的制备方法，为将来用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术鉴定黄粉虫、黑粉虫及其杂交后代奠定了基础。辐照处理后的黄粉虫卵，处理剂量大的1、2处理，虫卵不能孵化，少数孵化出的幼虫亦不能正常生长；小剂量处理的卵能孵化，但与对照组相比，幼虫生长缓慢，个体较小。
黄粉虫幼虫、蛹和成虫三种虫态均含有较丰富的蛋白质和脂肪，其含量分别达到47.4％，50.7％，53.4％和34.1％，36.2％，30.9％，其必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例分别达到42.21％，43.83％和44.01％。黄粉虫的第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸（蛋氨酸），第二限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸。黄粉虫的脂肪酸以C16－C18脂肪酸为主。本实验采用碱提取酸沉淀的方法分离得到蛋白质
The effects of several factors such as temperature, density, the turning point of growth velocity, feed moisture and fermented feed on the growth and population amounts of Tenebrio molitor were studied. And the effects of applying cross and radiation technique on the population descendants and the significance of choose breed were researched. The basic method of extracting protein from the larvae of Tenebrio molitor were studied in this paper.
During the temperature scope from 20℃ to 32℃, the each instar duration was shortened along with the temperature's heightening, and instar amounts were decreased. But at 35℃, the larvae grew very slowly and the growth duration lengthened. There were two stages of the effects of density on the larval growth of Tenebrio molitor. The first stage from hatching to growing in 30 days, the average larval weight of high density was more than that of low density, the second stage, the larvae of low density grew quickly, and their weight added quickly. The larval weight gain was similar of middle density. So the high density in 0~30days and then the density of 4.7~7.9 one/cm2 in industrialized production should be adopted.
In the different stage of the larval growth of T. molitor, the growth velocity wasn't identical. The larval weight added slowly in the first month after hatched, but in the following days, it added quickly. Under the condition of low temperature (15℃), the turning point of growth velocity appeared at about 60d. In the suitable growth temperature scope (20℃~32℃) of T. molitor, the larvae grew more quickly, their weight added greater and the turning point of growth velocity appeared earlier along with the temperature increasing, at 20℃, it appeared in 84 d; at 25℃, 74 d; at 30℃, 56,60 d; at 32℃, 70 d. The effects of different moisture content feed on the larval growth, which was that larval weight added greatly along with the moisture content increasing of feed, and the larvae grew quickly, their weight added greatly, but their mortality is high of the high moisture content (30%~35%) feed. In the contrary, the larvae grew slowly and the growth cycle was long. So the suitable moisture content (15~20%) feed was helpful to the larval growth and keep high population amount.
The acidification, basification and enzyme treatment were used to dispose
the corn halm powder, peanut vine powder , pachyrhizus vine powder and then fermented, to feed the little and middle instar larvae. The effects of feeding middle instar larvae were better than those of little instar larvae. The little larvae grew slowly feeding on fermented feeds, the difference was marked compared with the wheat bran. The middle instar larvae grew well, the difference was not marked compared with the wheat bran. Between different fermented feeds, the feeding effects of the peanut vine powder and pachyrhizus vine powder were better than that of the corn halm powder; comparing different treatment groups of the same kind of fermented feed, the feeding effects of the enzyme and basification treatment were better than that of the acidification treatment.
In the cross descendants of Tenebrio molitor and Tenebrio obscurus, the character manifestation of the cross descendants were similar to the yellow mealworm mostly. The F1 generation individual was larger and grew more quickly than the normal one. Then we could compare the different character manifestation individuals of the descendants, to choose the fine individual and reserve the breed in time, so that transmissibility of these variation individuals could be stabilized. The genome DNA preparation method of T. molitor and T. obscurus was researched, which was as the base for identifying T. molitor and T. obscurus and their cross descendants using the RAPD (the random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique in the future. The radiated technique was used to dispose the eggs of T. molitor. The most of eggs couldn't hatch of the high dose treatment－the 1,2 treatment, the fewness hatched larvae couldn't grew normally. The e
引文
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