沙生植物长柄扁桃种子油及副产品开发研究
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摘要
长柄扁桃是一种适宜沙地栽培的高产木本油料植物,是治理荒漠地区和开发新型食用植物油的优良树种。目前消费者对食用油的需求呈现多样化趋势,各类具有保健功能的新型食用油已成为该领域的研究热点。本研究以长柄扁桃仁为原料,提炼制备高品质食用油,利用榨油后油渣及种壳分别提取精油和制备活性炭两种副产品,从而实现长柄扁桃的综合利用。
论文主要包括以下几部分：
1.文献综述
对长柄扁桃、食用油、精油及活性炭等四方面进行了概述。
2.长柄扁桃仁成分分析
对长柄扁桃仁的一般成分及维生素、脂肪酸等营养成分进行分析评价。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对长柄扁桃仁苦杏仁苷含量进行了测定,并与其他蔷薇科植物种仁苦杏仁苷含量进行了比较。结果表明,长柄扁桃仁总糖含量为8.62%,粗蛋白含量为25.2%,粗脂肪含量54.10%；富含多种人体必需的水溶性及脂溶性维生素、脂肪酸；苦杏仁苷含量为3.73%,高于苦杏仁等常见蔷薇科植物种仁。
3.长柄扁桃油的制备及品质分析
以长柄扁桃仁为原料,压榨法制备长柄扁桃粗油。结果表明,长柄扁桃粗油虽富含不饱和脂肪酸及维生素E,但酸价为5.5-5.7 mgKOH/g,过氧化值为0.33-0.36 g/100g,均略高于食用植物油卫生标准。长柄扁桃粗油进一步精炼制备的精炼油酸价为0.1-0.2 mgKOH/g,过氧化值为0.04-0.05 g/100g,均符合食用植物油卫生标准；不饱和脂肪酸含量为97.20%；维生素E总量为270.5 mg／kg；总砷、铅、黄曲霉毒素B1等卫生指标均符合食用植物油卫生标准；急性毒性试验初步确定其食用安全。长柄扁桃精练油有望开发为新型高品质食用油。
4.长柄扁桃精油成分分析
以长柄扁桃油渣为原料,分别采用直接水解法及酸性水解法得到长柄扁桃仁精油,进一步通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其成分进行分析。以长柄扁桃壳为原料,实验还对提取的长柄扁桃壳精油成分进行分析。结果表明,长柄扁桃仁精油及长柄扁桃壳精油检测出氢氰酸、苯甲醛等有效成分,为后续生物活性研究奠定了基础。
5.长柄扁桃壳活性炭的制备及性能评价
考察了氯化锌活化法制备长柄扁桃壳活性炭的工艺条件,并对其结构和脱色性能进行研究。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为氯化锌溶液质量分数为50%,活化温度为600℃,活化时间为90 min。此条件下活性炭得率为44.76%,碘吸附值为883.78 mg／g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为165 mg/g,达到或超过国家标准规定的品质要求。活性炭77 K氮气吸附等温线属(Ⅱ)型吸附等温线,比表面积为1633.08 m2／g,累计孔容积为2.53 mL／g,平均孔径为9.68 nm。微量元素含量大小依次为Zn>Na>Mg>K>Ca>P,未检出Mn、Cd、As、Pb等有害元素。产品对自制印染废水的脱色率达到99.57%。长柄扁桃壳是制备优质活性炭的理想原料之一。
Amygdalus is a high-yield woody oil plant and suitable for sand culture, and can be used as a management of governance desert and a new species of choice for development of edible oil. The consumer's demand on edible oil diversified trend currently, and it is attractive to develop new kinds of edible oil with health care function. At the moment of using amygdalus kernel to develop high-quality edible oil, two by-products of essential oil and activated carbon were extracted from greaves and kinds of shell, so as to achiev comprehensive utilization.
The main contents of this study include:
1. Reviews
The research work on amygdalus, edible oil, essential oil and activated carbon was reviewed.
2. Composition analysis of amygdalus kernel
The general composition, vitamins, amino acids and mineral elements of amygdalus kernel were studied. Content of amygdalin of amygdalus kernel was determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that amygdalus kernel's total sugar was 8.62%, crude protein 25.2%, crude fat 54.10%; being rich in variety of human-essential composition, such as water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, amino acids and mineral elements; content of amygdalin 3.73%, higher than bitter almond and other common Rosaceae kernels.
3. Preparation and analysis of amygdalus oil
With amygdalus kernel as starting material, amygdalus crude oil was prepared by pressing. The results showed that amygdalus crude oil's acid value was 5.5-5.7 mgKOH/g, peroxide value 0.33-0.36 g/100g, higher than health standard set forth in edible oil, although being rich in unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. Amygdalus refined oil, prepared from amygdalus crude oil, of which acid value was 0.1-0.2 mgKOH/g, peroxide value 0.04-0.05 g/100g, being in accordance with health standard set forth in edible oil; unsaturated fatty acids 97.20%, total vitamin E 270.5 mg/kg, the health indicators-total arsenic, lead and aflatoxin B1 being in accordance with health standard set forth in edible oil. Acute toxicity test proved amygdalus refined oil to be safe. Amygdalus refined oil is expected to develop as a new high-quality edible oil.
4. Composition analysis of amygdalus essential oil
Amygdalus kernel essential oil were prepared from greaves of amygdalus kernel by direct hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis, and finally was analyzed by GC-MS. Composition of amygdalus shell essential oil prepared from amygdalus shell were also analyzed. The results showed that both amygdalus kernel essential oil and amygdalus shell essential oil had many active composition, such as hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde, laying a foundation on bio-activity study.
5. Preparation and analysis of amygdalus shell activated carbon
The optimum preparation conditions, the structure characterization and decoloring ability of the products were investigated. The results showed that the optimum conditions were 50% ZnCl2 solution, activation temperature 600℃, activation time 90 min. Under the above optimum conditions, the yield, iodine value and methylene blue value were 44.76%, 883.78 mg/g and 165 mg/g respectively, meeting or exceeding the quality requirements of national standard. N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K were belong to typed-Ⅱadsorption isotherms. The specific surface area, the accumulated pore volume and the averaged pore size were 1633.8 m2/g,2.53 mL/g and 9.68 nm, respectively. Six elements in the activated carbon, whose content was Zn> Na> Mg> K> Ca> P, and that the harmful elements-Mn, Cd, As, Pb were not discovered. The decolorizing rate of the products for self-mading dyeing wastewater was up to 99.57%. Amygdalus shell was one of the ideal raw materials for preparing high quality activated carbon.
论文主要包括以下几部分：
1.文献综述
对长柄扁桃、食用油、精油及活性炭等四方面进行了概述。
2.长柄扁桃仁成分分析
对长柄扁桃仁的一般成分及维生素、脂肪酸等营养成分进行分析评价。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对长柄扁桃仁苦杏仁苷含量进行了测定,并与其他蔷薇科植物种仁苦杏仁苷含量进行了比较。结果表明,长柄扁桃仁总糖含量为8.62%,粗蛋白含量为25.2%,粗脂肪含量54.10%；富含多种人体必需的水溶性及脂溶性维生素、脂肪酸；苦杏仁苷含量为3.73%,高于苦杏仁等常见蔷薇科植物种仁。
3.长柄扁桃油的制备及品质分析
以长柄扁桃仁为原料,压榨法制备长柄扁桃粗油。结果表明,长柄扁桃粗油虽富含不饱和脂肪酸及维生素E,但酸价为5.5-5.7 mgKOH/g,过氧化值为0.33-0.36 g/100g,均略高于食用植物油卫生标准。长柄扁桃粗油进一步精炼制备的精炼油酸价为0.1-0.2 mgKOH/g,过氧化值为0.04-0.05 g/100g,均符合食用植物油卫生标准；不饱和脂肪酸含量为97.20%；维生素E总量为270.5 mg／kg；总砷、铅、黄曲霉毒素B1等卫生指标均符合食用植物油卫生标准；急性毒性试验初步确定其食用安全。长柄扁桃精练油有望开发为新型高品质食用油。
4.长柄扁桃精油成分分析
以长柄扁桃油渣为原料,分别采用直接水解法及酸性水解法得到长柄扁桃仁精油,进一步通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其成分进行分析。以长柄扁桃壳为原料,实验还对提取的长柄扁桃壳精油成分进行分析。结果表明,长柄扁桃仁精油及长柄扁桃壳精油检测出氢氰酸、苯甲醛等有效成分,为后续生物活性研究奠定了基础。
5.长柄扁桃壳活性炭的制备及性能评价
考察了氯化锌活化法制备长柄扁桃壳活性炭的工艺条件,并对其结构和脱色性能进行研究。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为氯化锌溶液质量分数为50%,活化温度为600℃,活化时间为90 min。此条件下活性炭得率为44.76%,碘吸附值为883.78 mg／g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为165 mg/g,达到或超过国家标准规定的品质要求。活性炭77 K氮气吸附等温线属(Ⅱ)型吸附等温线,比表面积为1633.08 m2／g,累计孔容积为2.53 mL／g,平均孔径为9.68 nm。微量元素含量大小依次为Zn>Na>Mg>K>Ca>P,未检出Mn、Cd、As、Pb等有害元素。产品对自制印染废水的脱色率达到99.57%。长柄扁桃壳是制备优质活性炭的理想原料之一。
Amygdalus is a high-yield woody oil plant and suitable for sand culture, and can be used as a management of governance desert and a new species of choice for development of edible oil. The consumer's demand on edible oil diversified trend currently, and it is attractive to develop new kinds of edible oil with health care function. At the moment of using amygdalus kernel to develop high-quality edible oil, two by-products of essential oil and activated carbon were extracted from greaves and kinds of shell, so as to achiev comprehensive utilization.
The main contents of this study include:
1. Reviews
The research work on amygdalus, edible oil, essential oil and activated carbon was reviewed.
2. Composition analysis of amygdalus kernel
The general composition, vitamins, amino acids and mineral elements of amygdalus kernel were studied. Content of amygdalin of amygdalus kernel was determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that amygdalus kernel's total sugar was 8.62%, crude protein 25.2%, crude fat 54.10%; being rich in variety of human-essential composition, such as water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, amino acids and mineral elements; content of amygdalin 3.73%, higher than bitter almond and other common Rosaceae kernels.
3. Preparation and analysis of amygdalus oil
With amygdalus kernel as starting material, amygdalus crude oil was prepared by pressing. The results showed that amygdalus crude oil's acid value was 5.5-5.7 mgKOH/g, peroxide value 0.33-0.36 g/100g, higher than health standard set forth in edible oil, although being rich in unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. Amygdalus refined oil, prepared from amygdalus crude oil, of which acid value was 0.1-0.2 mgKOH/g, peroxide value 0.04-0.05 g/100g, being in accordance with health standard set forth in edible oil; unsaturated fatty acids 97.20%, total vitamin E 270.5 mg/kg, the health indicators-total arsenic, lead and aflatoxin B1 being in accordance with health standard set forth in edible oil. Acute toxicity test proved amygdalus refined oil to be safe. Amygdalus refined oil is expected to develop as a new high-quality edible oil.
4. Composition analysis of amygdalus essential oil
Amygdalus kernel essential oil were prepared from greaves of amygdalus kernel by direct hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis, and finally was analyzed by GC-MS. Composition of amygdalus shell essential oil prepared from amygdalus shell were also analyzed. The results showed that both amygdalus kernel essential oil and amygdalus shell essential oil had many active composition, such as hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde, laying a foundation on bio-activity study.
5. Preparation and analysis of amygdalus shell activated carbon
The optimum preparation conditions, the structure characterization and decoloring ability of the products were investigated. The results showed that the optimum conditions were 50% ZnCl2 solution, activation temperature 600℃, activation time 90 min. Under the above optimum conditions, the yield, iodine value and methylene blue value were 44.76%, 883.78 mg/g and 165 mg/g respectively, meeting or exceeding the quality requirements of national standard. N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K were belong to typed-Ⅱadsorption isotherms. The specific surface area, the accumulated pore volume and the averaged pore size were 1633.8 m2/g,2.53 mL/g and 9.68 nm, respectively. Six elements in the activated carbon, whose content was Zn> Na> Mg> K> Ca> P, and that the harmful elements-Mn, Cd, As, Pb were not discovered. The decolorizing rate of the products for self-mading dyeing wastewater was up to 99.57%. Amygdalus shell was one of the ideal raw materials for preparing high quality activated carbon.
引文
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