不同土地利用与施肥管理对黑土团聚体中有机碳的影响
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摘要
土壤有机碳具有供植物生长的肥力和影响大气温室气体的双重功能，保证土壤有机碳适当的更新速度和提高现有土壤有机碳的稳定性，是提高土壤肥力和减缓土壤CO2排放的重要目标，提高土壤团聚化作用是实现这个重要目标的有效途径之一。自然黑土是一种团聚体性状良好的土壤，但是垦殖后团聚体属性发生了很大变化，研究不同土地利用与施肥管理对黑土团聚体中有机碳的影响，将对揭示垦殖黑土有机碳的物理性保护具有科学意义和广泛的应用价值。本文基于长期定位试验，采用土壤团聚体分组、闭蓄态微团聚体分离等技术，研究不同土地利用与施肥管理下耕作黑土和短期黄土状母质发育的土壤有机碳在团聚体中的分布特征，定量评价有机碳固存的主要组分，从团聚体尺度阐明黑土有机碳库的稳定性机制。主要研究结果与结论如下：
（1）农田黑土自然恢复为草地（27年）显著提高了土壤有机碳含量，增幅为7.6%，固碳速率为0.17MgCha~(-1)yr~(-1)；相反，农田转变为裸地，土壤有机碳含量下降，降幅为14.1%，固碳速率为0.22MgCha~(-1)yr~(-1)；
黄土状母质经过短期（8年）的自然发育和不同施肥管理下耕种作物均显著促进了耕层土壤有机碳的积累。母质自然发育与无肥和单施化肥3个处理土壤有机碳含量变化接近，增幅为41%~54%，秸秆还田和有机肥2个处理的提升作用尤为明显，增幅为114%~122%。同样，与无肥相比，长期（19年）单施化肥对耕作黑土总有机碳没有显著的提升作用，而与有机肥配施显著提高了土壤有机碳含量。随着有机肥施用量的增加，土壤有机碳含量增加，而固碳效率不断下降。
（2）草地大幅度提高了土壤的团聚化程度，促进了大团聚体（>250μm），尤其是>2000μm团聚体的形成，水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）达1.74mm；裸地则降低了土壤的团聚度，表现为微团聚体（53-250μm）比例的下降与粉粘粒（<53μm）比例的增加。
短期母质自然发育与无肥和单施化肥处理对土壤的团聚化作用（MWD）与母质间没有显著差异，而秸秆还田和有机肥处理显著促进了>2000μm和250-2000μm团聚体的形成，进而增加了水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径。同样，与无肥相比，长期单施化肥对耕作黑土各粒径团聚体的含量均没有显著影响，有机无机配施则显著提高了土壤的团聚化程度。随着有机肥施用量的增加，250-2000μm团聚体含量增加，而粉粘粒比例降低，土壤团聚体的MWD相应增加，但中量与高量有机肥处理间差异并不显著。
（3）草地土壤有机碳的积累主要归咎于总粗颗粒有机质有机碳的增加，约为总有机碳增量的3倍；裸地显著降低了总细颗粒有机质有机碳含量，对总有机碳损失的贡献率为60%。表明，耕作黑土有机碳的累积或耗竭主要表现为活性较强的有机碳库（粗颗粒有机质或细颗粒有机质）的增加或减少。
与母质相比，自然发育和不同施肥管理处理耕层土壤各组分（总粗颗粒有机质、总细颗粒有机质和总粉粘粒）有机碳含量均有显著提高。自然发育与无肥处理各组分有机碳含量均没有显著差异。单施化肥处理土壤总细颗粒有机质和总粉粘粒中有机碳含量高于无肥处理。秸秆还田和有机肥处理对各组分有机碳的提升作用最为明显，且均显著高于自然发育、无肥与单施化肥处理。与短期母质发育土壤不同，与无肥相比，长期单施化肥没有显著影响耕作黑土总粗颗粒有机质、总细颗粒有机质和总粉粘粒中有机碳含量，有机无机配施则显著增加了总粗颗粒有机质和总细颗粒有机质有机碳含量，对总有机碳增量的贡献率分别为55%和45%。
黑土不同粒径团聚体对有机碳的固持存在等级饱和机制。当土壤基础有机碳水平很低时，新增有机碳在各粒径团聚体以及团聚体中各组分均得以累积，而随着外源碳输入的增加，土壤中粉粘粒最先达到饱和，然后是微团聚体，而更多的新增碳向周转速率不断加速的大团聚体富集，固持在活性相对较强的有机碳库（粗颗粒有机质）之中。
Improving soil organic carbon (SOC) levels helps to maintain nutrientavailability and agricultural sustainability as well as to improve C sequestration tomitigate CO2emissions to the atmosphere. Improved soil aggregation has beenrecognized as a strategy to increase SOC. Natural Mollisols have good-qualityaggregates. However, the aggregate quality degraded when it has been intensivelycultivated. The study was conducted based on the long-term field experiment toinvestigate the effects of land use and fertilization on bulk soil C and aggregateassociated C pools and to elucidate C sequestration mechanisms in a Mollisol inNortheast China. The main results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The conversion from cropland (CL) to naturally restored grassland (GL) ledto increases in SOC by7.6%, and the accumulation rate in the surface soil (020cm)were estimated to be0.17MgCha~(-1)yr~(-1)；1over a period of27years; In contrast,converting cropland to bare land (BL) resulted in a decrease in SOC by14.1%, andthe accumulation rate in the surface soil (020cm) was about0.22MgCha~(-1)yr~(-1)；.
Compared with the parent materials of Mollisols (P), the8-year naturallydeveloped soil (PNat) and cropped-soils under no fertilizers (PCS F), mineralfertilizers only (PCS+F), mineral fertilizer plus crop biomass returned to the field(PCS+F+BM) and mineral fertilizer plus modeled organic manure (PCS+F+OM)promoted C sequestration. Compared with the P treatment, PNat, PCS F and PCS+Fincreased SOC by41%54%, with no significant difference in SOC between them,while soils under PCS+F+BM and PCS+F+OM contained higher organic C than othertreatments and increased SOC by114%122%. No significant improvements inorganic C levels of mature Mollisols were found when mineral fertilizers were applied alone compared with the unfertilized control. In contrast,19-year continuousapplication of organic manure along with mineral fertilizer promoted SOCaccumulation. The SOC increases but the C sequestration efficiency decreases withmanure application rate. However, no significant differences were found between thetwo greatest manure application rates.
(2) There was an increase in the weight proportion of macroaggregates (>250μm), especially large macroaggregates (>2000μm), but a decrease in microaggregatesand silt plus clay fraction in GL relative to CL. As a result, the mean weight diameters(MWD) of water-stable aggregates under GL (1.74mm) was higher than that underCL (0.55mm). The proportion of microaggregates was decreased in BL relative to CL,thus leading to a small but non-significant reduction in the MWD of aggregates.
Compared with the P treatment, the PNat, PCS F and PCS+F did not affect theMWD of aggregates, while the PCS+F+BM and PCS+F+OM greatly improvedmacroaggregation, thus leading to higher MWD of aggregates than other treatments.Mere mineral fertilizer amendment had no significant effect on aggregation of matureMollisols compared with the unfertilized control. The combined use of organicmanure with mineral fertilizer increased the proportion of macroaggregates. Theproportion of small macroaggregate (250-2000μm) tended to increase, and theproportion of the silt plus clay fraction tended to decrease with manure additions.However, the MWD of the aggregates did not significantly differ between the twogreatest manure application rates.
(3) At the aggregate level, the total coarse particulate organic matter (total cPOM)fraction contributed300%to the increases in SOC in GL. The total fine particulateorganic matter (total fPOM) fraction was a major contributor to the C loss in BL,which accounted for60%of the total C decreases. These results indicated that the Caccumulation or loss in mature Mollisols was mainly happened in the relatively labileC pools. Compared with the P treatment, the C in the total cPOM, total fPOM and total silt plus clay (total s+c) were all increased in the naturally developed soils andcropped-soils under different fertilizations. There was no significance in C content inthese fractions between PNat and PCS F. Soil under PCS+F had higher C in the totalfPOM and total s+c than soil under PCS F. The C of these fractions in soils underPCS+F+BM and PCS+F+OM was all significantly higher than other soils.
In contrast, mere chemical fertilizer additions did not affect aggregate-associatedC in mature Mollisols. The increment of organic C following organic manure plusinorganic fertilizer amendment was located in the total cPOM and total fPOMfractions, which contributed55%and45%to the total increases in bulk SOC inmanure-added soil compared with the control, respectively.
Carbon saturation occurs in a hierarchical fashion in a Mollisol. When the SOCis rather low, the additional C was allocated to all aggregate fractions. As the C inputincreases, the smaller SOC pools saturate before the larger pools and consequentlyadditional C input will only accumulate in labile SOC pools (cPOM) inmacroaggregates that have a relatively faster turnover.
（1）农田黑土自然恢复为草地（27年）显著提高了土壤有机碳含量，增幅为7.6%，固碳速率为0.17MgCha~(-1)yr~(-1)；相反，农田转变为裸地，土壤有机碳含量下降，降幅为14.1%，固碳速率为0.22MgCha~(-1)yr~(-1)；
黄土状母质经过短期（8年）的自然发育和不同施肥管理下耕种作物均显著促进了耕层土壤有机碳的积累。母质自然发育与无肥和单施化肥3个处理土壤有机碳含量变化接近，增幅为41%~54%，秸秆还田和有机肥2个处理的提升作用尤为明显，增幅为114%~122%。同样，与无肥相比，长期（19年）单施化肥对耕作黑土总有机碳没有显著的提升作用，而与有机肥配施显著提高了土壤有机碳含量。随着有机肥施用量的增加，土壤有机碳含量增加，而固碳效率不断下降。
（2）草地大幅度提高了土壤的团聚化程度，促进了大团聚体（>250μm），尤其是>2000μm团聚体的形成，水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）达1.74mm；裸地则降低了土壤的团聚度，表现为微团聚体（53-250μm）比例的下降与粉粘粒（<53μm）比例的增加。
短期母质自然发育与无肥和单施化肥处理对土壤的团聚化作用（MWD）与母质间没有显著差异，而秸秆还田和有机肥处理显著促进了>2000μm和250-2000μm团聚体的形成，进而增加了水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径。同样，与无肥相比，长期单施化肥对耕作黑土各粒径团聚体的含量均没有显著影响，有机无机配施则显著提高了土壤的团聚化程度。随着有机肥施用量的增加，250-2000μm团聚体含量增加，而粉粘粒比例降低，土壤团聚体的MWD相应增加，但中量与高量有机肥处理间差异并不显著。
（3）草地土壤有机碳的积累主要归咎于总粗颗粒有机质有机碳的增加，约为总有机碳增量的3倍；裸地显著降低了总细颗粒有机质有机碳含量，对总有机碳损失的贡献率为60%。表明，耕作黑土有机碳的累积或耗竭主要表现为活性较强的有机碳库（粗颗粒有机质或细颗粒有机质）的增加或减少。
与母质相比，自然发育和不同施肥管理处理耕层土壤各组分（总粗颗粒有机质、总细颗粒有机质和总粉粘粒）有机碳含量均有显著提高。自然发育与无肥处理各组分有机碳含量均没有显著差异。单施化肥处理土壤总细颗粒有机质和总粉粘粒中有机碳含量高于无肥处理。秸秆还田和有机肥处理对各组分有机碳的提升作用最为明显，且均显著高于自然发育、无肥与单施化肥处理。与短期母质发育土壤不同，与无肥相比，长期单施化肥没有显著影响耕作黑土总粗颗粒有机质、总细颗粒有机质和总粉粘粒中有机碳含量，有机无机配施则显著增加了总粗颗粒有机质和总细颗粒有机质有机碳含量，对总有机碳增量的贡献率分别为55%和45%。
黑土不同粒径团聚体对有机碳的固持存在等级饱和机制。当土壤基础有机碳水平很低时，新增有机碳在各粒径团聚体以及团聚体中各组分均得以累积，而随着外源碳输入的增加，土壤中粉粘粒最先达到饱和，然后是微团聚体，而更多的新增碳向周转速率不断加速的大团聚体富集，固持在活性相对较强的有机碳库（粗颗粒有机质）之中。
Improving soil organic carbon (SOC) levels helps to maintain nutrientavailability and agricultural sustainability as well as to improve C sequestration tomitigate CO2emissions to the atmosphere. Improved soil aggregation has beenrecognized as a strategy to increase SOC. Natural Mollisols have good-qualityaggregates. However, the aggregate quality degraded when it has been intensivelycultivated. The study was conducted based on the long-term field experiment toinvestigate the effects of land use and fertilization on bulk soil C and aggregateassociated C pools and to elucidate C sequestration mechanisms in a Mollisol inNortheast China. The main results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The conversion from cropland (CL) to naturally restored grassland (GL) ledto increases in SOC by7.6%, and the accumulation rate in the surface soil (020cm)were estimated to be0.17MgCha~(-1)yr~(-1)；1over a period of27years; In contrast,converting cropland to bare land (BL) resulted in a decrease in SOC by14.1%, andthe accumulation rate in the surface soil (020cm) was about0.22MgCha~(-1)yr~(-1)；.
Compared with the parent materials of Mollisols (P), the8-year naturallydeveloped soil (PNat) and cropped-soils under no fertilizers (PCS F), mineralfertilizers only (PCS+F), mineral fertilizer plus crop biomass returned to the field(PCS+F+BM) and mineral fertilizer plus modeled organic manure (PCS+F+OM)promoted C sequestration. Compared with the P treatment, PNat, PCS F and PCS+Fincreased SOC by41%54%, with no significant difference in SOC between them,while soils under PCS+F+BM and PCS+F+OM contained higher organic C than othertreatments and increased SOC by114%122%. No significant improvements inorganic C levels of mature Mollisols were found when mineral fertilizers were applied alone compared with the unfertilized control. In contrast,19-year continuousapplication of organic manure along with mineral fertilizer promoted SOCaccumulation. The SOC increases but the C sequestration efficiency decreases withmanure application rate. However, no significant differences were found between thetwo greatest manure application rates.
(2) There was an increase in the weight proportion of macroaggregates (>250μm), especially large macroaggregates (>2000μm), but a decrease in microaggregatesand silt plus clay fraction in GL relative to CL. As a result, the mean weight diameters(MWD) of water-stable aggregates under GL (1.74mm) was higher than that underCL (0.55mm). The proportion of microaggregates was decreased in BL relative to CL,thus leading to a small but non-significant reduction in the MWD of aggregates.
Compared with the P treatment, the PNat, PCS F and PCS+F did not affect theMWD of aggregates, while the PCS+F+BM and PCS+F+OM greatly improvedmacroaggregation, thus leading to higher MWD of aggregates than other treatments.Mere mineral fertilizer amendment had no significant effect on aggregation of matureMollisols compared with the unfertilized control. The combined use of organicmanure with mineral fertilizer increased the proportion of macroaggregates. Theproportion of small macroaggregate (250-2000μm) tended to increase, and theproportion of the silt plus clay fraction tended to decrease with manure additions.However, the MWD of the aggregates did not significantly differ between the twogreatest manure application rates.
(3) At the aggregate level, the total coarse particulate organic matter (total cPOM)fraction contributed300%to the increases in SOC in GL. The total fine particulateorganic matter (total fPOM) fraction was a major contributor to the C loss in BL,which accounted for60%of the total C decreases. These results indicated that the Caccumulation or loss in mature Mollisols was mainly happened in the relatively labileC pools. Compared with the P treatment, the C in the total cPOM, total fPOM and total silt plus clay (total s+c) were all increased in the naturally developed soils andcropped-soils under different fertilizations. There was no significance in C content inthese fractions between PNat and PCS F. Soil under PCS+F had higher C in the totalfPOM and total s+c than soil under PCS F. The C of these fractions in soils underPCS+F+BM and PCS+F+OM was all significantly higher than other soils.
In contrast, mere chemical fertilizer additions did not affect aggregate-associatedC in mature Mollisols. The increment of organic C following organic manure plusinorganic fertilizer amendment was located in the total cPOM and total fPOMfractions, which contributed55%and45%to the total increases in bulk SOC inmanure-added soil compared with the control, respectively.
Carbon saturation occurs in a hierarchical fashion in a Mollisol. When the SOCis rather low, the additional C was allocated to all aggregate fractions. As the C inputincreases, the smaller SOC pools saturate before the larger pools and consequentlyadditional C input will only accumulate in labile SOC pools (cPOM) inmacroaggregates that have a relatively faster turnover.
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