添加剂对多花黑麦草青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响
|
摘要
本研究的目的就是评价好氧性微生物抑制剂对意大利黑麦草发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响,通过添加不同水平的丙酸和己酸,分析青贮30天的发酵品质及在有氧期间青贮饲料的化学成分变化,比较两种添加剂不同添加水平对青贮饲料的pH、干物质、乳酸、挥发性有机酸含量,筛选出各自的最适添加量,并进一步探讨这两种添加剂最适浓度分别与乳酸菌组合添加后对多花黑麦草青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响。
试验以多花黑麦草作为青贮原料,采用小型塑料青贮罐(100ml)在实验室条件下模拟生产实践进行青贮,30天后全部打开测定发酵品质的各项指标及水溶性碳水化合物含量,并在8天的有氧期间(0,2,4,6,8天),测定发酵品质及碳水化合物的动态变化,筛选出最佳的添加水平。将筛选所得最适浓度(丙酸0.5%;己酸0.2%),以及选取的参照浓度(丙酸0.4%;己酸0.15%),分别与乳酸菌组合构成四个组合添加处理,与这四个浓度单独添加处理组和对照组进行比较。
硕究表明:(1)低浓度丙酸对青贮发酵品质的影响不显著(P＞0.05),但是随添加浓度增加,具有良好改善趋势;在有氧阶段各时间检测点,丙酸浓度处理组pH、干物质(DM)、氨态氮/总氮(NH_3-N/TN)明显低于同一天中所测对照组,而乳酸和碳水化合物(WSC)则显著升高(P＜0.05),在一个相对较长的时间范围内保持青贮饲料的原有发酵品质。(2)不同己酸浓度处理组青贮饲料在整个有氧测定阶段表现出较好的有氧稳定性,但是其青贮发酵品质没有得到改善,有些情况下可能还会使发酵品质下降。(3)不管是丙酸单独还是复合添加,以及己酸的复合添加都明显降低了青贮饲料乙酸、丁酸、氨态氮/总氮(NH_3-N/TN)含量(P＜0.05),显著增加WSC和乳酸含量(P＜0.05),较好改善了青贮发酵品质;在整个有氧暴露阶段,丙酸和己酸各处理组中乳酸和WSC含量下降变化幅度显著缓于对照组(P＜0.05),且丁酸含量极少甚至没有,尽管较高的丙酸和乙酸含量使得总挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)含量很高(P＜0.05),但它们是青贮饲料有氧稳定性提高的主要因子。(4)与对照组相比,乳酸菌处理组中乳酸含量虽然显著升高(P＜0.05),但乳酸:乙酸远低于3:1,同时丙酸和丁酸含量也分别增加了96.6%,169.4%,未达优质青贮饲料标准;有氧阶段,对照组和乳酸菌处理组中所测定分析的各营养成分含量变化趋势基本一致(P＞0.05),到第8天,乳酸:乙酸都低于2:1;WSC含量分别降低了46.1%,46.8%;氨态氮/总氮(NH_3-N/TN)含量分别升高了88.2%,92.6%,表现出很差的有氧稳定性。
综上所述,添加丙酸和己酸后可明显降低干物质有氧损失,延缓二次发酵,提高青贮有氧稳定性,且添加水平越高,作用效果越好。如果青贮条件较好,添加适宜高浓度丙酸可以改善青贮发酵品质。从改善青贮发酵品质和提高有氧稳定性两个方面综合来看,丙酸和己酸与乳酸菌的组合添加后的叠加效应优于单独添加效果。
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding propionic acid and caproic acid on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of Italian ryegrass silage, and the proper rate of adding propionic acid and caproic acid on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silages were determined. In the further, the effect of proper rate of adding propionic acid and caproic acid alone or with lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were estimated on 30th days or during aerobic stages. The pH, dry matter, lactic acid and water soluble carbohryate were analysed, and the proper adding rate was seleckted. the dynamic changes in fermentation were in further studied with the selected adding rate with lactic acid bacteria treatments during aerobic stages.
The fresh Italian ryegrass was harvested at the heading stages, and then chopped and packed into small scale experiment silos (100 ml) immediately. The all silos were opened on the 30th day after ensiling and were analyzed the fermentation quality. The dynamic change of fermentation quality of adding propionic acid (0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%) and caproic acid (0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%) were analyzed on 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 days of aerobic exposure. Forthemore, the proper rate levels (Propionic acid-0.5%; Caproic acid-0.2%) and tow comparative levels (Propionic acid-0.4%; Caproic acid-0.15%) to alone or combined with lactic acid inoculation, and compared with Control and LAB-treaded. After 30 days of ensiling, opened the silos and three silos per treatment were adopted in different times during exposure days to study aerobic stability.
The study result showed: (1) When compared with Control-treaded silage, the silages alonelv treated with Propionic acid and Caproic acid at each level all had no effects on fermentation of silages after 30 days of ensiling(P>0.05), but by the rate was higher, the quality was tend to become better. Propionic acid-treated silages had better aerobic stability than Control-treaded silage, because the Control-treaded silage showed a higher pH, DM, Ammonia-N (P<0.05), and lower content of lactic acid and WSC(P<0.05) in different times during aerobic exposure days. ( 2 ) Caproic acid -treaded silages had better aerobic stability than Control-treaded silage in whole aerobic detected period, but the feremetation quality were't improved, even became worse. (3 ) Regardless of Propionic acid alonely or jointly accession and all Caproic acid combined treated silages had lower content of acetic acid, butiryc acid and Ammonia-N(.P<0.05), higher content of lactic acid and WSC(P<0.05), they were preferably ameliorating the quality of silages. The change of depressed extent on lactic acid and WSC in all Propionic acid and Caproic acid-treated silages were notability slower compared with control silage, and there were only a few butiryc acid or no. Because of higher content of propionic acid and caproic acid, the total VFAs were also higher in them, but these tow acids could improve aerobic stability. ( 4 ) Compared with Control-treaded silage, the quality of LAB-treaded silage was worse, although the lactic acid content of it was markedly improved, but the rate of lactic acid : acetic acid was far lower than 3:1, and the content of propionic acid and caproic acid were increased 96.6 %, 169.4%. The tend of changes of all detected nutrition components in Control and LAB-treaded silages were almost identical(P>0.05), up to 8th day, the rate of lactic acid : acetic acid were under 2:1; WSC reduced 46.1% and 46.8%; Ammonia-N increased 88.2% and 92.6%.
By the above analysis, we can see that, appending propionic acid and caproic acid can recede the aerobic loss, delay second fermentation, enhance aerobic stability, and the higher accession level, the better effect. If the condition was well, condign and high level propionic acid could improve fermentation quality. From improving fermentation quality and enhancing aerobic stability to see, when propionic acid and caproic acid combined with microbial inoculation, the geminate effect remarkable better than witch were alone accession.
试验以多花黑麦草作为青贮原料,采用小型塑料青贮罐(100ml)在实验室条件下模拟生产实践进行青贮,30天后全部打开测定发酵品质的各项指标及水溶性碳水化合物含量,并在8天的有氧期间(0,2,4,6,8天),测定发酵品质及碳水化合物的动态变化,筛选出最佳的添加水平。将筛选所得最适浓度(丙酸0.5%;己酸0.2%),以及选取的参照浓度(丙酸0.4%;己酸0.15%),分别与乳酸菌组合构成四个组合添加处理,与这四个浓度单独添加处理组和对照组进行比较。
硕究表明:(1)低浓度丙酸对青贮发酵品质的影响不显著(P＞0.05),但是随添加浓度增加,具有良好改善趋势;在有氧阶段各时间检测点,丙酸浓度处理组pH、干物质(DM)、氨态氮/总氮(NH_3-N/TN)明显低于同一天中所测对照组,而乳酸和碳水化合物(WSC)则显著升高(P＜0.05),在一个相对较长的时间范围内保持青贮饲料的原有发酵品质。(2)不同己酸浓度处理组青贮饲料在整个有氧测定阶段表现出较好的有氧稳定性,但是其青贮发酵品质没有得到改善,有些情况下可能还会使发酵品质下降。(3)不管是丙酸单独还是复合添加,以及己酸的复合添加都明显降低了青贮饲料乙酸、丁酸、氨态氮/总氮(NH_3-N/TN)含量(P＜0.05),显著增加WSC和乳酸含量(P＜0.05),较好改善了青贮发酵品质;在整个有氧暴露阶段,丙酸和己酸各处理组中乳酸和WSC含量下降变化幅度显著缓于对照组(P＜0.05),且丁酸含量极少甚至没有,尽管较高的丙酸和乙酸含量使得总挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)含量很高(P＜0.05),但它们是青贮饲料有氧稳定性提高的主要因子。(4)与对照组相比,乳酸菌处理组中乳酸含量虽然显著升高(P＜0.05),但乳酸:乙酸远低于3:1,同时丙酸和丁酸含量也分别增加了96.6%,169.4%,未达优质青贮饲料标准;有氧阶段,对照组和乳酸菌处理组中所测定分析的各营养成分含量变化趋势基本一致(P＞0.05),到第8天,乳酸:乙酸都低于2:1;WSC含量分别降低了46.1%,46.8%;氨态氮/总氮(NH_3-N/TN)含量分别升高了88.2%,92.6%,表现出很差的有氧稳定性。
综上所述,添加丙酸和己酸后可明显降低干物质有氧损失,延缓二次发酵,提高青贮有氧稳定性,且添加水平越高,作用效果越好。如果青贮条件较好,添加适宜高浓度丙酸可以改善青贮发酵品质。从改善青贮发酵品质和提高有氧稳定性两个方面综合来看,丙酸和己酸与乳酸菌的组合添加后的叠加效应优于单独添加效果。
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding propionic acid and caproic acid on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of Italian ryegrass silage, and the proper rate of adding propionic acid and caproic acid on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silages were determined. In the further, the effect of proper rate of adding propionic acid and caproic acid alone or with lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were estimated on 30th days or during aerobic stages. The pH, dry matter, lactic acid and water soluble carbohryate were analysed, and the proper adding rate was seleckted. the dynamic changes in fermentation were in further studied with the selected adding rate with lactic acid bacteria treatments during aerobic stages.
The fresh Italian ryegrass was harvested at the heading stages, and then chopped and packed into small scale experiment silos (100 ml) immediately. The all silos were opened on the 30th day after ensiling and were analyzed the fermentation quality. The dynamic change of fermentation quality of adding propionic acid (0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%) and caproic acid (0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%) were analyzed on 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 days of aerobic exposure. Forthemore, the proper rate levels (Propionic acid-0.5%; Caproic acid-0.2%) and tow comparative levels (Propionic acid-0.4%; Caproic acid-0.15%) to alone or combined with lactic acid inoculation, and compared with Control and LAB-treaded. After 30 days of ensiling, opened the silos and three silos per treatment were adopted in different times during exposure days to study aerobic stability.
The study result showed: (1) When compared with Control-treaded silage, the silages alonelv treated with Propionic acid and Caproic acid at each level all had no effects on fermentation of silages after 30 days of ensiling(P>0.05), but by the rate was higher, the quality was tend to become better. Propionic acid-treated silages had better aerobic stability than Control-treaded silage, because the Control-treaded silage showed a higher pH, DM, Ammonia-N (P<0.05), and lower content of lactic acid and WSC(P<0.05) in different times during aerobic exposure days. ( 2 ) Caproic acid -treaded silages had better aerobic stability than Control-treaded silage in whole aerobic detected period, but the feremetation quality were't improved, even became worse. (3 ) Regardless of Propionic acid alonely or jointly accession and all Caproic acid combined treated silages had lower content of acetic acid, butiryc acid and Ammonia-N(.P<0.05), higher content of lactic acid and WSC(P<0.05), they were preferably ameliorating the quality of silages. The change of depressed extent on lactic acid and WSC in all Propionic acid and Caproic acid-treated silages were notability slower compared with control silage, and there were only a few butiryc acid or no. Because of higher content of propionic acid and caproic acid, the total VFAs were also higher in them, but these tow acids could improve aerobic stability. ( 4 ) Compared with Control-treaded silage, the quality of LAB-treaded silage was worse, although the lactic acid content of it was markedly improved, but the rate of lactic acid : acetic acid was far lower than 3:1, and the content of propionic acid and caproic acid were increased 96.6 %, 169.4%. The tend of changes of all detected nutrition components in Control and LAB-treaded silages were almost identical(P>0.05), up to 8th day, the rate of lactic acid : acetic acid were under 2:1; WSC reduced 46.1% and 46.8%; Ammonia-N increased 88.2% and 92.6%.
By the above analysis, we can see that, appending propionic acid and caproic acid can recede the aerobic loss, delay second fermentation, enhance aerobic stability, and the higher accession level, the better effect. If the condition was well, condign and high level propionic acid could improve fermentation quality. From improving fermentation quality and enhancing aerobic stability to see, when propionic acid and caproic acid combined with microbial inoculation, the geminate effect remarkable better than witch were alone accession.
引文
[1]陈桔.粮、经、饲三元种植结构及其途径探讨[J].天津农林科技,1997,(1):38-40
[2]戴旭明.应重新评价青绿饲料在养殖业中的作用[J].饲料研究,1997,3:19
[3]唐积超.冬闲田种植黑麦草效益高[J].草与畜杂志,1998,2:37
[4]王进波,齐莉莉.优质饲草—黑麦草的开发与利用[J].饲料研究,2000,(10):27-28
[5]辛国荣,杨中艺,陈三有.“黑麦草—水稻”草田轮作系统的研究Ⅴ.稻田冬种黑麦草的优质高产栽培技术[[J].草业学报,2000,(6):17-23
[6]陈宝书.牧草饲料作物栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001
[7]廖维和.利用冬闲田种植多花黑麦草的意义和作用[J].广西畜牧兽医,2001,1:10
[8]辛国荣.冬种黑麦草最终割草时间对早稻生长发育和产量的影响[J].草业科学,1999,(2):17-20
[9]杨中艺.稻田冬种黑麦草对后作水稻生长的影响及其机理初探[J].草业科学,1997,(4):20-24
[10]陈三有,杨中艺,辛国荣.黑麦草、水稻草田轮作系统研究与应用[J].草原与草坪,2000,(1):32-34
[11]杨志刚.多花黑麦草春季青贮技术的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2002:6
[12]顾洪如,丁成龙,胡来根等.优质牧草生产大全[M].江苏科学技术出版社,2002
[13]许庆方.影响首蓓青贮品质的主要因素及首着青贮在奶牛日粮中应用效果的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005:6
[14]潘继修.浅谈青贮饲料[J].新疆畜牧业,1997,2:36-37
[15]McDonald P,Henderson A R,Heron S J E.The Biochemistry of Silage[M].Abersytwyth,UK:Chalcombe Pub Ⅰ,1991
[16]张翔,崔志文,许庆方.好气性变质抑制剂对青贮饲料有氧稳定性的影响[J].山西农业科学 2008,36(2):57-59
[17]Fyksen J.Additives Make Silage,TMRs More Stable[J].2007,33(30):D1-D3
[18]Driehuis F,Oude Elferink S J W H,van Wikselaar P G.Lactobacillus buchneri improves aerobic steability of laboratory and farm scale whole crop maize silage but does not affect feed intake and milk production of dairy cows[A].Sweden:Swedish Univ.Agric.Sci.,Uppsala,1999
[19]傅彤.微生物接种剂对玉米青贮饲料发酵进程及其品质的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2005:6
[20]Ohyama~a Y,McDonald P.The effect of some additives on aerobic deterioration of silages[J] J.Sci.Food Agric.,1975,(26):941-948
[21]Woolford M K.The detrimental effects of air on silage[J].J.Appl.Bacteriol.,1990,68:101-116
[22]董宽虎,沈益新.饲草生产学[M].中国农业出版社,2005
[23]McGechan M B.A review of losses arising during conservation of grass forage:part 2.Storage losses.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1990,45:1-30
[24]Ashbell G.Lisker S N.Aerobic deterioration of maize silage stored in a bunker silo under farm conditions in a subtropical climate[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1988,45:307-315
[25]Woolford M K,Sawczyc M K.An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage.1.Strain selection[J].Crass and Forage Sci.,1984,39:139-148
[26]Kleinschmit D H,Schmidt R J,Kung L.The effectofvarious antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of Corn Silage[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2005,88(6):2130-2139
[27]Lisker N,Taari E,Ashbell G.Chemical and microbiological changes occurring in wheat silage maintained under modified atmospheres[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.1989.47:125-127
[28]Pauly T M,P Lingvall.Effects of mechanical forage treatment and surfactants on fermentation of grass silage[J].Acta agriculturae Scandinavica.Section A.Animal Science,1999,49:1-9
[29]Jonsson A,Lindberg H,Sundas S,et al,Effect of additives on the quality of big bale silage[J].Anim.Feed Sci.,Technol.1990,31:139-155
[30]Gonzalez G,Rodriguez A F.Effect of storage method on fermentation characteristics,aerobic stability and forage intake of tropical grasses ensiled in round bales[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2003,86:926-933
[31]Voughh L R,I Glick.Round bale silage.In:Silage Production:From Seed to Animal.NRAFS Publ.Coop.Ext.Serv.,Riley-Robb Hall,Ithaca,NY 1993.67:117-123
[32]Rodriguez A A,Cianzio D,Gonzalez G,et al.Caracteristicas fermentativas de pastures tropicales natives ensiladas en pacas cilindricas.ⅩⅥ Reunion Latinoamericana de Production Animal.Montevideo,Uruguay.2000
[33]Muller C E.Fermentation patterns of small-bale silage and haylage produced as a feed for horses[J].Grass and Forgae Sci.,2005,60:109-118
[34]Weinberg Z G,G Ashbell,Y Hen,et aI.The effect of temperature on the ensiling process of corn and wheat[J].J.Appl.Bacteriol.,2001,90(4):561-566
[35]Rodriguez A A,Riquelme E O,Acevedo J A.Effect of temperature on the aerobic stability of forage sorghum silage[J].J.Anim.Sci.1998,81(Suppl.1):193
[36]Ohyama Y,Masaki S,Hara S.Factors influencing aeobic deterioration of silages and changes in chemical composition after opening silos[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1975,26:1137-1147
[37] Williams A G, Hoxey R P, Lowe J F. Changes in temperature and silo gas composition during ensiling storage and feeding-out grass silage [J]. Grass and forage science, 1997.52:176-189
[38] O'Kiely P, Muck R E. Aerobic deterioration of Lucerne (Medicago sativa) and Maize (Zea mays) silages effects of yeasts [J]. J.Sci.food Agric.,1992,59:139-144
[39] Muck R E, Padraig O'Kiely. Aerobic deterioration of Lucerne (Medicago sativa) and Maize (Zea mays) silages-effects of fermentation products [J]. J.Sci.Food Agric,1992,59:145-149
[40] Kung L Jr,Taylor C C,Lynch M P,et al. The effect of treating alfalfa with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for lactating dairy cows [J]. J.Dairy Sci.,2003,86:336-343
[41] Weinberg Z G, Ashbell G, Hen Y, et al. The effect of applying lactic acid bacteria on the aerobic stability of silages [J].J.Appl.Bacteriol. 1993,75:512- 518
[42] Kung L Jr, Ranjit N K.The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage [J]. J.Dairy Sci.,2001,84:1149-1155
[43] Muck R E. Effects of Com Silage Inoculants on Aerobic Stability Written for presentation at the 2002 ASAE Annual International Meeting. CIGR XVth World Congress.Chicago, Illinois, USA,2002,7:28-31
[44] Driehuis F, Dude Elferink S J W H, Spolestra S. F. Anaerobic lactic acid degradation during ensilage of whole crop maize inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri inhibits yeast growth and improves aerobic stability [J]. J.Appl. Microbiol.,1999a,87:583-594
[45] Driehuis F, Oude Elferink S J W H, Uan Wikselaar P G. Lactobacillus buchneri improves the aerobic stability of laboratory and farm scale whole crop maize silage but does not affect feed intake and mills production of dairy cows [J]. In Proc. Ⅻth Int'l Silage Conf., Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agric. Sci.,1999b,264-265
[46] Ranjit N K, Kung L Jr. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage [J]. J.Dairy Sci.,2000,83:l 149-526-535
[47] Ranjit N K, Taylor C C, Kung L Jr. Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value of maize silage [J]. Grass Forage Sci.,2002,57:73-81
[48] Driehuis F, Oude Elferink S J W H, Van Wikselaar P C. Fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of grass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria [J]. Grass Forage Sci.,2001,56:330-343
[49] Weinberg Z C, Ashbell G, Hen Y. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. plantarum, applied at ensiling, on the ensiling fermentation and aerobic stability of wheat and sorghum silages [J]. J.Industr.Microbiol.,1999,23:218-222
[50]Taylor C C,Ranjit N J,Mills J A,et al.The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchineri 40788 on silage fermentation,aerobic stability,and nutritive value for dairy cows[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2002,85:1526-1532
[51]Taylor C C,Kung L Jr.The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high moisture Corn in laboratory silos[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2002,85:1526-1532
[52]Danner M H,Eayrhuber,R Braun.Acetic acid increases stability of silage under aerobic conditions[J].Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,2003,69:562-567
[53]Oude Elferink S J W H,Driehuis F,Gottschal J C,et al.Aneaerbic degradation of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2 propanedial,a novel fermentation pathway in lactobacillus buchneri helps to improve the aerobic stability of maize silage[A].proc.Ⅻ Int.Silage Conf[C].Sweden:Swedish Univ.Agric.Sci.,Uppsala,1999:266-267
[54]Kung L,Jr,Tung R S,Maciorowski.Effect of a microbial inoculant and/or glycopeptide antibiotic on fermentation and aerobic stability of Wilted Alfalfa silage[J].Anim.Feed Sci.,1991,35:37-48
[55]郭旭生,周禾,玉柱.不同添加剂对青贮饲料有氧稳定性的影响[J].中国奶牛,2006,9:18-21
[56]Oude Elferink S J W H,Krooneman J,Gottschal J C,Spoelstra S F,Driehuis.Anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2 propanediol by Lactobacillus buchneri[J].Appl.Environ.Micro.,2001,67:125-132
[57]Honing H.Evaluation of aerobic stability[J].Grass Forage Rep.Spec.Issue,1990,3:76-82
[58]Nishino,N.,M.Yoshida,H.Shiota and E.Sakaguchi.Accumulation of 1,2-propanediol and enhancement of aerobic stability in whole crop maize silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri[J].J.App.Micro.,2003,94:800-807
[59]Yldirim,M.Purification of Buchericin LB produced by lactobacillus buchneri LB.Turkish[J].J.Appl.Bacteriol.,2001.25:59-65
[60]管武太,F.Driehuis,P.Van Wikselaar.酸制剂对黑麦草青贮饲料发酵品质和微生物菌群的影响[J].华南农业大学报,2002,23(1):63-66
[61]Filya I,Sucu E,Karabulut A.Aerobic stability and ntritive value of low dry matter maize silage treated with a formatic acid-based preservative.Silage Production and Utilization.Proceeding of the ⅩⅣ International Silage Conference,a satellite workshop of the Ⅹ Ⅹthe International Grassland Congress,July 2005,Bul last,Northern Ireland.2005a:222
[62]沈益新,杨志刚,刘信宝.凋萎和添加有机酸对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响[J].江苏农业 学报,2004,20(2):95-99
[63]Kung L Jr,Myers C L,Neylon J M,Taylor C C,Lazartic J,Mills J A,Whiter A G,The effects of buffered propionic acid-based additive alone or combined with microbial inoculation on the fermentation of high moisture corn and whole-crop barly[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2004,87:1310-1316
[64]Buxton D R,Muck R E,Harrison J H.Silage science and technology.American Society of Agronomy,Inc.,Crop Science Society of America,Inc.,Soil Science of America,Inc.Publication,Madison,WI.2003
[65]Kung L Jr,Muck.Animal response to silage additives.In Silage:Field to Feedbunk.NRAES-99.Proc.North American conf:Hershey,PA.11-13 Feb.Northeast Reg.Agric.Eng.Serv.,Coop.Ext.,Ithaca,NY,1997:200-212
[66]Kung L Jr,Sheprerd A C,Smagala A M,et al.The Effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration[J].J.Dairy Sci.,1998,81:1322-1330
[67]Kung L Jr,Robinson J R,Ranjit N K,.Chen J H,Golt C M,Peseck J D.Microbia-1 populations fermentation endproducts and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with ammonia or a propionic acid-based preservative[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2000,83:1479-1486
[68]Woolford M K.Microbiological screening of the straight chain fatty acids as potential silage additives[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.1975,26:219-228
[69]Allil.et al.The effects of sorbates on the ensilage of chopped whole-plant maize and Lucerne[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1985,36(2):63-70
[70]Tao Shao,Noriko OHBA,et al.,Fermentation Quality of Forage Oat(Avena sativa L.)Silages Treated with Pre-fermented Juices,Sorbic Acid,Glucose and Encapsulated-Glucose[J].J.Fac.Agr.,Kyushu Univ.,2003,47(2):341-349
[71]汪莉.苯甲酸、山梨酸不同水平组合对饲料的防霉效应[J].饲料工业,2003,2:31-33
[72]席兴军,韩鲁佳.添加己酸和盐酸对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量的影响[J].中国农业大学报,2002,7(6):54-60
[73]张新慧.添加乙酸钠盐对青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响[D].黑龙江:东北农业大学,2006:6
[74]Plegge s D,et al.SDA improving aerobic stability of corn or half-dried silage[J].Feedstuffs,1992,5(58):19
[75]Honig H,Woolford M K.Changes in silage on exposure to air[J].Occasional Symposium of the British Grassland Society,1980,11:76-87
[76]张涛,崔宗均,李建平等.不同发酵类型青贮菌制剂对青贮发酵的影响[J].草业学报,2005, 6:67-71
[77]Nout M Jr,Bouwmeester H M,Haaksma J,H van Dijk.Fungal growth in silages of sugarbeet press pulp and maize[J].J.Agric.Sci.Cambridge,1993,121:323-326
[78]Ohmomo S,Kitamoto H K,Nakajima T.Detection of roquefortines in Penicillium roqueforti isolated from moulded maize silage[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1994,51:211-214
[79]孔凡德.高水分黑麦草添加吸收剂或凋萎青贮对青贮料发酵品质和营养价值的影响[D].浙江:浙江大学,2002:5
[80]Kung L Jr,Taylor C C.The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high moisture Corn in laboratory silos[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2002,85:1526-1532
[81]Broderica G A,J H Kang.Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media[J].J.Dairy Sci.1980,33:64-75
[82]宁开桂.实用饲料分析手册[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1993:81-85
[83]杨胜.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991
[84]Madrid J,Maritinez-Teruel A,Hernandez F,et al.A comparative study on the determination of lactic acid in silage juice by colorometric,high-performance liquid chromatography and enrymatic methods[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1999,(79):1722-1726
[85]董晓玲,孟庆翔.丙酸和丙酸菌添加对高油玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质以及瘤胃发酵参数影响的研究[J].牧草加工,2007,43(15):35-38
[86]华金玲.添加乳酸菌对整株水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质的影响[D].黑龙江:东北农业大学,2006(4):13-14
[87]席兴军.添加剂对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量影响的试验研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2002:
[88]Muck,R E.,L.Kung,Jr.Effects of Silage Additives on ensiling.P.187-199.In Silage:Field to Feedbunk.NRAES-99.Proc.North American conf:Hershey,PA.11-13 Feb.Northeast Reg.Agric.Eng.Serv,Coop.Ext.,Ithaca,NY,1997
[89]张华峰,张晓宁,陈天华等.丙酸和丙酸盐在饲料中的应用及其生产工艺[J].中国饲料,2005,7:20-21
[90]蔡义民,熊井清雄,廖芷等.乳酸菌剂对青贮饲料发酵品质的改善效果[J].中国农业大学报,1995,28(2):73-82
[91]管武太,G.Ashbell,Y Hen等.微生物添加剂对青贮高粱发酵品质和稳定性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1401-1405
[92]何依群,乐国伟,施用晖等.微生物接种剂和酶制剂对黑麦草青贮发酵品质的影响[J].无锡轻工大学学报[J].2004,3(23):1-4
[93]王加启,周凌云,刘辉等.青贮过程中饲料营养价值降低的机理及其控制新技术[J].饲料 饲养,2005,1:28-29
[94]Wohlt J E.Use of silage inoculant to improve feeding stability and intake of a corn silage-grain diet[J].J.Dairy Sci.,1989
[95]张宁.青贮饲料品质鉴定法[J].国外畜牧科技饲料,1990,(1):34-35
[2]戴旭明.应重新评价青绿饲料在养殖业中的作用[J].饲料研究,1997,3:19
[3]唐积超.冬闲田种植黑麦草效益高[J].草与畜杂志,1998,2:37
[4]王进波,齐莉莉.优质饲草—黑麦草的开发与利用[J].饲料研究,2000,(10):27-28
[5]辛国荣,杨中艺,陈三有.“黑麦草—水稻”草田轮作系统的研究Ⅴ.稻田冬种黑麦草的优质高产栽培技术[[J].草业学报,2000,(6):17-23
[6]陈宝书.牧草饲料作物栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001
[7]廖维和.利用冬闲田种植多花黑麦草的意义和作用[J].广西畜牧兽医,2001,1:10
[8]辛国荣.冬种黑麦草最终割草时间对早稻生长发育和产量的影响[J].草业科学,1999,(2):17-20
[9]杨中艺.稻田冬种黑麦草对后作水稻生长的影响及其机理初探[J].草业科学,1997,(4):20-24
[10]陈三有,杨中艺,辛国荣.黑麦草、水稻草田轮作系统研究与应用[J].草原与草坪,2000,(1):32-34
[11]杨志刚.多花黑麦草春季青贮技术的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2002:6
[12]顾洪如,丁成龙,胡来根等.优质牧草生产大全[M].江苏科学技术出版社,2002
[13]许庆方.影响首蓓青贮品质的主要因素及首着青贮在奶牛日粮中应用效果的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005:6
[14]潘继修.浅谈青贮饲料[J].新疆畜牧业,1997,2:36-37
[15]McDonald P,Henderson A R,Heron S J E.The Biochemistry of Silage[M].Abersytwyth,UK:Chalcombe Pub Ⅰ,1991
[16]张翔,崔志文,许庆方.好气性变质抑制剂对青贮饲料有氧稳定性的影响[J].山西农业科学 2008,36(2):57-59
[17]Fyksen J.Additives Make Silage,TMRs More Stable[J].2007,33(30):D1-D3
[18]Driehuis F,Oude Elferink S J W H,van Wikselaar P G.Lactobacillus buchneri improves aerobic steability of laboratory and farm scale whole crop maize silage but does not affect feed intake and milk production of dairy cows[A].Sweden:Swedish Univ.Agric.Sci.,Uppsala,1999
[19]傅彤.微生物接种剂对玉米青贮饲料发酵进程及其品质的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2005:6
[20]Ohyama~a Y,McDonald P.The effect of some additives on aerobic deterioration of silages[J] J.Sci.Food Agric.,1975,(26):941-948
[21]Woolford M K.The detrimental effects of air on silage[J].J.Appl.Bacteriol.,1990,68:101-116
[22]董宽虎,沈益新.饲草生产学[M].中国农业出版社,2005
[23]McGechan M B.A review of losses arising during conservation of grass forage:part 2.Storage losses.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1990,45:1-30
[24]Ashbell G.Lisker S N.Aerobic deterioration of maize silage stored in a bunker silo under farm conditions in a subtropical climate[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1988,45:307-315
[25]Woolford M K,Sawczyc M K.An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage.1.Strain selection[J].Crass and Forage Sci.,1984,39:139-148
[26]Kleinschmit D H,Schmidt R J,Kung L.The effectofvarious antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of Corn Silage[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2005,88(6):2130-2139
[27]Lisker N,Taari E,Ashbell G.Chemical and microbiological changes occurring in wheat silage maintained under modified atmospheres[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.1989.47:125-127
[28]Pauly T M,P Lingvall.Effects of mechanical forage treatment and surfactants on fermentation of grass silage[J].Acta agriculturae Scandinavica.Section A.Animal Science,1999,49:1-9
[29]Jonsson A,Lindberg H,Sundas S,et al,Effect of additives on the quality of big bale silage[J].Anim.Feed Sci.,Technol.1990,31:139-155
[30]Gonzalez G,Rodriguez A F.Effect of storage method on fermentation characteristics,aerobic stability and forage intake of tropical grasses ensiled in round bales[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2003,86:926-933
[31]Voughh L R,I Glick.Round bale silage.In:Silage Production:From Seed to Animal.NRAFS Publ.Coop.Ext.Serv.,Riley-Robb Hall,Ithaca,NY 1993.67:117-123
[32]Rodriguez A A,Cianzio D,Gonzalez G,et al.Caracteristicas fermentativas de pastures tropicales natives ensiladas en pacas cilindricas.ⅩⅥ Reunion Latinoamericana de Production Animal.Montevideo,Uruguay.2000
[33]Muller C E.Fermentation patterns of small-bale silage and haylage produced as a feed for horses[J].Grass and Forgae Sci.,2005,60:109-118
[34]Weinberg Z G,G Ashbell,Y Hen,et aI.The effect of temperature on the ensiling process of corn and wheat[J].J.Appl.Bacteriol.,2001,90(4):561-566
[35]Rodriguez A A,Riquelme E O,Acevedo J A.Effect of temperature on the aerobic stability of forage sorghum silage[J].J.Anim.Sci.1998,81(Suppl.1):193
[36]Ohyama Y,Masaki S,Hara S.Factors influencing aeobic deterioration of silages and changes in chemical composition after opening silos[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1975,26:1137-1147
[37] Williams A G, Hoxey R P, Lowe J F. Changes in temperature and silo gas composition during ensiling storage and feeding-out grass silage [J]. Grass and forage science, 1997.52:176-189
[38] O'Kiely P, Muck R E. Aerobic deterioration of Lucerne (Medicago sativa) and Maize (Zea mays) silages effects of yeasts [J]. J.Sci.food Agric.,1992,59:139-144
[39] Muck R E, Padraig O'Kiely. Aerobic deterioration of Lucerne (Medicago sativa) and Maize (Zea mays) silages-effects of fermentation products [J]. J.Sci.Food Agric,1992,59:145-149
[40] Kung L Jr,Taylor C C,Lynch M P,et al. The effect of treating alfalfa with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for lactating dairy cows [J]. J.Dairy Sci.,2003,86:336-343
[41] Weinberg Z G, Ashbell G, Hen Y, et al. The effect of applying lactic acid bacteria on the aerobic stability of silages [J].J.Appl.Bacteriol. 1993,75:512- 518
[42] Kung L Jr, Ranjit N K.The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage [J]. J.Dairy Sci.,2001,84:1149-1155
[43] Muck R E. Effects of Com Silage Inoculants on Aerobic Stability Written for presentation at the 2002 ASAE Annual International Meeting. CIGR XVth World Congress.Chicago, Illinois, USA,2002,7:28-31
[44] Driehuis F, Dude Elferink S J W H, Spolestra S. F. Anaerobic lactic acid degradation during ensilage of whole crop maize inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri inhibits yeast growth and improves aerobic stability [J]. J.Appl. Microbiol.,1999a,87:583-594
[45] Driehuis F, Oude Elferink S J W H, Uan Wikselaar P G. Lactobacillus buchneri improves the aerobic stability of laboratory and farm scale whole crop maize silage but does not affect feed intake and mills production of dairy cows [J]. In Proc. Ⅻth Int'l Silage Conf., Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agric. Sci.,1999b,264-265
[46] Ranjit N K, Kung L Jr. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage [J]. J.Dairy Sci.,2000,83:l 149-526-535
[47] Ranjit N K, Taylor C C, Kung L Jr. Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value of maize silage [J]. Grass Forage Sci.,2002,57:73-81
[48] Driehuis F, Oude Elferink S J W H, Van Wikselaar P C. Fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of grass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria [J]. Grass Forage Sci.,2001,56:330-343
[49] Weinberg Z C, Ashbell G, Hen Y. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. plantarum, applied at ensiling, on the ensiling fermentation and aerobic stability of wheat and sorghum silages [J]. J.Industr.Microbiol.,1999,23:218-222
[50]Taylor C C,Ranjit N J,Mills J A,et al.The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchineri 40788 on silage fermentation,aerobic stability,and nutritive value for dairy cows[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2002,85:1526-1532
[51]Taylor C C,Kung L Jr.The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high moisture Corn in laboratory silos[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2002,85:1526-1532
[52]Danner M H,Eayrhuber,R Braun.Acetic acid increases stability of silage under aerobic conditions[J].Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,2003,69:562-567
[53]Oude Elferink S J W H,Driehuis F,Gottschal J C,et al.Aneaerbic degradation of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2 propanedial,a novel fermentation pathway in lactobacillus buchneri helps to improve the aerobic stability of maize silage[A].proc.Ⅻ Int.Silage Conf[C].Sweden:Swedish Univ.Agric.Sci.,Uppsala,1999:266-267
[54]Kung L,Jr,Tung R S,Maciorowski.Effect of a microbial inoculant and/or glycopeptide antibiotic on fermentation and aerobic stability of Wilted Alfalfa silage[J].Anim.Feed Sci.,1991,35:37-48
[55]郭旭生,周禾,玉柱.不同添加剂对青贮饲料有氧稳定性的影响[J].中国奶牛,2006,9:18-21
[56]Oude Elferink S J W H,Krooneman J,Gottschal J C,Spoelstra S F,Driehuis.Anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2 propanediol by Lactobacillus buchneri[J].Appl.Environ.Micro.,2001,67:125-132
[57]Honing H.Evaluation of aerobic stability[J].Grass Forage Rep.Spec.Issue,1990,3:76-82
[58]Nishino,N.,M.Yoshida,H.Shiota and E.Sakaguchi.Accumulation of 1,2-propanediol and enhancement of aerobic stability in whole crop maize silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri[J].J.App.Micro.,2003,94:800-807
[59]Yldirim,M.Purification of Buchericin LB produced by lactobacillus buchneri LB.Turkish[J].J.Appl.Bacteriol.,2001.25:59-65
[60]管武太,F.Driehuis,P.Van Wikselaar.酸制剂对黑麦草青贮饲料发酵品质和微生物菌群的影响[J].华南农业大学报,2002,23(1):63-66
[61]Filya I,Sucu E,Karabulut A.Aerobic stability and ntritive value of low dry matter maize silage treated with a formatic acid-based preservative.Silage Production and Utilization.Proceeding of the ⅩⅣ International Silage Conference,a satellite workshop of the Ⅹ Ⅹthe International Grassland Congress,July 2005,Bul last,Northern Ireland.2005a:222
[62]沈益新,杨志刚,刘信宝.凋萎和添加有机酸对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响[J].江苏农业 学报,2004,20(2):95-99
[63]Kung L Jr,Myers C L,Neylon J M,Taylor C C,Lazartic J,Mills J A,Whiter A G,The effects of buffered propionic acid-based additive alone or combined with microbial inoculation on the fermentation of high moisture corn and whole-crop barly[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2004,87:1310-1316
[64]Buxton D R,Muck R E,Harrison J H.Silage science and technology.American Society of Agronomy,Inc.,Crop Science Society of America,Inc.,Soil Science of America,Inc.Publication,Madison,WI.2003
[65]Kung L Jr,Muck.Animal response to silage additives.In Silage:Field to Feedbunk.NRAES-99.Proc.North American conf:Hershey,PA.11-13 Feb.Northeast Reg.Agric.Eng.Serv.,Coop.Ext.,Ithaca,NY,1997:200-212
[66]Kung L Jr,Sheprerd A C,Smagala A M,et al.The Effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration[J].J.Dairy Sci.,1998,81:1322-1330
[67]Kung L Jr,Robinson J R,Ranjit N K,.Chen J H,Golt C M,Peseck J D.Microbia-1 populations fermentation endproducts and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with ammonia or a propionic acid-based preservative[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2000,83:1479-1486
[68]Woolford M K.Microbiological screening of the straight chain fatty acids as potential silage additives[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.1975,26:219-228
[69]Allil.et al.The effects of sorbates on the ensilage of chopped whole-plant maize and Lucerne[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1985,36(2):63-70
[70]Tao Shao,Noriko OHBA,et al.,Fermentation Quality of Forage Oat(Avena sativa L.)Silages Treated with Pre-fermented Juices,Sorbic Acid,Glucose and Encapsulated-Glucose[J].J.Fac.Agr.,Kyushu Univ.,2003,47(2):341-349
[71]汪莉.苯甲酸、山梨酸不同水平组合对饲料的防霉效应[J].饲料工业,2003,2:31-33
[72]席兴军,韩鲁佳.添加己酸和盐酸对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量的影响[J].中国农业大学报,2002,7(6):54-60
[73]张新慧.添加乙酸钠盐对青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响[D].黑龙江:东北农业大学,2006:6
[74]Plegge s D,et al.SDA improving aerobic stability of corn or half-dried silage[J].Feedstuffs,1992,5(58):19
[75]Honig H,Woolford M K.Changes in silage on exposure to air[J].Occasional Symposium of the British Grassland Society,1980,11:76-87
[76]张涛,崔宗均,李建平等.不同发酵类型青贮菌制剂对青贮发酵的影响[J].草业学报,2005, 6:67-71
[77]Nout M Jr,Bouwmeester H M,Haaksma J,H van Dijk.Fungal growth in silages of sugarbeet press pulp and maize[J].J.Agric.Sci.Cambridge,1993,121:323-326
[78]Ohmomo S,Kitamoto H K,Nakajima T.Detection of roquefortines in Penicillium roqueforti isolated from moulded maize silage[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1994,51:211-214
[79]孔凡德.高水分黑麦草添加吸收剂或凋萎青贮对青贮料发酵品质和营养价值的影响[D].浙江:浙江大学,2002:5
[80]Kung L Jr,Taylor C C.The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high moisture Corn in laboratory silos[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2002,85:1526-1532
[81]Broderica G A,J H Kang.Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media[J].J.Dairy Sci.1980,33:64-75
[82]宁开桂.实用饲料分析手册[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1993:81-85
[83]杨胜.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991
[84]Madrid J,Maritinez-Teruel A,Hernandez F,et al.A comparative study on the determination of lactic acid in silage juice by colorometric,high-performance liquid chromatography and enrymatic methods[J].J.Sci.Food Agric.,1999,(79):1722-1726
[85]董晓玲,孟庆翔.丙酸和丙酸菌添加对高油玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质以及瘤胃发酵参数影响的研究[J].牧草加工,2007,43(15):35-38
[86]华金玲.添加乳酸菌对整株水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质的影响[D].黑龙江:东北农业大学,2006(4):13-14
[87]席兴军.添加剂对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量影响的试验研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2002:
[88]Muck,R E.,L.Kung,Jr.Effects of Silage Additives on ensiling.P.187-199.In Silage:Field to Feedbunk.NRAES-99.Proc.North American conf:Hershey,PA.11-13 Feb.Northeast Reg.Agric.Eng.Serv,Coop.Ext.,Ithaca,NY,1997
[89]张华峰,张晓宁,陈天华等.丙酸和丙酸盐在饲料中的应用及其生产工艺[J].中国饲料,2005,7:20-21
[90]蔡义民,熊井清雄,廖芷等.乳酸菌剂对青贮饲料发酵品质的改善效果[J].中国农业大学报,1995,28(2):73-82
[91]管武太,G.Ashbell,Y Hen等.微生物添加剂对青贮高粱发酵品质和稳定性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1401-1405
[92]何依群,乐国伟,施用晖等.微生物接种剂和酶制剂对黑麦草青贮发酵品质的影响[J].无锡轻工大学学报[J].2004,3(23):1-4
[93]王加启,周凌云,刘辉等.青贮过程中饲料营养价值降低的机理及其控制新技术[J].饲料 饲养,2005,1:28-29
[94]Wohlt J E.Use of silage inoculant to improve feeding stability and intake of a corn silage-grain diet[J].J.Dairy Sci.,1989
[95]张宁.青贮饲料品质鉴定法[J].国外畜牧科技饲料,1990,(1):34-35