高海拔低气压条件对细水雾灭火性能影响的实验研究
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摘要
中国历史悠久、古建筑等文化遗产众多,特别是中国西部高原地区,分布着大量的寺庙类文物古建筑,如西藏的布达拉宫作为藏传佛教古建筑的典型代表,已入选《世界遗产名录》。然而,这些文物古建筑大都为木质结构或石木结构,耐火等级低,且其内部拥有大量易燃物,防火形势十分严峻。研究高原低气压条件对灭火系统的灭火性能的影响,对发展适合高原地区古建筑的防灭火技术具有十分重要的意义。细水雾灭火技术由于其灭火高效、对环境无污染、对现场人员和设备安全、用水量少等诸多优点,近年来越来越受到人们的青睐。细水雾灭火技术在平原地区的灭火性能已开展了大量的研究工作,并已得到广泛的应用,细水雾灭火技术的上述优点也使其在古建筑的火灾防治方面受到关注。细水雾的灭火性能将随着海拔及气压条件的改变而发生变化,而细水雾在高海拔低气压条件下的灭火有效性、灭火机理等的研究十分缺乏,本文通过实验研究的方法就高海拔低气压条件下细水雾的灭火性能开展了较为系统的研究工作。
为了方便地开展实验研究工作,首先建立了可获得低气压实验环境并可调节其内部气压大小的小尺度模拟实验台,在此基础上开展环境压力对细水雾性能影响的实验研究。与此同时,在西藏拉萨高原火灾联合实验室建立了细水雾灭火模拟实验台,可开展较大尺度的细水雾与火焰相互作用的多种研究。为高海拔低气压环境下细水雾的灭火有效性、灭火机理等的研究提供了良好的实验条件。
通过不同环境压力下细水雾喷嘴工作压力及流量的测量,研究了环境压力对细水雾喷嘴流量系数的影响;通过基于激光片光拍摄不同环境压力下细水雾的雾场结构图像及通过集水法测量喷嘴下方不同区域内的喷雾量,研究了环境压力对细水雾雾场分布的影响。结果表明,当喷嘴工作压力不变时,随着环境压力的减小,压力雾化空心锥喷嘴及实心锥喷嘴所产生的雾滴均趋向于向雾锥面聚集,从而使得雾锥面附近的喷雾强度增加,而雾场中心区域的喷雾强度减小。
泵组是泵组式细水雾灭火系统的关键部件,其工作性能直接影响到灭火剂—水的供给以及系统的喷雾强度等,最终影响细水雾灭火系统的灭火性能。对柱塞泵在合肥及拉萨两地的流量特性及泵组效率进行了实验比较研究,揭示了环境压力对柱塞泵流量特性及泵组效率的影响关系。
利用低气压模拟实验台,研究了正庚烷及汽油池火在不同环境压力条件下的燃烧特性。实验在低于常压环境的多个不同压力条件下进行,获取了燃料的质量燃烧速率、火焰形态特征、火焰温度、烟气中的CO浓度等燃烧特性参数。为了更真实地反映高海拔低气压条件对燃料燃烧性能的影响,在合肥和拉萨两地进行了多种典型可燃物的燃烧特性对比实验研究。实验涉及汽油、柴油、酥油和木垛四种具有代表性的燃料。揭示了高海拔低气压条件对燃料燃烧特性的影响规律,同时为低气压条件对细水雾灭火性能影响的研究提供参考。
在合肥、拉萨两地进行了高、低压细水雾灭火系统扑灭典型可燃物火的灭火性能实验。实验中针对不同的喷嘴、喷嘴工作压力和不同的燃料,设计了多种实验工况,研究了细水雾在不同海拔高度条件下的灭火有效性,分析了气压条件对细水雾系统灭火性能的影响关系。结果表明细水雾系统在拉萨的灭火综合性能优于合肥。通过对不同气压条件下的细水雾雾场特性及与火焰相互作用的理论分析,并结合灭火实验结果,得到了在不同气压条件下细水雾的火焰冷却、稀释隔绝氧气和燃料表面冷却三个主导灭火机理的强弱变化,揭示了低气压条件对细水雾灭火有效性的影响规律。
China is a long-history country and has considerable numbers of cultural heritages,especially in the west plateau area,there are many historical buildings of temples,such as the Potala Palace which is a representative historical building of Tibetan Buddhism and had been inscribed on the World Heritage List.However,most of the historical buildings are wood structures or wood-stone structures,whose fire resistance level is very low,and there are lots of flammable materials in them,so their fire safety status is very serious.Study on the effects of low ambient pressure conditions at high altitude on the fire suppression performance of water mist is very important for developing effective and suitable fire extinguishing technologies for historical buildings at plateau areas.Water mist has been received considerable attention for fire suppression in recent years due to many advantages,such as high fire extinguishing effectiveness,less water consumption,no pollution to environment, safety to protect objects etc.Large numbers of studies and applications of water mist in normal altitude areas have been carried out.Especially,owing to the above advantages,studies on fire protection of historical buildings with water mist were also performed recently.Fire suppression effectiveness of water mist will change with altitude and ambient pressure conditions.However,few studies on fire suppression effectiveness and mechanism in low ambient pressure conditions have been done. Systemic experimental research on fire suppression effectiveness of watermist under lower ambient pressure conditions were carded out in this paper.
In order to conduct the experiments conveniently,a small-scale experimental platform with adjustable inner ambient pressure was built.Meanwhile,a water mist fire suppression experimental platform was built in Joint Laboratory of SKLFS(State Key Lab.of Fire Science) and Tibet,where research of the interaction between water mist and flame was performed in a relatively large scale.Good experimental conditions were provided for the study on fire suppression effectiveness and mechanism of water mist.
Investigations on the effects of ambient pressure on flow coefficient of water mist nozzles were carried out by measuring the operation pressure and flow rate of water mist nozzles at different ambient pressures.By means of taking pictures of spray field lightened by a laser light sheet at different ambient pressures and measuring the volume of water mist collected in different regions below the nozzle,relations between droplet distribution characteristics and ambient pressures were got.The results showed that when work pressure of the nozzle was constant,the distribution of mist droplets congregate towards spray cone surface with reducing ambient pressure for both pressure-whirl hollow cone nozzle and pressure-whirl solid cone nozzle. Consequently,spray intensity around spray cone surface increases while that in the center of spray field decreases.
Pump set is a key part of the pump supplying water mist fire suppression system. The performance of pump set has direct effects on the water supply for the nozzle and the spray intensity,et al.and finally affects the fire suppression effectiveness of water mist.Influence of ambient pressure on the flow characteristic of piston pump and pump set efficiency was also studied by comparative experimental study between Hefei and Lhasa.
In addition,combustion characteristics of n-heptane and gasoline pool fire,such as fuel's mass burning rate,flame shape,flame temperature,CO concentration in flue gas etc.in different ambient pressure conditions were researched on low ambient pressure simulative experimental platform.In order to reflect the relation between burning characteristics and ambient pressure veritably,experiments of combustion characteristics of various representative combustibles,such as petrol,diesel oil,ghee and wood crib,were carried out in Hefei and Lhasa comparatively.The results revealed the influence law of low ambient pressure on combustion characteristics and provided reference for the investigation of influence mechanism of low ambient pressure conditions on fire suppression performance.
Finally,comparative experiments were conducted to gain the fire extinguishing effectiveness of representative combustibles with both high and low pressure water mist fire suppression system.In the experiments,by designing several test conditions composed of different nozzles,operating pressures and fuels,fire extinguishing effectiveness with water mist under different attitude conditions was studied,and the relations between ambient pressure conditions and fire suppression performance of water mist system were analyzed as well.The results indicated that water mist system has better in overall fire suppression performance in Lhasa than in Hefei.By means of theoretical analysis of spray characteristics and mechanism of water mist interacting on fire under different ambient pressures,in combination with the results of fire suppression experiments,the changes of the three key fire suppression mechanisms of water mist,including flame cooling,oxygen depletion and burning surface cooling, under different ambient pressure conditions were obtained.The influence law of low ambient pressure on fire suppression mechanisms of water mist was revealed.
为了方便地开展实验研究工作,首先建立了可获得低气压实验环境并可调节其内部气压大小的小尺度模拟实验台,在此基础上开展环境压力对细水雾性能影响的实验研究。与此同时,在西藏拉萨高原火灾联合实验室建立了细水雾灭火模拟实验台,可开展较大尺度的细水雾与火焰相互作用的多种研究。为高海拔低气压环境下细水雾的灭火有效性、灭火机理等的研究提供了良好的实验条件。
通过不同环境压力下细水雾喷嘴工作压力及流量的测量,研究了环境压力对细水雾喷嘴流量系数的影响;通过基于激光片光拍摄不同环境压力下细水雾的雾场结构图像及通过集水法测量喷嘴下方不同区域内的喷雾量,研究了环境压力对细水雾雾场分布的影响。结果表明,当喷嘴工作压力不变时,随着环境压力的减小,压力雾化空心锥喷嘴及实心锥喷嘴所产生的雾滴均趋向于向雾锥面聚集,从而使得雾锥面附近的喷雾强度增加,而雾场中心区域的喷雾强度减小。
泵组是泵组式细水雾灭火系统的关键部件,其工作性能直接影响到灭火剂—水的供给以及系统的喷雾强度等,最终影响细水雾灭火系统的灭火性能。对柱塞泵在合肥及拉萨两地的流量特性及泵组效率进行了实验比较研究,揭示了环境压力对柱塞泵流量特性及泵组效率的影响关系。
利用低气压模拟实验台,研究了正庚烷及汽油池火在不同环境压力条件下的燃烧特性。实验在低于常压环境的多个不同压力条件下进行,获取了燃料的质量燃烧速率、火焰形态特征、火焰温度、烟气中的CO浓度等燃烧特性参数。为了更真实地反映高海拔低气压条件对燃料燃烧性能的影响,在合肥和拉萨两地进行了多种典型可燃物的燃烧特性对比实验研究。实验涉及汽油、柴油、酥油和木垛四种具有代表性的燃料。揭示了高海拔低气压条件对燃料燃烧特性的影响规律,同时为低气压条件对细水雾灭火性能影响的研究提供参考。
在合肥、拉萨两地进行了高、低压细水雾灭火系统扑灭典型可燃物火的灭火性能实验。实验中针对不同的喷嘴、喷嘴工作压力和不同的燃料,设计了多种实验工况,研究了细水雾在不同海拔高度条件下的灭火有效性,分析了气压条件对细水雾系统灭火性能的影响关系。结果表明细水雾系统在拉萨的灭火综合性能优于合肥。通过对不同气压条件下的细水雾雾场特性及与火焰相互作用的理论分析,并结合灭火实验结果,得到了在不同气压条件下细水雾的火焰冷却、稀释隔绝氧气和燃料表面冷却三个主导灭火机理的强弱变化,揭示了低气压条件对细水雾灭火有效性的影响规律。
China is a long-history country and has considerable numbers of cultural heritages,especially in the west plateau area,there are many historical buildings of temples,such as the Potala Palace which is a representative historical building of Tibetan Buddhism and had been inscribed on the World Heritage List.However,most of the historical buildings are wood structures or wood-stone structures,whose fire resistance level is very low,and there are lots of flammable materials in them,so their fire safety status is very serious.Study on the effects of low ambient pressure conditions at high altitude on the fire suppression performance of water mist is very important for developing effective and suitable fire extinguishing technologies for historical buildings at plateau areas.Water mist has been received considerable attention for fire suppression in recent years due to many advantages,such as high fire extinguishing effectiveness,less water consumption,no pollution to environment, safety to protect objects etc.Large numbers of studies and applications of water mist in normal altitude areas have been carried out.Especially,owing to the above advantages,studies on fire protection of historical buildings with water mist were also performed recently.Fire suppression effectiveness of water mist will change with altitude and ambient pressure conditions.However,few studies on fire suppression effectiveness and mechanism in low ambient pressure conditions have been done. Systemic experimental research on fire suppression effectiveness of watermist under lower ambient pressure conditions were carded out in this paper.
In order to conduct the experiments conveniently,a small-scale experimental platform with adjustable inner ambient pressure was built.Meanwhile,a water mist fire suppression experimental platform was built in Joint Laboratory of SKLFS(State Key Lab.of Fire Science) and Tibet,where research of the interaction between water mist and flame was performed in a relatively large scale.Good experimental conditions were provided for the study on fire suppression effectiveness and mechanism of water mist.
Investigations on the effects of ambient pressure on flow coefficient of water mist nozzles were carried out by measuring the operation pressure and flow rate of water mist nozzles at different ambient pressures.By means of taking pictures of spray field lightened by a laser light sheet at different ambient pressures and measuring the volume of water mist collected in different regions below the nozzle,relations between droplet distribution characteristics and ambient pressures were got.The results showed that when work pressure of the nozzle was constant,the distribution of mist droplets congregate towards spray cone surface with reducing ambient pressure for both pressure-whirl hollow cone nozzle and pressure-whirl solid cone nozzle. Consequently,spray intensity around spray cone surface increases while that in the center of spray field decreases.
Pump set is a key part of the pump supplying water mist fire suppression system. The performance of pump set has direct effects on the water supply for the nozzle and the spray intensity,et al.and finally affects the fire suppression effectiveness of water mist.Influence of ambient pressure on the flow characteristic of piston pump and pump set efficiency was also studied by comparative experimental study between Hefei and Lhasa.
In addition,combustion characteristics of n-heptane and gasoline pool fire,such as fuel's mass burning rate,flame shape,flame temperature,CO concentration in flue gas etc.in different ambient pressure conditions were researched on low ambient pressure simulative experimental platform.In order to reflect the relation between burning characteristics and ambient pressure veritably,experiments of combustion characteristics of various representative combustibles,such as petrol,diesel oil,ghee and wood crib,were carried out in Hefei and Lhasa comparatively.The results revealed the influence law of low ambient pressure on combustion characteristics and provided reference for the investigation of influence mechanism of low ambient pressure conditions on fire suppression performance.
Finally,comparative experiments were conducted to gain the fire extinguishing effectiveness of representative combustibles with both high and low pressure water mist fire suppression system.In the experiments,by designing several test conditions composed of different nozzles,operating pressures and fuels,fire extinguishing effectiveness with water mist under different attitude conditions was studied,and the relations between ambient pressure conditions and fire suppression performance of water mist system were analyzed as well.The results indicated that water mist system has better in overall fire suppression performance in Lhasa than in Hefei.By means of theoretical analysis of spray characteristics and mechanism of water mist interacting on fire under different ambient pressures,in combination with the results of fire suppression experiments,the changes of the three key fire suppression mechanisms of water mist,including flame cooling,oxygen depletion and burning surface cooling, under different ambient pressure conditions were obtained.The influence law of low ambient pressure on fire suppression mechanisms of water mist was revealed.
引文
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