465Q甲醇发动机的性能与排放研究
摘要
本文首先对国内外能源状况进行了较全面的分析，认识到中国正面临着巨大的压力，石油资源不足，环境污染严重，因此在发动机上除采用各种节能措施以更有效地利用现有能源外，寻找新一代能源，则是更为主动的减少对石油资源过分依赖的途径。本文对几种发展替代石油的清洁燃料汽车进行了综述与比较，发现甲醇作为发动机清洁的代用燃料，显示了其巨大的发展潜力，这正好可以充分有效的利用我国丰富的煤炭资源。
本文对甲醇替代石油的可行性进行了分析，总结了甲醇在汽油机中应用的技术途径、方法及其优缺点，特别是在山西这个特殊省份发展甲醇替代燃料得天独厚的优势，并就在山西发展甲醇燃料提出了几点问题与机遇，并定下一些预期设想的具体目标。
为了缓解汽车对石油的依赖，适应我国能源开发的需要，同时也是应我国大气污染急需改善的需要，我们对保有量大，应用面广的465Q汽油发动机进行了掺烧高比例甲醇与汽油混合燃料M85(按质量比，甲醇占85％，汽油占15％)的技术改造和实验研究。通过对原发动机的结构改造和有关参数的调整，将M85甲醇与汽油混合燃料喷入气缸对发动机的影响进行了相关的理论研究及试验分析，实验结果表明：M85甲醇发动机与原发动机相比，其动力性、经济性和尾气排放均有大幅度的提高和改善，甲醇燃料可以实现在现有改装的发动机上使用。
发动机燃用M85甲醇与汽油混合燃料时，动力性明显高于原汽油机，最高功率比原汽油机提高约2kw；最高转矩比原汽油机提高约9N.m；经济性也明显优于原汽油机，甲醇当量燃油消耗比原汽油机油耗低约30g／kW.h；排放方面也具有显著的优势，HC和CO排放量都有所改善。
The situation of domestic and international resources are introduced, werealized that China are facing huge pressure that petroleum resources fallshortage and environmental pollution are serious at present, therefore differentenergy-saving measures must be taken to make use of available resources in themotor technology. To find new energy resources are active path to solve theproblem that we reduce the excessive dependence of petroleum. Methanol isclean alternative fuel for petroleum that have showed its great latent capacity,thus abundant coal resoUrces can be utilized sufficiently and effectively in ourcountry.
The feasibility of the oil-based replaced by methanol is analyzed, thetechnology approach and methods of Methanol having been applied in internalcombustion engine and merits and demerits of this kind of fuel, and thepreponderance of developing fuel methanol in shanxi ,which is a coal province,are summarized. Some problems and opportunities of developing fuel methanolin shanxi are proposed in this paper. Some specific goals expected are laiddown.
In order to alleviate the motors' dependence on petroleum, and meet thedemands of the exploitation of energy, the widely used engine of 465Q has beenimproved technologically and experimentally on application of M85 fuel, whichcontain 85 percent of Methanol and 15 percent of gasoline. In the experiment,the constructure of engine has been changed and the relative factors have beenadjusted, and the related experimental research and theoretical analysis on theinfluence on the cylinder by injecting the mixed fuel with M85 Methanol andthe gasoline have been carded on. The results proved that, compared with thegasoline engine 465Q, the methanol engine has many advantages in dynamic,economical, and pollution. The methanol fuel can be used in fixed gasolineengine.
When using the mixed fuel with M85 MethanOl and the gasoline, the motiveof the engine is obviously higher than that of the original engine, the maximalpower of the engine is about 2 kw higher than that of the original engine; and themaximal torsion is about 9 N.m higher than that of the original engine. Theeconomy of this engine is obviously superior to that of the original engine, theequivalent fuel consumption of methanol is about 30g/kW.h lower than that ofthe original engine. The advantage on discharging is also very .obvious, and thequantity of HC and CO has been improved,
本文对甲醇替代石油的可行性进行了分析，总结了甲醇在汽油机中应用的技术途径、方法及其优缺点，特别是在山西这个特殊省份发展甲醇替代燃料得天独厚的优势，并就在山西发展甲醇燃料提出了几点问题与机遇，并定下一些预期设想的具体目标。
为了缓解汽车对石油的依赖，适应我国能源开发的需要，同时也是应我国大气污染急需改善的需要，我们对保有量大，应用面广的465Q汽油发动机进行了掺烧高比例甲醇与汽油混合燃料M85(按质量比，甲醇占85％，汽油占15％)的技术改造和实验研究。通过对原发动机的结构改造和有关参数的调整，将M85甲醇与汽油混合燃料喷入气缸对发动机的影响进行了相关的理论研究及试验分析，实验结果表明：M85甲醇发动机与原发动机相比，其动力性、经济性和尾气排放均有大幅度的提高和改善，甲醇燃料可以实现在现有改装的发动机上使用。
发动机燃用M85甲醇与汽油混合燃料时，动力性明显高于原汽油机，最高功率比原汽油机提高约2kw；最高转矩比原汽油机提高约9N.m；经济性也明显优于原汽油机，甲醇当量燃油消耗比原汽油机油耗低约30g／kW.h；排放方面也具有显著的优势，HC和CO排放量都有所改善。
The situation of domestic and international resources are introduced, werealized that China are facing huge pressure that petroleum resources fallshortage and environmental pollution are serious at present, therefore differentenergy-saving measures must be taken to make use of available resources in themotor technology. To find new energy resources are active path to solve theproblem that we reduce the excessive dependence of petroleum. Methanol isclean alternative fuel for petroleum that have showed its great latent capacity,thus abundant coal resoUrces can be utilized sufficiently and effectively in ourcountry.
The feasibility of the oil-based replaced by methanol is analyzed, thetechnology approach and methods of Methanol having been applied in internalcombustion engine and merits and demerits of this kind of fuel, and thepreponderance of developing fuel methanol in shanxi ,which is a coal province,are summarized. Some problems and opportunities of developing fuel methanolin shanxi are proposed in this paper. Some specific goals expected are laiddown.
In order to alleviate the motors' dependence on petroleum, and meet thedemands of the exploitation of energy, the widely used engine of 465Q has beenimproved technologically and experimentally on application of M85 fuel, whichcontain 85 percent of Methanol and 15 percent of gasoline. In the experiment,the constructure of engine has been changed and the relative factors have beenadjusted, and the related experimental research and theoretical analysis on theinfluence on the cylinder by injecting the mixed fuel with M85 Methanol andthe gasoline have been carded on. The results proved that, compared with thegasoline engine 465Q, the methanol engine has many advantages in dynamic,economical, and pollution. The methanol fuel can be used in fixed gasolineengine.
When using the mixed fuel with M85 MethanOl and the gasoline, the motiveof the engine is obviously higher than that of the original engine, the maximalpower of the engine is about 2 kw higher than that of the original engine; and themaximal torsion is about 9 N.m higher than that of the original engine. Theeconomy of this engine is obviously superior to that of the original engine, theequivalent fuel consumption of methanol is about 30g/kW.h lower than that ofthe original engine. The advantage on discharging is also very .obvious, and thequantity of HC and CO has been improved,
引文
[1] 周龙保，内燃机学(第二版)，北京：机械工业出版社，2005，133～144，228～266
[2] 蒋德明，高等内燃机原理，西安：西安交通大学出版社，2002，1～23
[3] 李亚芬，我国石油供求现状、问题及改善对策，国际金融研究，2005(2)
[4] 朱一平，我国民用汽车保有量突破2000万，汽车周报，2003(7)
[5] 蒋一子、杨庆佛、傅茂林，发展煤制醇醚氢汽车(发动机)代替石油进口确保百年能源安全
[6] 史宝钧．世界石油市场近况及发展趋势．中国能源．1997(5)：20～21
[7] 张家龙．能源危机与船舶综合节能．能源研究与信息．1996(1)：35～41
[8] 尚晔平、董少华，液化石油气汽车应用技术的开发研究，中国科技信息，2005．12
[9] 郭宗华、周俭明、吴祚平，压缩天然气汽车的特点，煤气与热力，2004．2
[10] 李秀芬、雷跃峰，电动汽车关键技术发展综述，上海汽车，2006．01
[11] 张翔，论中国电动汽车产业的发展，汽车工业研究，2006．2
[12] 豪彦，21世纪世界汽车工业发展趋势三——电动汽车，发展动态，2006
[13] 戴梦平、纪永秋，汽车新动力——HEV综述，农业装备与车辆工程，2006．9
[14] 李俊宏，甲醇汽车替代燃料的宠儿，世界汽车，2005
[15] 周齐、李宝成、王勇，甲醇汽车的应用，公共汽车，2003
[16] 窦林琪、张龙海，日本德国甲醇及代用燃料发动机汽车情况，山西能源与节能，2002(2)
[17] 何光远．一项十分值得关注的事业——醇醚燃料及醇醚汽车发展的前景及展望．山西汽车．2004(4)：6～8
[18] Joan M. Ogden, Robert H. Williams, Eric D. Larson, Societal lifecycle costs of cars with altemative fuels/engines, Energy Policy, 2 (2004) 7～27
[19] 李春虎、田向阳、王菊，尽快建立山西甲醇燃料与甲醇化工基地，山西化工，1999．19
[20] 山西汽车．甲醇燃料汽车示范工程研究报告(总报告)．2005(2-3)：12～18
[21] 马兵，我国甲醇工业的现状与未来，现代化工，2000．7
[22] 赵骧、佟濬芳、蒋燕清，我国甲醇工业现状，化肥工业，31．3
[23] 王平、韩国奎，山西甲醇生产应用的调查，洁净煤技术，2002．8
[24] 吴达才，中、近期内难以发展甲醇轿车，山西能源与节能，1997．3
[25] 盖忠侠、白越川、白添中，山西发展燃料甲醇的机遇，山西化工，2002．11
[26] 孟宪申，甲醇工业的现状及对其今后发展的建议，煤化工，1994．1
[27] 任继文、吴建全、李建新、张然治，发展我国车用发动机的实践与思考，车用发动机，2003．6
[28] 豪彦，我国开发应用甲醇和乙醇汽车具有广阔前景，汽车与配件，2004—23
[29] 胡真、郑国璋、杨庆佛，M85甲醇和汽油双燃料车用发动机的试验研究，内燃机工程，2001
[30] 姜忠扬，开发甲醇汽车山西得天独厚，经济师，1998．10，83—85
[31] 杨庆佛，发展煤制醇醚氢汽车
[32] 崔心存编著，内燃机的代用燃料，北京：机械工业出版社，1990
[33] 何学良、詹永厚等，内燃机燃料，北京：中国石化出版社，1999，325～345
[34] Kanae Niwa, Shigerm Inoue, Advance of technology on methanol fuels and methanol vehicles in Japan, SAE Paper 952753
[35] Kenji Tsuchiya, Toshiyuki Seko, Combustion improvement of heavy duty methanol engine by using auto ignition system, SAE Paper 950060
[36] Kanae Niwa, Shigerru Inoue, Advance of Technology on Methanol Fuels and Methanol Vehicles in Japan, SAE Paper 952753, 1995
[37] Michael E, Hogan Jr, Performance of Fluorosilicone and Fluorocarbon O-tings in Methanol Containing Fuels, SAE Paper 932872, 1993
[38] Yang Zhenzhong, Wei Jianqin, Fang Zhuoyi, Li Jinding, An investigation of optimum control of ignition timing and injection system in an in-cylinder injection type hydrogen fueled engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27 (2002) 213-217
[39] Xing-Cai Lu"*, Wei Chen, Zhen Huang, A fundamental study on the control of the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined with controllable EGR. Part 2. Effect of operating conditions and EGR on HCCI combustion, Fuel, 84 (2005) 1084-1092
[40] Kenji Tsuchiya, Toshiyuki Seko, Combustion Improvement of Heavy-Duty Methanol Engine by Using Auto Ignition System, SAE Paper 950060, 1995
[41] Yoshio Sato, Akira Noda, et al. Combustion and NOx emission characteristics in a DI methanol engine using supercharging with EGR. SAE Paper 971647
[42] Nicolas B.C.Ahouissoussi,A comparative cost analysis of biodiesel,compressed natural gas,methanol and diesel for transit bus systems, Resource and Energy Economics 20(1997)1_15
[43] 刘巽俊．内燃机的排放与控制．北京：机械工业出版社．2003
[44] 石磊，煤制甲醇清洁汽车燃料发展前景浅析，机械管理开发，2003．8
[45] EPA (United States Environment Protction Agency), EPA420～F～00～040, 2002 (3)
[46] Greg R. Pucher. Alternative Combustion Systems for Piston Engines Involving Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Concepts. SAE Paper 962063.1996
[2] 蒋德明，高等内燃机原理，西安：西安交通大学出版社，2002，1～23
[3] 李亚芬，我国石油供求现状、问题及改善对策，国际金融研究，2005(2)
[4] 朱一平，我国民用汽车保有量突破2000万，汽车周报，2003(7)
[5] 蒋一子、杨庆佛、傅茂林，发展煤制醇醚氢汽车(发动机)代替石油进口确保百年能源安全
[6] 史宝钧．世界石油市场近况及发展趋势．中国能源．1997(5)：20～21
[7] 张家龙．能源危机与船舶综合节能．能源研究与信息．1996(1)：35～41
[8] 尚晔平、董少华，液化石油气汽车应用技术的开发研究，中国科技信息，2005．12
[9] 郭宗华、周俭明、吴祚平，压缩天然气汽车的特点，煤气与热力，2004．2
[10] 李秀芬、雷跃峰，电动汽车关键技术发展综述，上海汽车，2006．01
[11] 张翔，论中国电动汽车产业的发展，汽车工业研究，2006．2
[12] 豪彦，21世纪世界汽车工业发展趋势三——电动汽车，发展动态，2006
[13] 戴梦平、纪永秋，汽车新动力——HEV综述，农业装备与车辆工程，2006．9
[14] 李俊宏，甲醇汽车替代燃料的宠儿，世界汽车，2005
[15] 周齐、李宝成、王勇，甲醇汽车的应用，公共汽车，2003
[16] 窦林琪、张龙海，日本德国甲醇及代用燃料发动机汽车情况，山西能源与节能，2002(2)
[17] 何光远．一项十分值得关注的事业——醇醚燃料及醇醚汽车发展的前景及展望．山西汽车．2004(4)：6～8
[18] Joan M. Ogden, Robert H. Williams, Eric D. Larson, Societal lifecycle costs of cars with altemative fuels/engines, Energy Policy, 2 (2004) 7～27
[19] 李春虎、田向阳、王菊，尽快建立山西甲醇燃料与甲醇化工基地，山西化工，1999．19
[20] 山西汽车．甲醇燃料汽车示范工程研究报告(总报告)．2005(2-3)：12～18
[21] 马兵，我国甲醇工业的现状与未来，现代化工，2000．7
[22] 赵骧、佟濬芳、蒋燕清，我国甲醇工业现状，化肥工业，31．3
[23] 王平、韩国奎，山西甲醇生产应用的调查，洁净煤技术，2002．8
[24] 吴达才，中、近期内难以发展甲醇轿车，山西能源与节能，1997．3
[25] 盖忠侠、白越川、白添中，山西发展燃料甲醇的机遇，山西化工，2002．11
[26] 孟宪申，甲醇工业的现状及对其今后发展的建议，煤化工，1994．1
[27] 任继文、吴建全、李建新、张然治，发展我国车用发动机的实践与思考，车用发动机，2003．6
[28] 豪彦，我国开发应用甲醇和乙醇汽车具有广阔前景，汽车与配件，2004—23
[29] 胡真、郑国璋、杨庆佛，M85甲醇和汽油双燃料车用发动机的试验研究，内燃机工程，2001
[30] 姜忠扬，开发甲醇汽车山西得天独厚，经济师，1998．10，83—85
[31] 杨庆佛，发展煤制醇醚氢汽车
[32] 崔心存编著，内燃机的代用燃料，北京：机械工业出版社，1990
[33] 何学良、詹永厚等，内燃机燃料，北京：中国石化出版社，1999，325～345
[34] Kanae Niwa, Shigerm Inoue, Advance of technology on methanol fuels and methanol vehicles in Japan, SAE Paper 952753
[35] Kenji Tsuchiya, Toshiyuki Seko, Combustion improvement of heavy duty methanol engine by using auto ignition system, SAE Paper 950060
[36] Kanae Niwa, Shigerru Inoue, Advance of Technology on Methanol Fuels and Methanol Vehicles in Japan, SAE Paper 952753, 1995
[37] Michael E, Hogan Jr, Performance of Fluorosilicone and Fluorocarbon O-tings in Methanol Containing Fuels, SAE Paper 932872, 1993
[38] Yang Zhenzhong, Wei Jianqin, Fang Zhuoyi, Li Jinding, An investigation of optimum control of ignition timing and injection system in an in-cylinder injection type hydrogen fueled engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27 (2002) 213-217
[39] Xing-Cai Lu"*, Wei Chen, Zhen Huang, A fundamental study on the control of the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined with controllable EGR. Part 2. Effect of operating conditions and EGR on HCCI combustion, Fuel, 84 (2005) 1084-1092
[40] Kenji Tsuchiya, Toshiyuki Seko, Combustion Improvement of Heavy-Duty Methanol Engine by Using Auto Ignition System, SAE Paper 950060, 1995
[41] Yoshio Sato, Akira Noda, et al. Combustion and NOx emission characteristics in a DI methanol engine using supercharging with EGR. SAE Paper 971647
[42] Nicolas B.C.Ahouissoussi,A comparative cost analysis of biodiesel,compressed natural gas,methanol and diesel for transit bus systems, Resource and Energy Economics 20(1997)1_15
[43] 刘巽俊．内燃机的排放与控制．北京：机械工业出版社．2003
[44] 石磊，煤制甲醇清洁汽车燃料发展前景浅析，机械管理开发，2003．8
[45] EPA (United States Environment Protction Agency), EPA420～F～00～040, 2002 (3)
[46] Greg R. Pucher. Alternative Combustion Systems for Piston Engines Involving Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Concepts. SAE Paper 962063.1996