厦门城市生态功能网络构建研究
|
摘要
目前,在城市景观系统中改善与提高生态功能网络的连接对提升城市生态系统的功能及价值、限制城市格局蔓延具有重要意义。本文以厦门市为例,利用RS、GIS技术绘制研究区景观类型图。结合因子分析法和熵值法探讨研究区各景观组分的生态功能阻力；在GIS软件辅助下,利用最小耗费距离模型提取生态功能网络中廊道的最佳路径,最终通过网络结构分析确定生态功能网络的最优框架。在此基础上提出生态功能网络优化及建设方案。
研究结果表明：(1)研究区面积密度指数、邻近度和蔓延度指数、形状指数三个类型内部的众多景观格局指数中,部分指数存在相关性。(2)CA、PD、IJI、MESH、SPLIT、AI、LSI、PARA-MN、PARA-CV、FRAC-AM指数及ESV值构成了研究区景观生态功能阻力的评价指标体系。(3)对最小耗费距离模型分级构建的网络体系进行网络结构分析可以看出,研究区大部分城市森林及公共绿地在空间上分布不均,建成区内作为生态“垫脚石”的部分城市绿地在空间和功能上被孤立,在生态功能薄弱区域无法形成有效的网络覆盖。建成区内部分生态功能结点质量较低,生态系统稳定性差,生态功能流无法形成良好的衔接。
Currently, improving the connection of ecological function network is meaningful to the promotion of the urban ecosystem function and value, and the restriction of urban pattern's speed in urban landscape system. Taking Xiamen as an example and adopting remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) technology, this paper makes the map of the landscape type in the researching area. Using factor analysis and the entropy method, the ecological function resistance among all the landscape components in the study area was established. With the assistance of GIS software, the optimal path of corridors in ecological function network was extracted on the basis of the "least cost" modeling and the optimized framework of ecological function network was confirmed by the network structural analysis. On this basis, optimization and construction projects about ecological function network were put forward.
The results indicated as follows:(1) Among various landscape pattern metrics, the area and density metrics, proximity and contagion metrics and shape metrics have partial correlation. (2) CA、PD、IJI、MESH、SPLIT、AI、LSI、PARA-MN、PARA-CV、FRAC-AM index and ESV were chosen as the evaluation index system of ecological function resistance in the study area. (3)From analyses of the ecological function network set up hierarchically using the "least cost" modeling, it showed that most urban forest and public green space distribution vary in space. Considered as the ecological stepping-stone in the current urban areas, some urban green space was isolated in both space and function is unable to form effective network coverage. Some ecological function nodes in current urban area have lower quality. Stability of the ecological system is poor and the ecological function flow cannot connect very well.
研究结果表明：(1)研究区面积密度指数、邻近度和蔓延度指数、形状指数三个类型内部的众多景观格局指数中,部分指数存在相关性。(2)CA、PD、IJI、MESH、SPLIT、AI、LSI、PARA-MN、PARA-CV、FRAC-AM指数及ESV值构成了研究区景观生态功能阻力的评价指标体系。(3)对最小耗费距离模型分级构建的网络体系进行网络结构分析可以看出,研究区大部分城市森林及公共绿地在空间上分布不均,建成区内作为生态“垫脚石”的部分城市绿地在空间和功能上被孤立,在生态功能薄弱区域无法形成有效的网络覆盖。建成区内部分生态功能结点质量较低,生态系统稳定性差,生态功能流无法形成良好的衔接。
Currently, improving the connection of ecological function network is meaningful to the promotion of the urban ecosystem function and value, and the restriction of urban pattern's speed in urban landscape system. Taking Xiamen as an example and adopting remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) technology, this paper makes the map of the landscape type in the researching area. Using factor analysis and the entropy method, the ecological function resistance among all the landscape components in the study area was established. With the assistance of GIS software, the optimal path of corridors in ecological function network was extracted on the basis of the "least cost" modeling and the optimized framework of ecological function network was confirmed by the network structural analysis. On this basis, optimization and construction projects about ecological function network were put forward.
The results indicated as follows:(1) Among various landscape pattern metrics, the area and density metrics, proximity and contagion metrics and shape metrics have partial correlation. (2) CA、PD、IJI、MESH、SPLIT、AI、LSI、PARA-MN、PARA-CV、FRAC-AM index and ESV were chosen as the evaluation index system of ecological function resistance in the study area. (3)From analyses of the ecological function network set up hierarchically using the "least cost" modeling, it showed that most urban forest and public green space distribution vary in space. Considered as the ecological stepping-stone in the current urban areas, some urban green space was isolated in both space and function is unable to form effective network coverage. Some ecological function nodes in current urban area have lower quality. Stability of the ecological system is poor and the ecological function flow cannot connect very well.
引文
[1]肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻等.景观生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[2]骆天庆,王敏,戴代新.现代生态规划设计的基本理论与方法[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[3]李敏.城市绿地系统与人居环境规划[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[4]王云才.景观生态规划原理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[5]苏伟忠,杨英宝.基于景观生态学的城市空间结构研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[6]Bryant M M. Urban landscape conservation and the role of ecological greenways at local and metropolitan scales[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,76: 23-44.
[7]Jongman R H G. Ecological networks and greenways in Europe:reasoning and concepts[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2003,15(2):173-181.
[8]Jongman R H G, Kulvik M, Kristiansen I. European ecological networks and greenways[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,68:305-319.
[9]Jongman R H G. Nature conservation planning in Europe:developing ecological networks[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,32:169-183.
[10]Costanza R,d'Arge R, Groot R D, et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Ecological Economics,1998,25:3-15.
[11]Longcore T, Li C, Wilson J P. Applicability of Citygreen Urban Ecosystem Analysis Software to a Densely Built Urban Neighborhood[J]. Urban Geography,2007,25(2):173-186.
[12]彭立华,陈爽,刘云霞.City green模型在南京城市绿地固碳与削减径流效益评估中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(6)：1293-1298.
[13]张侃,张建英,陈英旭.基于土地利用变化的杭州市绿地生态服务价值CITY green模型评价[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(10)：1918-1922.
[14]Linehan J, Grossa M, Finn J. Greenway planning:developing a landscape ecological network approach[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,13: 179-193.
[15]Sklar F,Costanza R. The development of dynamic spatial models for landscape ecology:A review and prognosis[J]. Ecological Studies,1991:239-288.
[16]Thomas S, Margaret H.Identifying a Linked Reserve System Using a Regional Landscape Approach:the Florida Ecological Network[J]. Conservation Biology, 2000,14:984-1000.
[17]Edward A. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2002,58:269-280.
[18]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].高等教育出版社,2000.
[19]韩博平.生态网络中物质、能量流动的时间链分析[J].生态学报,1995,15(2)：163-168.
[20]韩博平.生态网络中物质、能量流动的信息指标及其灵敏度分析[J].系统工程理论方法应用,1995,4(1)：24-29.
[21]李秀珍,肖笃宁,胡远满等.辽河三角洲湿地景观格局对养分去除功能影响的模拟[J].地理学报,2001,56(1)：32-43.
[22]Li X Z. Assessment of Land Use Change Using GIS:A Case Study in the Uanos de Orinoco. Wageningen:Wageningen University Press,1999.121-138.
[23]Li X Z. Purification Function of Wetlands:Spatial Method and Pattern Analysis of Nutrient Reduction in the Liaohe Delta. Wageningen:Wageningen University Press,2000.25-32.
[24]王岩,李洁,王红瑞等.城市绿地补偿价值计算方法及其应用[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(6)：641-645.
[25]傅伯杰,陈立顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5)：454-462.
[26]宗跃光.城市景观生态规划中的廊道效应研究——以北京市区为例[J].生态学报,1999,19(2)：145-150.
[27]王海珍,张利权.基于GIS、景观格局和网络分析法的厦门本岛生态网络规划[J].植物生态学报，2005,29(1)：144-152.
[28]熊建新.滨湖地区城市生态网络构建的完整性与优化对策——以西洞庭湖区常德市为例[J].经济地理,2008,28(5)：752-755.
[29]张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.景观功能网络的等级与结构探讨[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(1)：52-60.
[30]张小飞,王仰麟,李贵才等.流域景观功能网络构建及应用——以台湾乌溪流域为例[J].地理学报,2005,60(6)：974-980.
[31]郭荣朝,苗长虹.城市群生态空间结构研究[J].经济地理,2007,27(1)：104-107.
[32]陈玮,胡志斌,苏道岩等.建设城市森林的原则与途径[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(6)：169-172.
[33]杨学军,许东新,唐东芹.森林生态网络系统理论在上海城市绿化中的应用[J].林业科技,2000,25(6)：18-20.
[34]彭镇华,江泽慧.中国森林生态网络系统工程[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(1)：99-103.
[35]王鹏.绿地生态网络规划研究——以上海市为例[D].同济大学工学硕士学位论文,2007.
[36]王海珍.城市生态网络研究——以厦门市为例[D].华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[37]赵振斌.城市绿地生态网络建设的理论与实践研究——以江阴市为例[D].南京大学博士学位论文,2001.
[38]Ahem J.Greenways as a planning strategy[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,33:131-155.
[39]Arendt R. Linked landscapes:Creating greenway corridors through conservation subdivision design strategies in the northeastern and central United States[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2004,68:241-269.
[40]廖福林,肖胜,倪志荣等.厦门市森林生态网络体系建设的研究[J].林业科技管理,2001,1：21-23.
[41]王进,陈爽,姚士谋.城市规划建设的绿地功能应用研究新思路[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(6)：99-103.
[42]郝兴宇,蔺银鼎,武小钢等.城市不同绿地垂直热力效应比较[J].生态学报,2007,27(2)：685-692.
[43]Taha H, Akbari H, Rosenfeld A. Heat island and oasis effects of vegetative canopies:Micro-meteorological field measurements. [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology,1991,44(2):123-138.
[44]宣功巧.运用景观生态学基本原理规划城市绿地系统斑块和廊道[J].浙江 林学院学报,2007,24(5)：599-603.
[45]黄艺,陈晖,黄志基等.利用廊道网络构建城市绿地生态系统——以东营市西城区为例[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9)：1683-1687.
[46]Dawson K J. A comprehensive conservation strategy for Georgia's greenways[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,33:30-43.
[47]赵勇,李树人,阎志平.城市绿地的滞尘效应及评价方法[J].华中农业大学学报,2002,21(6)：582-586.
[48]张浩,王祥荣.城市绿地降低空气中含菌量的生态效应研究[J].环境污染与防治,2002,24(2)：101-103.
[49]范亚民,崔云霞,吴涛等.城市绿地及植被配置方式对空气中细菌含量影响——以南宁市为例[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(B06)：44-47.
[50]Kuttler W, Strassburger A. Air quality measurements in urban green areas——a case study [J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:4101-4108.
[51]蔡春菊,王成,陶康华等.城市绿地对空气负离子水平的影响研究[J].浙江林业科技,2007,27(4)：17-20.
[52]张庆费,郑思俊,夏檑等.上海城市绿地植物群落降噪功能及其影响因子[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(10)：2295-2300.
[53]Embleton T F W.Sound propagation in homogeneous deciduous and evergreen woods[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1963,35:1119-1125.
[54]Martens M J M, Michelsen A. Absorption of acoustic energy by plant leaves[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1981,69(1):303-306.
[55]Pal A K, Kumar V, Saxena N C. Noise attenuation by green belts[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,2000,234(1):149-165.
[56]徐波,郭竹梅.城市绿地的避灾功能及其规划设计研究[J].中国园林,2008,24(12)：56-59.
[57]邱巧玲,古德泉.国内外防灾绿地之比较与我国城市避灾绿地的规划建设[J].中国园林,2008,24(12)：71-75.
[58]康亮,朱红霞.上海城市绿地防灾避难功能研究[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(7)：2945-2947.
[59]包志毅,陈波.城市绿地系统建设与城市减灾防灾[J].自然灾害学报,2004,13(2)：155-160.
[60]俞孔坚.景观生态战略点识别方法与理论地理学的表面模型[J].地理学报,1998,53(增刊)：11-18.
[61]张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化——以台湾地区乌溪流域典型区为例[J].生态学报,2005,25(7)：1707-1713.
[62]余新晓,牛健植,关文彬等.景观生态学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[63]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观指数分类、应用及构建研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(1)：121-125.
[64]龚建周,夏北成.景观格局指数间相关关系对植被覆盖度等级分类数的响应[J].生态学报,2007,27(10)：4075-4085.
[65]布仁仓,胡远满,常禹.景观指数之间的相关分析[J].生态学报,2005,25(10)：2764-2775.
[66]Riitters K H, O'Neill R V, Hunsaker CT. A factor analysis of landscape pattern and structure metrics[J]. Landscape Ecology,1995,10(1):23-39.
[67]Cain D H, Riitters K, Orvis K. A multi-scale analysis of landscape statistics[J]. Landscape Ecology,1997,12:199-212.
[68]Shannon, C E. The Mathematical Theory of Communication[M]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,1949.
[69]王雨晴,宋戈.城市土地利用综合效益评价与案例研究[J].地理学报.2006,26(6)：743-748.
[70]王筱明.基于熵权法的济南市土地利用效益评价研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(2)：96-98.
[71]Adriaensen F, Chardon J P, Blust G D, et al. The application of'least-cost' modeling as a functional landscape model[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003,64:233-247.
[72]张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.两岸典型城市生态功能网络的组成与结构[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(3)：399-405.
[73]孔繁花,尹海伟.济南城市绿地生态网络构建[J].生态学报,2008,28(4)：1711-1719.
[74]卢玲.黑河流域景观结构与景观变化研究[D].中国科学院硕士学位论文,2005.
[75]刘灿然,陈灵芝.北京地区植被景观中斑块形状的指数分析[J].生态学报, 2000,20(4)：559-567.
[76]常禹,布仁仓,胡远满.长白山森林景观边界动态变化研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1)：15-20.
[77]角媛梅,马明国.黑河流域中游张掖绿洲景观格局研究[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(1)：94-99.
[78]仇恒佳,卞新民,朱利群.太湖水陆生态交错带景观空间格局研究——以苏州市吴中区为例[J].南京农业大学学报,2005,28(4)：21-25.
[79]岳文泽,徐建华,徐丽华等.不同尺度下城市景观综合指数的空间变异特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(11)：2053-2059.
[80]姜广辉,张凤荣,孔祥斌.北京山区农村居民点整理用地转换方向模拟[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(2)：222-229.
[81]Garigal K M. Fragstats Metrics[EB/OL]. University of Massachusetts Amherst, http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/documents/fragstats_document s.html
[82]杨丽,甄霖,谢高地等.泾河流域景观指数的粒度效应分析[J].资源科学,2007,29(2)：183-187
[83]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报,2000,45(1)：17-23.
[84]毕晓丽,葛剑平.基于IGBP土地覆盖类型的中国陆地生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].山地学报,2004,22(1)：48-53.
[85]叶公富,倪志荣等.厦门城市森林研究[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2008.
[86]黄义雄.厦门海沧采石废弃地景观生态重建探究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,18(1)：112-115.
[87]杜秀敏.厦门市景观格局尺度效应与形成机制研究[D].福建师范大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[88]黄义雄,郑达贤,方祖光等.福建滨海木麻黄防护林带的生态经济效益研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(1)：31-35.
[2]骆天庆,王敏,戴代新.现代生态规划设计的基本理论与方法[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[3]李敏.城市绿地系统与人居环境规划[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[4]王云才.景观生态规划原理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[5]苏伟忠,杨英宝.基于景观生态学的城市空间结构研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[6]Bryant M M. Urban landscape conservation and the role of ecological greenways at local and metropolitan scales[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,76: 23-44.
[7]Jongman R H G. Ecological networks and greenways in Europe:reasoning and concepts[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2003,15(2):173-181.
[8]Jongman R H G, Kulvik M, Kristiansen I. European ecological networks and greenways[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,68:305-319.
[9]Jongman R H G. Nature conservation planning in Europe:developing ecological networks[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,32:169-183.
[10]Costanza R,d'Arge R, Groot R D, et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Ecological Economics,1998,25:3-15.
[11]Longcore T, Li C, Wilson J P. Applicability of Citygreen Urban Ecosystem Analysis Software to a Densely Built Urban Neighborhood[J]. Urban Geography,2007,25(2):173-186.
[12]彭立华,陈爽,刘云霞.City green模型在南京城市绿地固碳与削减径流效益评估中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(6)：1293-1298.
[13]张侃,张建英,陈英旭.基于土地利用变化的杭州市绿地生态服务价值CITY green模型评价[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(10)：1918-1922.
[14]Linehan J, Grossa M, Finn J. Greenway planning:developing a landscape ecological network approach[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,13: 179-193.
[15]Sklar F,Costanza R. The development of dynamic spatial models for landscape ecology:A review and prognosis[J]. Ecological Studies,1991:239-288.
[16]Thomas S, Margaret H.Identifying a Linked Reserve System Using a Regional Landscape Approach:the Florida Ecological Network[J]. Conservation Biology, 2000,14:984-1000.
[17]Edward A. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2002,58:269-280.
[18]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].高等教育出版社,2000.
[19]韩博平.生态网络中物质、能量流动的时间链分析[J].生态学报,1995,15(2)：163-168.
[20]韩博平.生态网络中物质、能量流动的信息指标及其灵敏度分析[J].系统工程理论方法应用,1995,4(1)：24-29.
[21]李秀珍,肖笃宁,胡远满等.辽河三角洲湿地景观格局对养分去除功能影响的模拟[J].地理学报,2001,56(1)：32-43.
[22]Li X Z. Assessment of Land Use Change Using GIS:A Case Study in the Uanos de Orinoco. Wageningen:Wageningen University Press,1999.121-138.
[23]Li X Z. Purification Function of Wetlands:Spatial Method and Pattern Analysis of Nutrient Reduction in the Liaohe Delta. Wageningen:Wageningen University Press,2000.25-32.
[24]王岩,李洁,王红瑞等.城市绿地补偿价值计算方法及其应用[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(6)：641-645.
[25]傅伯杰,陈立顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5)：454-462.
[26]宗跃光.城市景观生态规划中的廊道效应研究——以北京市区为例[J].生态学报,1999,19(2)：145-150.
[27]王海珍,张利权.基于GIS、景观格局和网络分析法的厦门本岛生态网络规划[J].植物生态学报，2005,29(1)：144-152.
[28]熊建新.滨湖地区城市生态网络构建的完整性与优化对策——以西洞庭湖区常德市为例[J].经济地理,2008,28(5)：752-755.
[29]张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.景观功能网络的等级与结构探讨[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(1)：52-60.
[30]张小飞,王仰麟,李贵才等.流域景观功能网络构建及应用——以台湾乌溪流域为例[J].地理学报,2005,60(6)：974-980.
[31]郭荣朝,苗长虹.城市群生态空间结构研究[J].经济地理,2007,27(1)：104-107.
[32]陈玮,胡志斌,苏道岩等.建设城市森林的原则与途径[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(6)：169-172.
[33]杨学军,许东新,唐东芹.森林生态网络系统理论在上海城市绿化中的应用[J].林业科技,2000,25(6)：18-20.
[34]彭镇华,江泽慧.中国森林生态网络系统工程[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(1)：99-103.
[35]王鹏.绿地生态网络规划研究——以上海市为例[D].同济大学工学硕士学位论文,2007.
[36]王海珍.城市生态网络研究——以厦门市为例[D].华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[37]赵振斌.城市绿地生态网络建设的理论与实践研究——以江阴市为例[D].南京大学博士学位论文,2001.
[38]Ahem J.Greenways as a planning strategy[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,33:131-155.
[39]Arendt R. Linked landscapes:Creating greenway corridors through conservation subdivision design strategies in the northeastern and central United States[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2004,68:241-269.
[40]廖福林,肖胜,倪志荣等.厦门市森林生态网络体系建设的研究[J].林业科技管理,2001,1：21-23.
[41]王进,陈爽,姚士谋.城市规划建设的绿地功能应用研究新思路[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(6)：99-103.
[42]郝兴宇,蔺银鼎,武小钢等.城市不同绿地垂直热力效应比较[J].生态学报,2007,27(2)：685-692.
[43]Taha H, Akbari H, Rosenfeld A. Heat island and oasis effects of vegetative canopies:Micro-meteorological field measurements. [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology,1991,44(2):123-138.
[44]宣功巧.运用景观生态学基本原理规划城市绿地系统斑块和廊道[J].浙江 林学院学报,2007,24(5)：599-603.
[45]黄艺,陈晖,黄志基等.利用廊道网络构建城市绿地生态系统——以东营市西城区为例[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9)：1683-1687.
[46]Dawson K J. A comprehensive conservation strategy for Georgia's greenways[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,33:30-43.
[47]赵勇,李树人,阎志平.城市绿地的滞尘效应及评价方法[J].华中农业大学学报,2002,21(6)：582-586.
[48]张浩,王祥荣.城市绿地降低空气中含菌量的生态效应研究[J].环境污染与防治,2002,24(2)：101-103.
[49]范亚民,崔云霞,吴涛等.城市绿地及植被配置方式对空气中细菌含量影响——以南宁市为例[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(B06)：44-47.
[50]Kuttler W, Strassburger A. Air quality measurements in urban green areas——a case study [J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:4101-4108.
[51]蔡春菊,王成,陶康华等.城市绿地对空气负离子水平的影响研究[J].浙江林业科技,2007,27(4)：17-20.
[52]张庆费,郑思俊,夏檑等.上海城市绿地植物群落降噪功能及其影响因子[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(10)：2295-2300.
[53]Embleton T F W.Sound propagation in homogeneous deciduous and evergreen woods[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1963,35:1119-1125.
[54]Martens M J M, Michelsen A. Absorption of acoustic energy by plant leaves[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1981,69(1):303-306.
[55]Pal A K, Kumar V, Saxena N C. Noise attenuation by green belts[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,2000,234(1):149-165.
[56]徐波,郭竹梅.城市绿地的避灾功能及其规划设计研究[J].中国园林,2008,24(12)：56-59.
[57]邱巧玲,古德泉.国内外防灾绿地之比较与我国城市避灾绿地的规划建设[J].中国园林,2008,24(12)：71-75.
[58]康亮,朱红霞.上海城市绿地防灾避难功能研究[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(7)：2945-2947.
[59]包志毅,陈波.城市绿地系统建设与城市减灾防灾[J].自然灾害学报,2004,13(2)：155-160.
[60]俞孔坚.景观生态战略点识别方法与理论地理学的表面模型[J].地理学报,1998,53(增刊)：11-18.
[61]张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化——以台湾地区乌溪流域典型区为例[J].生态学报,2005,25(7)：1707-1713.
[62]余新晓,牛健植,关文彬等.景观生态学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[63]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观指数分类、应用及构建研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(1)：121-125.
[64]龚建周,夏北成.景观格局指数间相关关系对植被覆盖度等级分类数的响应[J].生态学报,2007,27(10)：4075-4085.
[65]布仁仓,胡远满,常禹.景观指数之间的相关分析[J].生态学报,2005,25(10)：2764-2775.
[66]Riitters K H, O'Neill R V, Hunsaker CT. A factor analysis of landscape pattern and structure metrics[J]. Landscape Ecology,1995,10(1):23-39.
[67]Cain D H, Riitters K, Orvis K. A multi-scale analysis of landscape statistics[J]. Landscape Ecology,1997,12:199-212.
[68]Shannon, C E. The Mathematical Theory of Communication[M]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,1949.
[69]王雨晴,宋戈.城市土地利用综合效益评价与案例研究[J].地理学报.2006,26(6)：743-748.
[70]王筱明.基于熵权法的济南市土地利用效益评价研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(2)：96-98.
[71]Adriaensen F, Chardon J P, Blust G D, et al. The application of'least-cost' modeling as a functional landscape model[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003,64:233-247.
[72]张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.两岸典型城市生态功能网络的组成与结构[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(3)：399-405.
[73]孔繁花,尹海伟.济南城市绿地生态网络构建[J].生态学报,2008,28(4)：1711-1719.
[74]卢玲.黑河流域景观结构与景观变化研究[D].中国科学院硕士学位论文,2005.
[75]刘灿然,陈灵芝.北京地区植被景观中斑块形状的指数分析[J].生态学报, 2000,20(4)：559-567.
[76]常禹,布仁仓,胡远满.长白山森林景观边界动态变化研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1)：15-20.
[77]角媛梅,马明国.黑河流域中游张掖绿洲景观格局研究[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(1)：94-99.
[78]仇恒佳,卞新民,朱利群.太湖水陆生态交错带景观空间格局研究——以苏州市吴中区为例[J].南京农业大学学报,2005,28(4)：21-25.
[79]岳文泽,徐建华,徐丽华等.不同尺度下城市景观综合指数的空间变异特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(11)：2053-2059.
[80]姜广辉,张凤荣,孔祥斌.北京山区农村居民点整理用地转换方向模拟[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(2)：222-229.
[81]Garigal K M. Fragstats Metrics[EB/OL]. University of Massachusetts Amherst, http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/documents/fragstats_document s.html
[82]杨丽,甄霖,谢高地等.泾河流域景观指数的粒度效应分析[J].资源科学,2007,29(2)：183-187
[83]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报,2000,45(1)：17-23.
[84]毕晓丽,葛剑平.基于IGBP土地覆盖类型的中国陆地生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].山地学报,2004,22(1)：48-53.
[85]叶公富,倪志荣等.厦门城市森林研究[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2008.
[86]黄义雄.厦门海沧采石废弃地景观生态重建探究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,18(1)：112-115.
[87]杜秀敏.厦门市景观格局尺度效应与形成机制研究[D].福建师范大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[88]黄义雄,郑达贤,方祖光等.福建滨海木麻黄防护林带的生态经济效益研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(1)：31-35.