探地雷达在隧道超前地质预报与衬砌检测中的应用研究
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摘要
为适应经济高速发展的需要,进入二十一世纪以来,我国进一步加大了对基础建设的投入,推动了我国高速铁路的快速发展。为满足高速铁路的技术要求,在地形复杂地区,需大量修建隧道工程。在隧道开挖过程中,需要提前了解掌子面前方的地质变化情况,为隧道施工提供较为准确地质资料,以便及时合理地调整开挖进尺、修正施工方案、加强安全防护措施,避免事故发生。另外,在隧道施工过程中的质量评价和竣工验收时的质量检测,都需要快速、准确、全面掌握隧道施工有无质量缺陷。探地雷达是采用高频电磁脉冲来探测地下介质分布规律的一种地球物理勘探方法,因其具有分辨率高、操作方便、无损检测、图像直观等优点,在隧道超前地质预报和衬砌检测得到了广泛的应用。
探地雷达是在电磁场理论基础上发展起来的,电磁场理论和电磁波传播规律是探地雷达技术的理论基础。本文从电磁场基本理论麦克斯韦方程组切入,介绍了平面电磁波的传播特性和在介质中的传播规律以及介质的电磁特性；在学习国内外探地雷达技术研究资料的基础上,通过在湘桂线、贵广线和兰渝线进行隧道超前地质预报和衬砌检测的广泛实践,积累了应用探雷达技术的丰富经验。
(1)系统总结了应用探地雷达进行数据采集的工作方法和资料解释方法,详细说明了数据采集过程中的注意事项、资料处理流程和目标体的识别方法。
(2)总结了在隧道超前地质预报中经常遇到的溶洞、破碎带、软弱夹层、富水岩体等不良地质体的预报方法及其他们在雷达剖面图上的波形特征。
(3)总结了在隧道衬砌检测中经常遇到的空洞、混凝土不密实带等质量缺陷的检测方法及他们在雷达剖面图上波形特征。
目前,探地雷达已广泛应用于土木工程、环境检测、考古研究、基础地质调查、矿产勘查等领域,已成为一种常规的探测技术。随着科学技术的不断发展,探地雷达的应用领域将越来越广泛,其在工程领域的应用研究也将更加深入,分辨率和准确性也将不断提高。
Into the twenty-first century, in order to meet the needs of rapid economic development,China has further increased its investment in infrastructure, promoted the rapid development of high-speed railway in China. To meet the technical requirements of high-speed railway in complex terrain areas, require a lot of the construction of tunnels. In the tunnel excavation process, we need to know in advance the geological changes in Front of Face for the tunnel to provide a more accurate geological data in order to rationalize excavation of footage in time and amend the construction plan, to strengthen security measures to avoid accidents. In addition, the process of tunnel construction and completion of quality assessment of quality acceptance testing, we need fast, accurate, and complete control of tunnel construction with or without quality defects. Ground Penetrating Radar is the use of high-frequency electromagnetic pulse to probe the subsurface media of a geophysical exploration methods, because of its high resolution ratio, easy operation, nondestructive testing, image visual advantages, such as tunnel geological prediction and the lining of detection are a wide range of applications.
Ground Penetrating Radar in electromagnetic theory developed on the basis of, Electromagnetic field theory and the propagation of electromagnetic waves is the theoretical basis of ground penetrating radar technology. From the basic theory of electromagnetic fields Maxwell's equations cuts introduced plane wave propagation characteristics and propagation in the medium and the electromagnetic properties of the medium; in learning at home and abroad radar technology on the basis of research data, through the Xiang Gui Railway, Gui Guang Railway,Lan Yu Railway and your line lining tunnel geological prediction and detection of a wide range of practice, theory and application of radar technology and accumulated experience.
(1) summarized the application of the working methods in collecting GPR data and data interpretation methods, expatiated on notes in the data collection process, data processing procedures and methods of target identification.
(2) summarized the tunnel geological prediction often encountered in the cave, broken belt, soft interlayer, water-rich rock and other adverse geological forecasting methods and their profile on the radar waveform characteristics.
(3) summarizes the detection of tunnel lining the hole often encountered, the quality of concrete is not dense with other defect detection methods and their profile on the radar waveform characteristics.
Currently, ground penetrating radar has been widely used in civil engineering, environmental monitoring, archaeological research, basic geological survey, mineral exploration and other fields, has become a routine detection technology. With the continuous development of science and technology, ground penetrating radar applications will become more widespread, its application in the engineering field will also be more in-depth, resolution ratio and accuracy will also continue to increase.
探地雷达是在电磁场理论基础上发展起来的,电磁场理论和电磁波传播规律是探地雷达技术的理论基础。本文从电磁场基本理论麦克斯韦方程组切入,介绍了平面电磁波的传播特性和在介质中的传播规律以及介质的电磁特性；在学习国内外探地雷达技术研究资料的基础上,通过在湘桂线、贵广线和兰渝线进行隧道超前地质预报和衬砌检测的广泛实践,积累了应用探雷达技术的丰富经验。
(1)系统总结了应用探地雷达进行数据采集的工作方法和资料解释方法,详细说明了数据采集过程中的注意事项、资料处理流程和目标体的识别方法。
(2)总结了在隧道超前地质预报中经常遇到的溶洞、破碎带、软弱夹层、富水岩体等不良地质体的预报方法及其他们在雷达剖面图上的波形特征。
(3)总结了在隧道衬砌检测中经常遇到的空洞、混凝土不密实带等质量缺陷的检测方法及他们在雷达剖面图上波形特征。
目前,探地雷达已广泛应用于土木工程、环境检测、考古研究、基础地质调查、矿产勘查等领域,已成为一种常规的探测技术。随着科学技术的不断发展,探地雷达的应用领域将越来越广泛,其在工程领域的应用研究也将更加深入,分辨率和准确性也将不断提高。
Into the twenty-first century, in order to meet the needs of rapid economic development,China has further increased its investment in infrastructure, promoted the rapid development of high-speed railway in China. To meet the technical requirements of high-speed railway in complex terrain areas, require a lot of the construction of tunnels. In the tunnel excavation process, we need to know in advance the geological changes in Front of Face for the tunnel to provide a more accurate geological data in order to rationalize excavation of footage in time and amend the construction plan, to strengthen security measures to avoid accidents. In addition, the process of tunnel construction and completion of quality assessment of quality acceptance testing, we need fast, accurate, and complete control of tunnel construction with or without quality defects. Ground Penetrating Radar is the use of high-frequency electromagnetic pulse to probe the subsurface media of a geophysical exploration methods, because of its high resolution ratio, easy operation, nondestructive testing, image visual advantages, such as tunnel geological prediction and the lining of detection are a wide range of applications.
Ground Penetrating Radar in electromagnetic theory developed on the basis of, Electromagnetic field theory and the propagation of electromagnetic waves is the theoretical basis of ground penetrating radar technology. From the basic theory of electromagnetic fields Maxwell's equations cuts introduced plane wave propagation characteristics and propagation in the medium and the electromagnetic properties of the medium; in learning at home and abroad radar technology on the basis of research data, through the Xiang Gui Railway, Gui Guang Railway,Lan Yu Railway and your line lining tunnel geological prediction and detection of a wide range of practice, theory and application of radar technology and accumulated experience.
(1) summarized the application of the working methods in collecting GPR data and data interpretation methods, expatiated on notes in the data collection process, data processing procedures and methods of target identification.
(2) summarized the tunnel geological prediction often encountered in the cave, broken belt, soft interlayer, water-rich rock and other adverse geological forecasting methods and their profile on the radar waveform characteristics.
(3) summarizes the detection of tunnel lining the hole often encountered, the quality of concrete is not dense with other defect detection methods and their profile on the radar waveform characteristics.
Currently, ground penetrating radar has been widely used in civil engineering, environmental monitoring, archaeological research, basic geological survey, mineral exploration and other fields, has become a routine detection technology. With the continuous development of science and technology, ground penetrating radar applications will become more widespread, its application in the engineering field will also be more in-depth, resolution ratio and accuracy will also continue to increase.
引文
[1]曾昭发,刘四新,冯暄.探地雷达原理与应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2010.
[2]李金铭.地电场与电法勘探.北京：地质出版社,2005.
[3]李大心.探地雷达方法与应用[M].北京：地质出版社,1994.
[4]曾昭发,刘四新,于者江,薛建.探地雷达方法原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2006.
[5]粟毅,黄春琳,雷文太.探地雷达理论与应用.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[6]周希朗.电磁场.北京：电子工业出版社,2008.
[7]达耶夫.高频电磁测井方法.耿秀文、赵耀五、卢达泽.北京：石油工业出版社,1981.
[8]Davis.L. and Annan.A.P.,"Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy",Geophysical prospecting,vol.37,pp.531-551,1989.
[9]钱荣钧.地震波分辨率的分类研究及偏移对分辨率的影响.石油地球物理勘探,2010,42(2)：306-313.
[10]黄南晖.地质雷达探测的波场分析.地球科学,1993,18(3)：294-302.
[11]姚姚.地震波场与地震勘探.北京：地质出版社,2006.
[12]王兴泰,陈仲侯.工程与环境物探教程[M].北京：地质出版社,1993.
[13]黄南晖.有耗媒质中电磁波的传播特征[J].地球科学,1993,18(3)：257-265.
[14]王惠濂,李大心.脉冲时间域探地雷达讲座.中国地质大学(武汉)物探系,1990.
[15]刘云祯.工程物探新技术.北京：地质出版社,2006.
[16]薄会中.地质雷达技术实用手册.北京：地质出版社,2006.
[17]白哲.地质雷达在隧道超前地质预报中的应用.硕士学位论文,2006.
[18]汪贵春.挡十墙质量无损检测技术应用研究.硕士学位论文,2009.
[19]孙洪星.地质雷达探测技术在近地表弱地基工程勘察中应用实践.煤炭开采,2000,(4).
[20]孙洪星.探地雷达高频电磁波传播衰减机理与应用实例.岩石力学与工程学报,2000,(3).
[21]程佩青.数字滤波与快速傅里叶变换.北京：清华大学出版社,1990.
[22]刘战胜.偏移技术在探地雷达数据处理中的应用进展.西部探矿工程,2007,(6)：118-121.
[23]郝建新,魏玉峰,林雄斌.地质雷达探测干扰因素及图像识别研究.工程勘察,2008,(11)：73-75.
[24]杨峰,彭苏萍.地质雷达探测原理与方法研究.北京：科学出版社,2010.
[25]刘英利.地质雷达在工程物探中应用研究.硕士学位论文,2008.
[26]《铁路隧道超前地质预报技术指南》(铁建设[2008]105号)
[27]马利平,廖华.地质雷达在探测地下采空巷道中的应用[J].勘探科学技术,2001,(3)：58-61.
[28]刘敦文,古德生,徐国元等.采空区充填物探地雷达识别技术研究及应用[J].北京科技大学学报,2005,27(1)：13-16.
[29]苏会锋,赵玉成,温进芳.探地雷达在武隆隧道岩溶、暗河探测中的应用[J].石家庄铁道学院学报,2005,18(1)：54-57.
[30]方建立,应松,贾进.地质雷达在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用[]J.中国岩溶,2005,24(2)：160-163.
[31]葛双成,邵长云.岩溶勘察中的探地雷达技术及应用[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(2)：476-481.
[32]王东才.探地雷达与工程地质勘探[J].物探装备,2001,11(3)：199-212.
[33]刘传孝.探地雷达空洞探测机理研究及应用实例分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(2)：238-241.
[34]程晔,赵明华,曹文贵等.高速公路地质雷达探测溶洞成果精度提高方法的探讨[J].公路,2004,(2)：64-6.8
[35]邓居智,莫撼,刘庆成.探地雷达在岩溶探测中的应用[J].物探与化探,2001,25(6)：474-476.
[36]夏照华,李晓峰.地质雷达在探测地下溶洞中的应用[J].西部探矿工程,2005,(1)：91-92.
[37]邓居智,刘庆成,陈德明等.探地雷达在岩溶探测中的应用[J].华东地质学院学报,2003,26(3)：264-266.
[38]巨浪,沙椿.地质雷达在福堂水电站引水隧洞施工超前预报中的应用[J].水电站设计,2005,21(1)：94-98.
[39]万千里.地质雷达探测在大茅左隧道施工中的应用[J].公路,2002,(12)：139-142.Xu B,
[40]葛增超,刘东升.土木工程中常见目标体的地质雷达图谱特征[J].后勤工程学院学报,2005,(2)：19-22.
[41]Dusseault M B, ZhangL. GeoPhysical monitoring, inversion and to tomograPhy in wastedisposal(A). In:HeZhenhua, ed. EngineeringandEnvironmentalGeoPhysicsforthe21st Century[C].Chengdu:SichuanPublishingHouseofScienceandTechnology,1997.471-478.
[2]李金铭.地电场与电法勘探.北京：地质出版社,2005.
[3]李大心.探地雷达方法与应用[M].北京：地质出版社,1994.
[4]曾昭发,刘四新,于者江,薛建.探地雷达方法原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2006.
[5]粟毅,黄春琳,雷文太.探地雷达理论与应用.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[6]周希朗.电磁场.北京：电子工业出版社,2008.
[7]达耶夫.高频电磁测井方法.耿秀文、赵耀五、卢达泽.北京：石油工业出版社,1981.
[8]Davis.L. and Annan.A.P.,"Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy",Geophysical prospecting,vol.37,pp.531-551,1989.
[9]钱荣钧.地震波分辨率的分类研究及偏移对分辨率的影响.石油地球物理勘探,2010,42(2)：306-313.
[10]黄南晖.地质雷达探测的波场分析.地球科学,1993,18(3)：294-302.
[11]姚姚.地震波场与地震勘探.北京：地质出版社,2006.
[12]王兴泰,陈仲侯.工程与环境物探教程[M].北京：地质出版社,1993.
[13]黄南晖.有耗媒质中电磁波的传播特征[J].地球科学,1993,18(3)：257-265.
[14]王惠濂,李大心.脉冲时间域探地雷达讲座.中国地质大学(武汉)物探系,1990.
[15]刘云祯.工程物探新技术.北京：地质出版社,2006.
[16]薄会中.地质雷达技术实用手册.北京：地质出版社,2006.
[17]白哲.地质雷达在隧道超前地质预报中的应用.硕士学位论文,2006.
[18]汪贵春.挡十墙质量无损检测技术应用研究.硕士学位论文,2009.
[19]孙洪星.地质雷达探测技术在近地表弱地基工程勘察中应用实践.煤炭开采,2000,(4).
[20]孙洪星.探地雷达高频电磁波传播衰减机理与应用实例.岩石力学与工程学报,2000,(3).
[21]程佩青.数字滤波与快速傅里叶变换.北京：清华大学出版社,1990.
[22]刘战胜.偏移技术在探地雷达数据处理中的应用进展.西部探矿工程,2007,(6)：118-121.
[23]郝建新,魏玉峰,林雄斌.地质雷达探测干扰因素及图像识别研究.工程勘察,2008,(11)：73-75.
[24]杨峰,彭苏萍.地质雷达探测原理与方法研究.北京：科学出版社,2010.
[25]刘英利.地质雷达在工程物探中应用研究.硕士学位论文,2008.
[26]《铁路隧道超前地质预报技术指南》(铁建设[2008]105号)
[27]马利平,廖华.地质雷达在探测地下采空巷道中的应用[J].勘探科学技术,2001,(3)：58-61.
[28]刘敦文,古德生,徐国元等.采空区充填物探地雷达识别技术研究及应用[J].北京科技大学学报,2005,27(1)：13-16.
[29]苏会锋,赵玉成,温进芳.探地雷达在武隆隧道岩溶、暗河探测中的应用[J].石家庄铁道学院学报,2005,18(1)：54-57.
[30]方建立,应松,贾进.地质雷达在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用[]J.中国岩溶,2005,24(2)：160-163.
[31]葛双成,邵长云.岩溶勘察中的探地雷达技术及应用[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(2)：476-481.
[32]王东才.探地雷达与工程地质勘探[J].物探装备,2001,11(3)：199-212.
[33]刘传孝.探地雷达空洞探测机理研究及应用实例分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(2)：238-241.
[34]程晔,赵明华,曹文贵等.高速公路地质雷达探测溶洞成果精度提高方法的探讨[J].公路,2004,(2)：64-6.8
[35]邓居智,莫撼,刘庆成.探地雷达在岩溶探测中的应用[J].物探与化探,2001,25(6)：474-476.
[36]夏照华,李晓峰.地质雷达在探测地下溶洞中的应用[J].西部探矿工程,2005,(1)：91-92.
[37]邓居智,刘庆成,陈德明等.探地雷达在岩溶探测中的应用[J].华东地质学院学报,2003,26(3)：264-266.
[38]巨浪,沙椿.地质雷达在福堂水电站引水隧洞施工超前预报中的应用[J].水电站设计,2005,21(1)：94-98.
[39]万千里.地质雷达探测在大茅左隧道施工中的应用[J].公路,2002,(12)：139-142.Xu B,
[40]葛增超,刘东升.土木工程中常见目标体的地质雷达图谱特征[J].后勤工程学院学报,2005,(2)：19-22.
[41]Dusseault M B, ZhangL. GeoPhysical monitoring, inversion and to tomograPhy in wastedisposal(A). In:HeZhenhua, ed. EngineeringandEnvironmentalGeoPhysicsforthe21st Century[C].Chengdu:SichuanPublishingHouseofScienceandTechnology,1997.471-478.