行波法故障测距的理论研究及其实现方案
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摘要
输电线路发生故障后，不仅影响工农业生产和人们的日常生活，而且还危及电力系统的安全、稳定运行。准确、可靠的故障测距，不仅可以缩短查找故障的时间，使故障得以及早处理，保证迅速恢复供电，而且还能及早发现输电线路的薄弱环节，有效地降低因停电造成的经济损失。因此，精确的故障测距具有极大的社会效益和经济效益，是一项具有重大技术、经济意义的研究课题。
故障后的行波信号是一个突变的、具有奇异性的信号。小波变换所具有的时频局部化特性使其非常适合于对这种信号的分析。本文讨论了小波变换及小波变换的奇异性检测理论，并将其应用于暂态行波故障特征的分析。提出了基于小波变换模极大值的电流行波故障启动元件、故障选线元件和故障选相元件。与传统方法相比，小波变换同时利用了电流行波中所包含的时间和频率两个信息来确定故障距离，使得测距结果更可靠。
行波信号是一种频率高达几百kHz的暂态信号，一般由单片机控制的数据采集方式很难记录该信号，因此要研制专用的高速数据采集卡。本文成功地设计了一种带GPS接口、采样率为5M、以复杂可编程逻辑器件构成周边逻辑的高速数据采集卡。该采集卡能存储故障前后2M字节的故障信息。实验调试的结果表明，该采集卡完全可以满足对行波信号进行记录的要求。其结构和工作原理本文在第五章作了详细的说明。
The economic and reliable operation of power system requires a exact and fast determination of the point where a fault occurs. A method of quickly and accurately locating transmission line faults has been a much-desired tool for control center operators and the repair crews, and it is also an important research area in electrical engineering.
Traveling wave is a mutation and singularity signal. The paper discuss the singularity detection theory of wavelet transform, this theory is applied to analysis of fault characteristics of the transient traveling waves.
On this basis,a 'fault start element',a 'fault line select element'and 'fault phase select element'are proposed. The method utilizes sufficiently properties of wavelet transform, both in time domain and in frequency domain. As a result, the measured fault location using this method is more accurate and reliable.
Traveling wave's frequency is more than hundreds thousand Hertz. General Single Chip Micyoco can't acquire the signal possibly.So a high-speed data sampling board is designed technically. In the section of data acquisition, the paper discusses a new high-speed data sampling board. Its sampling rate reaches five millions and the memory is two millions byte. This sampling board has GPS interface periphery assistant electrocircuit has been realized with complicated programmable logic device. The structure and function is discussed detailedly in chapter five.
故障后的行波信号是一个突变的、具有奇异性的信号。小波变换所具有的时频局部化特性使其非常适合于对这种信号的分析。本文讨论了小波变换及小波变换的奇异性检测理论，并将其应用于暂态行波故障特征的分析。提出了基于小波变换模极大值的电流行波故障启动元件、故障选线元件和故障选相元件。与传统方法相比，小波变换同时利用了电流行波中所包含的时间和频率两个信息来确定故障距离，使得测距结果更可靠。
行波信号是一种频率高达几百kHz的暂态信号，一般由单片机控制的数据采集方式很难记录该信号，因此要研制专用的高速数据采集卡。本文成功地设计了一种带GPS接口、采样率为5M、以复杂可编程逻辑器件构成周边逻辑的高速数据采集卡。该采集卡能存储故障前后2M字节的故障信息。实验调试的结果表明，该采集卡完全可以满足对行波信号进行记录的要求。其结构和工作原理本文在第五章作了详细的说明。
The economic and reliable operation of power system requires a exact and fast determination of the point where a fault occurs. A method of quickly and accurately locating transmission line faults has been a much-desired tool for control center operators and the repair crews, and it is also an important research area in electrical engineering.
Traveling wave is a mutation and singularity signal. The paper discuss the singularity detection theory of wavelet transform, this theory is applied to analysis of fault characteristics of the transient traveling waves.
On this basis,a 'fault start element',a 'fault line select element'and 'fault phase select element'are proposed. The method utilizes sufficiently properties of wavelet transform, both in time domain and in frequency domain. As a result, the measured fault location using this method is more accurate and reliable.
Traveling wave's frequency is more than hundreds thousand Hertz. General Single Chip Micyoco can't acquire the signal possibly.So a high-speed data sampling board is designed technically. In the section of data acquisition, the paper discusses a new high-speed data sampling board. Its sampling rate reaches five millions and the memory is two millions byte. This sampling board has GPS interface periphery assistant electrocircuit has been realized with complicated programmable logic device. The structure and function is discussed detailedly in chapter five.
引文
[1] 解广润著．电力系统过电压．北京：水利电力出版社．1985．
[2] 周泽存著．高电压技术．北京：水利电力出版社．1991．
[3] 天津大学编．电力系统继电保护原理．北京：水利电力出版社．1984．
[4] 葛耀中，徐丙垠，陈平．利用暂态电流行波的输电线路故障测距研究．电力系统及其自动化学报．1996(9)．
[5] 徐丙垠，李京，等．现代行波测距技术及其应用．电力系统自动化．2001(24)．
[6] 邓军波，施围．输电线路接地故障行波测距新方法．继电器．2000(8)．
[7] 秦前清，杨宗凯．实用小波分析．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1994．
[8] 董新洲，贺家李，等．小波变换在行波故障检测中的应用．继电器．1998(9)．
[9] 董新洲，贺家李，等．小波变换的行波故障选相研究．电力系统自动化．1999(1)．
[10] 董新洲，贺家李，等．小波变换(第一讲 基本概念)．继电器．1999(1)．
[11] 董新洲，贺家李，等．小波变换(第二讲 离散小波变换)．继电器．1999(3)．
[12] 崔锦泰[美]著．小波分析导论．西安：西安交通大学出版社．1996
[13] Mallat S.A theory of multi-resolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal.Machine Intell. 1989, 11.
[14] 董新洲，贺家李，葛耀中．小波变换(第三讲 二进制小波变换及信号的奇异性检测)．继电器．1999(5)．
[15] 董新洲，贺家李，等．基于小波变换的行波故障选线研究(第2部分 仿真试验结果)．电力系统自动化．1999(1)．
[16] 葛耀中著．新型继电保护与故障测距原理与技术．西安交通大学出版社．1996．
[17] 肖东晖，刘沛，等．架空输电线路故障测距方法综述，电力系统自动化．1993(8)．
[18] 吴欣荣，罗承沐，苏进喜，等．基于单端电气量的故障定位算法研究．中国电力．2000(11)．
[19] 陈平，葛耀中，索南加于，徐丙垠．基于故障开断暂态行波信息的输电线路故障测距研究．中国电机工程学报．2000(8)．
[20] 曾祥君，尹项根，唐忠，等．GPS行波故障定位．长沙电力学院学报．1999(8)．
[21] 董振河．输电线路行波故障测距．山东电力技术．2000(2)．
[22] 董新洲，葛耀中，徐丙垠．利用GPS的输电线路行波故障测距研究．电力系统自动化．1996(12)．
[23] 郑健超，陈祥训，覃剑．验证小波变换行波故障测距法的现场试验．电网技术．2001(3)．
[24] 徐丙垠，李京，等．行波测距—输电线路故障精确定位技术．汇电气有限公司2000(7)．
[25] 苏进喜，解子凤，吴欣荣，等．双端同步采样的输电线路故障定位方法的仿真研究．高电压技术．1998(12)．
[26] 苏进喜，罗承沐，解子凤，等．基于GPS的双端量故障测距算法研究．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．1999(9)．
[27] 李友军，王俊生，等．几种行波测距算法的比较．电力系统自动化2001(7)．
[28] 董新洲．小波理论应用于行波故障测距研究(博士学位论文)．西安：西安交通大学．1996．
[29] 邓军波，施围．输电线路接地故障行波测距新方法．继电器2000(8)．
[30] 赵晓微，李桂义．GPS同步时钟在电力系统中的应用．电力系统通信．1998(5)．
[31] 龚庆武，雷庆生，等．采用输电线路双端信号的故障精确定位系统．继电器．1999(11)．
[32] 刘韬文，龚庆武，等．基于GPS的输电线路故障精确定位装置的研究．电力建设．2002(5)．
[33] 曾祥君，尹项根，陈德树，等．基于整个输电网GPS行波故障定位系统的研究．电力系统自动化．1999(23)．
[34] 陈靖，张承学，等．GPS失步后时钟信号的CPLD实现方法．电力系统自动化．2003(17)．
[35] 陈靖，张承学，等．高速数据采集系统中精确时标的CPLD实现方法．继电器．2004(2)．
[36] 高厚磊，历吉文，文锋，等．GPS及其在电力系统中的应用，电力系统自动化．1995(9)．
[37] Rockwell. Zodiac Serial Data Interface Specification. 1996.
[38] 黄正谨，徐坚等．CPLD系统设计技术入门与应用．电子工业出版社．2002．
[39] 赵曙光，郭万有，杨颂华．可编程逻辑器件原理、开发与应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2000．
[40] 姚嘉，施旭霞．CPLD在高速数据采集中的应用．电子技术应用．1998(10)．
[41] 邱寄帆，等．虚拟数字存储示波器高速数据采集卡的设计与实现．电测与仪表2001(6)．
[42] 姜立东．VHDL语言程序设计及应用．北京：北京邮电大学出版社．2001．
[43] 潘琢金，孙德龙，夏秀峰．CS051FXXX高速SOC单片机原理及应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2002(10)．
[44] AD9235 Data Sheet. Analag Device, Inc. 2000.
[45] CY7C1061AV33 Data Sheet. Cypress Semiconductor corporation. 2003.
[46] G.B.Ancell. "Maximum Likehihood Estimation of Fault Location on Transmission Lines Using Travelling Waves", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.9, No.2, April 1994.
[47] Hassan Nouri. "An Accurate Fault Location Technique for Distribution Line with Tapped Loads Using Wavelet Transform" . 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conference, Portugal.
[48] 杨奇逊．微型机继电保护基础．北京：中国电力出版社．2001
[49] 陈平，徐丙垠．离散小波变换用于输电线路故障暂态行波信息压缩．电力系统自动化2000(2)．
[50] Harry Lee."GPS Travelling Wave Fault Locater System :Investigation Into The Anomalous Measurements Related to Lightning Strikes" .IEEE Trans Power Delivery 1996.
[51] Bo Z Q. "Application of GPS Based Fault Location Scheme For Distribution System" 1998 International conference on Power System Technology Proceedings Beijing 1998.
[52] 陈靖，张承学．基于GPS的时标系统实现方法探究．电子技术应用．2004(3)．
[53] Mallat S and Hwang W L Singularity detection and processing with wavelets.IEEE Trans on information Theory, 1992,38.
[54] 刘振安编著．微型机应用系统抗干扰技术．北京：人民邮电出版社．1991
[55] Z Q BO A T JOHNS. "A Novel Fault Locator Based on The Detection of Fault Generated High Frequency Transients", Developments in Power System Protection 25-27th March 1997 conferrence Publication No. 434 IEE 1997 P197-200. 2000(8), P56—64
[56] G.B. Ancell. "Maximum Likehihood Estimation of Fault Location on Transmission Lines Using Travelling Waves", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1994P680-689.
[57] Hassan Nouri. "An Accurate Fault Location Technique for Distribution Line with Tapped Loads Using Wavelet Transform" ,2001 IEE Porto Power Tech Conference, Portugal.
[2] 周泽存著．高电压技术．北京：水利电力出版社．1991．
[3] 天津大学编．电力系统继电保护原理．北京：水利电力出版社．1984．
[4] 葛耀中，徐丙垠，陈平．利用暂态电流行波的输电线路故障测距研究．电力系统及其自动化学报．1996(9)．
[5] 徐丙垠，李京，等．现代行波测距技术及其应用．电力系统自动化．2001(24)．
[6] 邓军波，施围．输电线路接地故障行波测距新方法．继电器．2000(8)．
[7] 秦前清，杨宗凯．实用小波分析．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1994．
[8] 董新洲，贺家李，等．小波变换在行波故障检测中的应用．继电器．1998(9)．
[9] 董新洲，贺家李，等．小波变换的行波故障选相研究．电力系统自动化．1999(1)．
[10] 董新洲，贺家李，等．小波变换(第一讲 基本概念)．继电器．1999(1)．
[11] 董新洲，贺家李，等．小波变换(第二讲 离散小波变换)．继电器．1999(3)．
[12] 崔锦泰[美]著．小波分析导论．西安：西安交通大学出版社．1996
[13] Mallat S.A theory of multi-resolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal.Machine Intell. 1989, 11.
[14] 董新洲，贺家李，葛耀中．小波变换(第三讲 二进制小波变换及信号的奇异性检测)．继电器．1999(5)．
[15] 董新洲，贺家李，等．基于小波变换的行波故障选线研究(第2部分 仿真试验结果)．电力系统自动化．1999(1)．
[16] 葛耀中著．新型继电保护与故障测距原理与技术．西安交通大学出版社．1996．
[17] 肖东晖，刘沛，等．架空输电线路故障测距方法综述，电力系统自动化．1993(8)．
[18] 吴欣荣，罗承沐，苏进喜，等．基于单端电气量的故障定位算法研究．中国电力．2000(11)．
[19] 陈平，葛耀中，索南加于，徐丙垠．基于故障开断暂态行波信息的输电线路故障测距研究．中国电机工程学报．2000(8)．
[20] 曾祥君，尹项根，唐忠，等．GPS行波故障定位．长沙电力学院学报．1999(8)．
[21] 董振河．输电线路行波故障测距．山东电力技术．2000(2)．
[22] 董新洲，葛耀中，徐丙垠．利用GPS的输电线路行波故障测距研究．电力系统自动化．1996(12)．
[23] 郑健超，陈祥训，覃剑．验证小波变换行波故障测距法的现场试验．电网技术．2001(3)．
[24] 徐丙垠，李京，等．行波测距—输电线路故障精确定位技术．汇电气有限公司2000(7)．
[25] 苏进喜，解子凤，吴欣荣，等．双端同步采样的输电线路故障定位方法的仿真研究．高电压技术．1998(12)．
[26] 苏进喜，罗承沐，解子凤，等．基于GPS的双端量故障测距算法研究．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．1999(9)．
[27] 李友军，王俊生，等．几种行波测距算法的比较．电力系统自动化2001(7)．
[28] 董新洲．小波理论应用于行波故障测距研究(博士学位论文)．西安：西安交通大学．1996．
[29] 邓军波，施围．输电线路接地故障行波测距新方法．继电器2000(8)．
[30] 赵晓微，李桂义．GPS同步时钟在电力系统中的应用．电力系统通信．1998(5)．
[31] 龚庆武，雷庆生，等．采用输电线路双端信号的故障精确定位系统．继电器．1999(11)．
[32] 刘韬文，龚庆武，等．基于GPS的输电线路故障精确定位装置的研究．电力建设．2002(5)．
[33] 曾祥君，尹项根，陈德树，等．基于整个输电网GPS行波故障定位系统的研究．电力系统自动化．1999(23)．
[34] 陈靖，张承学，等．GPS失步后时钟信号的CPLD实现方法．电力系统自动化．2003(17)．
[35] 陈靖，张承学，等．高速数据采集系统中精确时标的CPLD实现方法．继电器．2004(2)．
[36] 高厚磊，历吉文，文锋，等．GPS及其在电力系统中的应用，电力系统自动化．1995(9)．
[37] Rockwell. Zodiac Serial Data Interface Specification. 1996.
[38] 黄正谨，徐坚等．CPLD系统设计技术入门与应用．电子工业出版社．2002．
[39] 赵曙光，郭万有，杨颂华．可编程逻辑器件原理、开发与应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2000．
[40] 姚嘉，施旭霞．CPLD在高速数据采集中的应用．电子技术应用．1998(10)．
[41] 邱寄帆，等．虚拟数字存储示波器高速数据采集卡的设计与实现．电测与仪表2001(6)．
[42] 姜立东．VHDL语言程序设计及应用．北京：北京邮电大学出版社．2001．
[43] 潘琢金，孙德龙，夏秀峰．CS051FXXX高速SOC单片机原理及应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2002(10)．
[44] AD9235 Data Sheet. Analag Device, Inc. 2000.
[45] CY7C1061AV33 Data Sheet. Cypress Semiconductor corporation. 2003.
[46] G.B.Ancell. "Maximum Likehihood Estimation of Fault Location on Transmission Lines Using Travelling Waves", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.9, No.2, April 1994.
[47] Hassan Nouri. "An Accurate Fault Location Technique for Distribution Line with Tapped Loads Using Wavelet Transform" . 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conference, Portugal.
[48] 杨奇逊．微型机继电保护基础．北京：中国电力出版社．2001
[49] 陈平，徐丙垠．离散小波变换用于输电线路故障暂态行波信息压缩．电力系统自动化2000(2)．
[50] Harry Lee."GPS Travelling Wave Fault Locater System :Investigation Into The Anomalous Measurements Related to Lightning Strikes" .IEEE Trans Power Delivery 1996.
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[52] 陈靖，张承学．基于GPS的时标系统实现方法探究．电子技术应用．2004(3)．
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