共轭亚油酸对肉鸡的营养重分配和免疫强化作用研究
摘要
本试验研究了不同添加水平的CLA对艾维因肉鸡的营养重分配作用以及对肉鸡生产性能、体内脂质代谢、免疫功能以及腹脂和胸腿肌脂肪酸组成的影响，并进一步探讨了其作用机理。试验选用健康、体重接近的艾维因肉鸡360羽(公母各半)(P＞0.05)。按单因素完全随机设计分为5个处理，每处理设3个重复共72只鸡，进行为期49天的饲养试验。5个处理组中纯CLA含量分别为CLA 0％、0.5％、1.0％、1.5％、2.0％(CLA油中纯CLA含量为80％)。具体分组情况如下：
Ⅰ组(对照组)：饲喂基础日粮(其中日粮中豆油的含量为2.5％；CLA含量为0.00％)
Ⅱ组(0.50％CLA添加组)：用0.625％CLA油取代基础日粮相应比例的豆油(其中日粮中豆油的含量为1.875％：CLA含量为0.50％)
Ⅲ组(1.00％CLA添加组)：用1.25％CLA油取代基础日粮相应比例的豆油(其中日粮中豆油的含量为1.25％：CLA含量为1.00％)
Ⅳ组(1.50％CLA添加组)：用1.875％CLA油取代基础日粮相应比例的豆油(其中同粮中豆油的含量为0.625％；CLA含量为1.50％)
Ⅴ组(2.00％CLA添加组)：用2.50％CLA油取代基础日粮相应比例的豆油(其中日粮中豆汕的含量为0.00％，CLA含量为2.00％)
试验结果表明：
1)、CLA具有一定的营养重分配作用，能降低腹脂率，提高肉鸡胸腿肌比率，并同时增加胸肌中脂肪含量和蛋白质含量，改善肌肉品质。血液生化结果表明：CLA的营养重分配作用可能是通过影响肉鸡体内生长激素、胰岛素和甲状腺素的分泌而实现的。
2)、CLA对肉鸡体脂组成的影响实际是增加肉鸡体脂中饱和脂肪酸和CLA的含量(p＜0.05)，降低单不饱和脂肪酸的含量(p＜0.05)，而并不影响多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。同时血脂测定结果表明，CLA能够提高HDL／LDL的比值，但差异不显著(P＞0.05)，这表明CLA可能具有一定的抗动脉硬化功效。但仍需进一步试验证明。
3)、在肉鸡的整个生长期内，适量添加CLA能够提高肉鸡的平均重、平均日增重和饲料转化效率，低剂量CLA(0.5、1.0和1.5％)不影响肉鸡采食量，当CLA添加水平达2％时，在肉鸡的生长前期(0-35d)，明显降低了肉鸡的采食量和平均日增重(p＜0.05)，抑制了肉鸡的生长。尽管在生长后期当肉鸡适应日粮之后，能
显著提高平均日增重(p<0.()5)，但由于肉鸡前期生长受到过度抑制，因而影响
了整个生长期的生长。
4)、免疫指标测定结果表明:CLA能够促进免疫器官发育，增强肉鸡体液免疫和细
胞免疫功能。，
5)、根据以上结果，建议在肉鸡日粮中添加1.0%C以。
The experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) levels on nutrient repartition, growth performance, lipid metabolism, immunity competence, fatty acid composition in belly fat and breast & thigh muscle of Avain broiler chickens, and furtherly to investigate the function mechanism of CLA on above parameters. Three hundred and sixty Avain broilers (180^,180$) with the similar initial body weight (P>0.05) were averagely assigned to five groups with three replications (72 broilers) per group according to a Completely Random Design. The whole experiment lasted for 49 days. Different groups were fed diets with different CLA levels(0,0.5%,1.0 0%,1. 50% and 2.0 0%)., Which was supplied by the CLA oil.(containing 80% CLA). The details were as follows: Group I (the control group): the basal diet (containing 2.5% soybean oil and 0.00%
CLA). Group II (0.50% CLA): 0.625% soybean oil in basal diet was substituted with 0.625%
CLA oil (containing 1.875% soybean oil and 0.50% CLA) Group 111(1.00% CLA): 1.25% soybean oil in basal diet was substituted with 1.25%
CLA oil(containing 1.25 soybean oil and 1.00% CLA). Group rV(1.50% CLA): 1.875% soybean oil in basal diet was substituted with 1.875%
CLA oil (containing 0.625% soybean oil and 1.50% CLA). Group V(2.00% CLA): 2.50% soybean oil in basal diet was substituted with 2.50%
CLA oil (containing 0.00% soybean oil and 2.00% CLA). The results showed that: (1) In the experiment, it was showed that CLA -had the function of nutritional
repartition and could decrease the percentage of belly fat, increase the percentage of breast & thigh muscle, improve the content of fat and protein in the breast muscle, and elevate the meat quality of broilers. It was suggested that the nutritional repartitioning function of CLA was due to the elevated secretion of GH, INS, T3
and T4.
(2)Actually, SFA and CLA content of adipose tissue of broilers was significantly increased ( p < 0.05 ) and MUFA was significantly decreased ( p < 0.05) .however, CLA had no effect on PUFA(P>.05). The results of the composition of lipids in blood of broiler indicated that CLA could increase the ratio of HDL to LDL(P>0.05).It implied that CLA might has the effect of antiatherosclerosis, which needed to be justified.
(3) Suitable content of CLA in the diets (below 1.50%) on the whole stage could improve average body weight, average daily gain and feed efficiency, and decrease the ratio of feed to gain, but had no significant effect on feed intake(P>0.05). Feed intake, average daily gain and growth performance were all restricted when the CLA in diets increased to 2% at the starter phase(0~35d). Although the average daily gain of broilers was significantly improved at the grower phase (36-49d) (p < 0. 05) when the broilers are adaptable to the diets, the growth performance on the whole stage was restrained because of the west restriction of 2% CLA at starter pahse..
'(4) The results of immunity index indicated that CLA could stimulate the development of immune organs, improve the function of hormones immunity and cell-mediated immune competence.
(5) Based on the above results, it is suggested that the optimal level of CLA in the diet of broiler chickens is 1.0%.
Ⅰ组(对照组)：饲喂基础日粮(其中日粮中豆油的含量为2.5％；CLA含量为0.00％)
Ⅱ组(0.50％CLA添加组)：用0.625％CLA油取代基础日粮相应比例的豆油(其中日粮中豆油的含量为1.875％：CLA含量为0.50％)
Ⅲ组(1.00％CLA添加组)：用1.25％CLA油取代基础日粮相应比例的豆油(其中日粮中豆油的含量为1.25％：CLA含量为1.00％)
Ⅳ组(1.50％CLA添加组)：用1.875％CLA油取代基础日粮相应比例的豆油(其中同粮中豆油的含量为0.625％；CLA含量为1.50％)
Ⅴ组(2.00％CLA添加组)：用2.50％CLA油取代基础日粮相应比例的豆油(其中日粮中豆汕的含量为0.00％，CLA含量为2.00％)
试验结果表明：
1)、CLA具有一定的营养重分配作用，能降低腹脂率，提高肉鸡胸腿肌比率，并同时增加胸肌中脂肪含量和蛋白质含量，改善肌肉品质。血液生化结果表明：CLA的营养重分配作用可能是通过影响肉鸡体内生长激素、胰岛素和甲状腺素的分泌而实现的。
2)、CLA对肉鸡体脂组成的影响实际是增加肉鸡体脂中饱和脂肪酸和CLA的含量(p＜0.05)，降低单不饱和脂肪酸的含量(p＜0.05)，而并不影响多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。同时血脂测定结果表明，CLA能够提高HDL／LDL的比值，但差异不显著(P＞0.05)，这表明CLA可能具有一定的抗动脉硬化功效。但仍需进一步试验证明。
3)、在肉鸡的整个生长期内，适量添加CLA能够提高肉鸡的平均重、平均日增重和饲料转化效率，低剂量CLA(0.5、1.0和1.5％)不影响肉鸡采食量，当CLA添加水平达2％时，在肉鸡的生长前期(0-35d)，明显降低了肉鸡的采食量和平均日增重(p＜0.05)，抑制了肉鸡的生长。尽管在生长后期当肉鸡适应日粮之后，能
显著提高平均日增重(p<0.()5)，但由于肉鸡前期生长受到过度抑制，因而影响
了整个生长期的生长。
4)、免疫指标测定结果表明:CLA能够促进免疫器官发育，增强肉鸡体液免疫和细
胞免疫功能。，
5)、根据以上结果，建议在肉鸡日粮中添加1.0%C以。
The experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) levels on nutrient repartition, growth performance, lipid metabolism, immunity competence, fatty acid composition in belly fat and breast & thigh muscle of Avain broiler chickens, and furtherly to investigate the function mechanism of CLA on above parameters. Three hundred and sixty Avain broilers (180^,180$) with the similar initial body weight (P>0.05) were averagely assigned to five groups with three replications (72 broilers) per group according to a Completely Random Design. The whole experiment lasted for 49 days. Different groups were fed diets with different CLA levels(0,0.5%,1.0 0%,1. 50% and 2.0 0%)., Which was supplied by the CLA oil.(containing 80% CLA). The details were as follows: Group I (the control group): the basal diet (containing 2.5% soybean oil and 0.00%
CLA). Group II (0.50% CLA): 0.625% soybean oil in basal diet was substituted with 0.625%
CLA oil (containing 1.875% soybean oil and 0.50% CLA) Group 111(1.00% CLA): 1.25% soybean oil in basal diet was substituted with 1.25%
CLA oil(containing 1.25 soybean oil and 1.00% CLA). Group rV(1.50% CLA): 1.875% soybean oil in basal diet was substituted with 1.875%
CLA oil (containing 0.625% soybean oil and 1.50% CLA). Group V(2.00% CLA): 2.50% soybean oil in basal diet was substituted with 2.50%
CLA oil (containing 0.00% soybean oil and 2.00% CLA). The results showed that: (1) In the experiment, it was showed that CLA -had the function of nutritional
repartition and could decrease the percentage of belly fat, increase the percentage of breast & thigh muscle, improve the content of fat and protein in the breast muscle, and elevate the meat quality of broilers. It was suggested that the nutritional repartitioning function of CLA was due to the elevated secretion of GH, INS, T3
and T4.
(2)Actually, SFA and CLA content of adipose tissue of broilers was significantly increased ( p < 0.05 ) and MUFA was significantly decreased ( p < 0.05) .however, CLA had no effect on PUFA(P>.05). The results of the composition of lipids in blood of broiler indicated that CLA could increase the ratio of HDL to LDL(P>0.05).It implied that CLA might has the effect of antiatherosclerosis, which needed to be justified.
(3) Suitable content of CLA in the diets (below 1.50%) on the whole stage could improve average body weight, average daily gain and feed efficiency, and decrease the ratio of feed to gain, but had no significant effect on feed intake(P>0.05). Feed intake, average daily gain and growth performance were all restricted when the CLA in diets increased to 2% at the starter phase(0~35d). Although the average daily gain of broilers was significantly improved at the grower phase (36-49d) (p < 0. 05) when the broilers are adaptable to the diets, the growth performance on the whole stage was restrained because of the west restriction of 2% CLA at starter pahse..
'(4) The results of immunity index indicated that CLA could stimulate the development of immune organs, improve the function of hormones immunity and cell-mediated immune competence.
(5) Based on the above results, it is suggested that the optimal level of CLA in the diet of broiler chickens is 1.0%.
引文
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64. Miller, C.C.,Park, et al.1994 Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes actabolic responses due to endotoxin injection[J]. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.!98:1107-1112
65. Millet, L., Vidal. H., et al. 1997. Increased uncoupling protein-2 and-3 mRNA expression during fasting in obese and lean humans[J]. J. Clin. Investig. 100:2665-2670
66. Nicolosi, R.J.,Rogers, et al. 1997. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces plasma lipoprogeins
and early aortic atherogenesis in hypercholesteolemic hmasters[J].Artery 22:266-277
67. Ostrowska, Muralitharan,Cross. et al.1999.Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase lean tissue and decrease fat deposition in growing pigs[J]. J. Nutr. Diet. 19:303-314
68. Park.Y.,Albright,K.J.,et al. 1997. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice[J]. Lipids.32:853-858
69. Park.Y., Albright,K.J.,et al. 1999a. Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid[J]. Lipids 34:243-248
70. Park, Y., Storkson, K. J., et al. 1999. Evidence thet the trand-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice[J]. Lipids 34:235-241
71. Pariza. M. W. 1997. Conjugated linoleid acid, a newly recognised nutrient [J]. Chemistry. Industry. 12:464-466
72. Pariza,M.W.,Park,et al.. 2000 Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid:evidence and speculation[J]. Proc. Soc.Exp.Biol.Med.223:8-13
73. Pescobvitz.M.D, Sakopoulos. A.G., Gaddy et al. 1994, Porcine peripheral blood CD4+/CD8+dual expressing T-cells[J]. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol, 43: 53—62.
74. Q'Quinn, P. R., J. L. Nelseen, et al. 2000a. Effects of feeding modified tall oil and supplemental potassium and magnesium on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs[J]. Can. J.Anim. Sci. 80:443-449
75. Q'Quinn, P. R., J.L. Nelseen, et al.2000b. Effects of modified tall oil versus a commercial source of conjugated linoleic acid and increasing levels of modified tall oil on growth performance and carcass characteristica of growing-finishing pigs[In process Citation] [J]. J Anim Sci. 78:2359-68
76. Ramsay, T. G, C. M. Evock-Clover, et al. 2001. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid composition of pig skeletal muscle and fat[J]. 79:2152-2161
77. Rahman, S. M., Y. Wang, et al. 2001. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on serum leptin concentration, body-fat accumulation, and beta-oxidation of fatty acid in OLETF rats[J]. Nutrition. 17:385-90
78. Sebedio,1997.Metabolits of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid(CLA) in the rat[J]. Biochim Biophys.Acta. 1345:5-10
79. Sugano,M.A.Tsujita,M.Yamasaki et al. 1998, Conjugated linoleic acid modulates tissue levels of chemical mediators and immunoglobulins in rats[J]. Lipids, 33:521—527.
80. Sugano, M.A.Tsujita, M.Yamasaki et al. 1997, Lymphatic recovery, tissue distribution, and metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid in rats[J]. J.Nutr.Biochem 8: 38—43.
81. Satory, D. L. and S. B. Smith. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation but stimulates lipid filling of routine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes[J].J. Nutr. 129:92-7
82. Simon, O., K. Manner, K. Schafer, et al. 2000. Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on protein to fat proportions, fatty acids, and plasma lipids in broilers[J]. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:402-410
83. Sisk, M.B,D.B. Hausman, et al.2001. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats[J].J. Nutr. 131:1668-74
84. Stangl. G. I, Muller H and Kirchgessner. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid effects on circulating hormones, metabolites and lipoproteins, and its proportion in fasting serum and erythrocyte membranes of swine[J]. Eur. J. Nutr. 38:271-277.
85. Stangl, G.I.2000. Conjugated linoleic acids exhibit a strong fat-to-lean partitioning effect, reduce serum VLDL lipids and redistribute tissue lipids in food-restricted rats[J]. J Nutr. 130:1140-6
86. Stangl. G. I. 2000. High dietary levels of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture alter hepatic glycerophospholipid class profile and cholesterol-carrying serum lipoproteins of rats[J]. J. Nutr. Biochem. (in press).
87. Szymczyk, B., P. M. Pisulewski, et al. 2001. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and subsequent carcass quality in broiler chickens[J].Br J Nutr. 85:465-73
88. Thiel. R. L., Sparks, J. G., et al. 1998. Conjugated linoleic acid improves performance and body composition in swine[J]. J.Anim.Sci.76(suppl.2):61 (abs.)
89. Takabashi K,Kawamak, Kibar et al. 2002, Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on early inflammatory responses in male broiler chickens[J]. Br.Poult.Sci, 43(1):47-53
90. Terpstra, Beynen, H. Everts, et al. 2002. The decrease in body fat in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid is due to increases in energy expenditure and energy loss in the excreta[J]. 132:940-945.
91. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N., M. Takahashi, K. Tanemura, et al. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tisue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice[J], Diabetes. 49:1534-42
92. West, D. B., F.Y. Blohm, et al. 2000. Conjugated linolcie acid persistently increases total energy expenditure in AKR/J mice without increasing uncoupling protein gene Expression[J]. J Nutr. 130: 2471-2477
93. West, D.B., Delany, et al. 1998. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse[J]. Am.J.Physiol.275-R672
94. Wiegand, B. R, J. C. Sparks, et al. 2002. Duration of feeding conjugated linoleic acid influences growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing barrows[J].J. Nutr. 80:637-643
95. Wong MW, Chew BP, Wong TS, et al. 1997. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on-lymphocyte function and growth of mammary tumors in mice[J]. Anticancer Res 17: 987-993
96. Yamasaki,Mansho. Y, Ogino, et al.2000.Acute reduction of serum liptin level by dietary conjugatedlinoleic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats[J]. J. Nutr. Biochem. 11:467-471
97. Yamasaki, M., K. Mansho, et al. 1999. Dietary effect of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid levels in whire adipose tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats[J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 63:1104-6
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63. Miner, J.L.,C.A. Cederberg, et al.2001. Conjugated linoleic (CLA),body fat, and apoptosis [J]. Obes Res. 9: 129-34
64. Miller, C.C.,Park, et al.1994 Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes actabolic responses due to endotoxin injection[J]. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.!98:1107-1112
65. Millet, L., Vidal. H., et al. 1997. Increased uncoupling protein-2 and-3 mRNA expression during fasting in obese and lean humans[J]. J. Clin. Investig. 100:2665-2670
66. Nicolosi, R.J.,Rogers, et al. 1997. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces plasma lipoprogeins
and early aortic atherogenesis in hypercholesteolemic hmasters[J].Artery 22:266-277
67. Ostrowska, Muralitharan,Cross. et al.1999.Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase lean tissue and decrease fat deposition in growing pigs[J]. J. Nutr. Diet. 19:303-314
68. Park.Y.,Albright,K.J.,et al. 1997. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice[J]. Lipids.32:853-858
69. Park.Y., Albright,K.J.,et al. 1999a. Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid[J]. Lipids 34:243-248
70. Park, Y., Storkson, K. J., et al. 1999. Evidence thet the trand-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice[J]. Lipids 34:235-241
71. Pariza. M. W. 1997. Conjugated linoleid acid, a newly recognised nutrient [J]. Chemistry. Industry. 12:464-466
72. Pariza,M.W.,Park,et al.. 2000 Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid:evidence and speculation[J]. Proc. Soc.Exp.Biol.Med.223:8-13
73. Pescobvitz.M.D, Sakopoulos. A.G., Gaddy et al. 1994, Porcine peripheral blood CD4+/CD8+dual expressing T-cells[J]. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol, 43: 53—62.
74. Q'Quinn, P. R., J. L. Nelseen, et al. 2000a. Effects of feeding modified tall oil and supplemental potassium and magnesium on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs[J]. Can. J.Anim. Sci. 80:443-449
75. Q'Quinn, P. R., J.L. Nelseen, et al.2000b. Effects of modified tall oil versus a commercial source of conjugated linoleic acid and increasing levels of modified tall oil on growth performance and carcass characteristica of growing-finishing pigs[In process Citation] [J]. J Anim Sci. 78:2359-68
76. Ramsay, T. G, C. M. Evock-Clover, et al. 2001. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid composition of pig skeletal muscle and fat[J]. 79:2152-2161
77. Rahman, S. M., Y. Wang, et al. 2001. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on serum leptin concentration, body-fat accumulation, and beta-oxidation of fatty acid in OLETF rats[J]. Nutrition. 17:385-90
78. Sebedio,1997.Metabolits of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid(CLA) in the rat[J]. Biochim Biophys.Acta. 1345:5-10
79. Sugano,M.A.Tsujita,M.Yamasaki et al. 1998, Conjugated linoleic acid modulates tissue levels of chemical mediators and immunoglobulins in rats[J]. Lipids, 33:521—527.
80. Sugano, M.A.Tsujita, M.Yamasaki et al. 1997, Lymphatic recovery, tissue distribution, and metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid in rats[J]. J.Nutr.Biochem 8: 38—43.
81. Satory, D. L. and S. B. Smith. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation but stimulates lipid filling of routine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes[J].J. Nutr. 129:92-7
82. Simon, O., K. Manner, K. Schafer, et al. 2000. Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on protein to fat proportions, fatty acids, and plasma lipids in broilers[J]. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:402-410
83. Sisk, M.B,D.B. Hausman, et al.2001. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats[J].J. Nutr. 131:1668-74
84. Stangl. G. I, Muller H and Kirchgessner. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid effects on circulating hormones, metabolites and lipoproteins, and its proportion in fasting serum and erythrocyte membranes of swine[J]. Eur. J. Nutr. 38:271-277.
85. Stangl, G.I.2000. Conjugated linoleic acids exhibit a strong fat-to-lean partitioning effect, reduce serum VLDL lipids and redistribute tissue lipids in food-restricted rats[J]. J Nutr. 130:1140-6
86. Stangl. G. I. 2000. High dietary levels of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture alter hepatic glycerophospholipid class profile and cholesterol-carrying serum lipoproteins of rats[J]. J. Nutr. Biochem. (in press).
87. Szymczyk, B., P. M. Pisulewski, et al. 2001. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and subsequent carcass quality in broiler chickens[J].Br J Nutr. 85:465-73
88. Thiel. R. L., Sparks, J. G., et al. 1998. Conjugated linoleic acid improves performance and body composition in swine[J]. J.Anim.Sci.76(suppl.2):61 (abs.)
89. Takabashi K,Kawamak, Kibar et al. 2002, Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on early inflammatory responses in male broiler chickens[J]. Br.Poult.Sci, 43(1):47-53
90. Terpstra, Beynen, H. Everts, et al. 2002. The decrease in body fat in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid is due to increases in energy expenditure and energy loss in the excreta[J]. 132:940-945.
91. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N., M. Takahashi, K. Tanemura, et al. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tisue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice[J], Diabetes. 49:1534-42
92. West, D. B., F.Y. Blohm, et al. 2000. Conjugated linolcie acid persistently increases total energy expenditure in AKR/J mice without increasing uncoupling protein gene Expression[J]. J Nutr. 130: 2471-2477
93. West, D.B., Delany, et al. 1998. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse[J]. Am.J.Physiol.275-R672
94. Wiegand, B. R, J. C. Sparks, et al. 2002. Duration of feeding conjugated linoleic acid influences growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing barrows[J].J. Nutr. 80:637-643
95. Wong MW, Chew BP, Wong TS, et al. 1997. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on-lymphocyte function and growth of mammary tumors in mice[J]. Anticancer Res 17: 987-993
96. Yamasaki,Mansho. Y, Ogino, et al.2000.Acute reduction of serum liptin level by dietary conjugatedlinoleic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats[J]. J. Nutr. Biochem. 11:467-471
97. Yamasaki, M., K. Mansho, et al. 1999. Dietary effect of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid levels in whire adipose tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats[J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 63:1104-6