西南地区小流域水土保持中保水量的预测研究
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摘要
保证水资源可持续利用是保证社会和经济稳定、健康发展的一个重要前提与关键。长期的水土保持实践表明:水的保持与土壤保持具有同等重要的意义;以流域为单元进行小流域综合治理是有效控制水土流失、保护水土资源的可持续利用、加快生态环境建设的有效途径,是我国的重要水土保持经验。所以,在水土流失严重的西南山区中,小流域水土保持工作中的保水工作就显得尤为重要及紧迫。
本文借鉴森林生态系统涵养水分的机理,研究分析影响小流域保水量的流域内各因子与保水量的定量关系,并根据水量平衡原理,建立了小流域保水量计算模型,着重分析阐述了其中的加法模型。本文按照植被类型及土地利用形式,通过MapGIS软件将小流域划分为林地、草地、水田等区域,根据各自的持水特性分别计算保水量。
通过研究发现,影响小流域保水量的关键区域是林地,而林地蓄水量的主要集中区域在林地土壤层和林下枯枝落叶层,影响其蓄水量的关键因子是植被的类型、郁闭度、树龄、枯枝落叶层的厚度、下木盖度及地被植物盖度。选取这些关键因子为输入量,以树冠持水量、枯枝落叶层持水量、林地土壤持水量及三者之和林地保水总量为输出量,建立BP神经网络模型。优点是利用神经网络模糊处理各因子间的相互复杂关系,提高了解决问题的效率。
Ensuring the sustainable utilization of water is the guarantee of social and economic stability and healthy development of an important premise and key. Practice shows that the long-term conservation of water and soil, keep are equally important significance. In a river basin, as a unit watershed comprehensive treatment is the effective way of controlling actively soil and water loss, keeping soil and water resources sustainable utilization and accelerating the construction of ecological environment. And it is also important experience to soil and water conservation in China. Therefore, in the serious soil erosion in the mountainous southwest, water conservation is important and urgent in soil-and-water conservation work.
Through drawing lessons from water conservation in forest ecosystems mechanism, this paper studies and analyzes mainly the quantitative relationship between water and various factors that affect the water of the small watershed protection, and establishes a small basin of water-maintained calculation model focusing on analysis of them described additive model based on water balance principle. Based on vegetation types and land utilization form, the small watershed will be divided into forest, grassland, paddy fields and other areas by MapGIS, and then we can calculate respectively the capacity of maintaining water according to their respective holding-water characteristics.
By research, it is found that the forest is the key area impacting on water in small watershed. The main regions of forest water retention capacity focus in forest canopy and regional soil layers and the understory in the forest litter layers, and the key factors of affecting its water storage capacity is the vegetation type, canopy density, age, litter thickness, undergrowth cover degree and ground covers degree. The key factors were selected as the input value, and take the water-holding capacity of crown, litter, soil, and their sum as the output to establish the BP neural network model. Its advantage is improving the efficiency of solving the problem by the use of fuzzy neural networks to deal with the complex interaction between the various factors relations.
本文借鉴森林生态系统涵养水分的机理,研究分析影响小流域保水量的流域内各因子与保水量的定量关系,并根据水量平衡原理,建立了小流域保水量计算模型,着重分析阐述了其中的加法模型。本文按照植被类型及土地利用形式,通过MapGIS软件将小流域划分为林地、草地、水田等区域,根据各自的持水特性分别计算保水量。
通过研究发现,影响小流域保水量的关键区域是林地,而林地蓄水量的主要集中区域在林地土壤层和林下枯枝落叶层,影响其蓄水量的关键因子是植被的类型、郁闭度、树龄、枯枝落叶层的厚度、下木盖度及地被植物盖度。选取这些关键因子为输入量,以树冠持水量、枯枝落叶层持水量、林地土壤持水量及三者之和林地保水总量为输出量,建立BP神经网络模型。优点是利用神经网络模糊处理各因子间的相互复杂关系,提高了解决问题的效率。
Ensuring the sustainable utilization of water is the guarantee of social and economic stability and healthy development of an important premise and key. Practice shows that the long-term conservation of water and soil, keep are equally important significance. In a river basin, as a unit watershed comprehensive treatment is the effective way of controlling actively soil and water loss, keeping soil and water resources sustainable utilization and accelerating the construction of ecological environment. And it is also important experience to soil and water conservation in China. Therefore, in the serious soil erosion in the mountainous southwest, water conservation is important and urgent in soil-and-water conservation work.
Through drawing lessons from water conservation in forest ecosystems mechanism, this paper studies and analyzes mainly the quantitative relationship between water and various factors that affect the water of the small watershed protection, and establishes a small basin of water-maintained calculation model focusing on analysis of them described additive model based on water balance principle. Based on vegetation types and land utilization form, the small watershed will be divided into forest, grassland, paddy fields and other areas by MapGIS, and then we can calculate respectively the capacity of maintaining water according to their respective holding-water characteristics.
By research, it is found that the forest is the key area impacting on water in small watershed. The main regions of forest water retention capacity focus in forest canopy and regional soil layers and the understory in the forest litter layers, and the key factors of affecting its water storage capacity is the vegetation type, canopy density, age, litter thickness, undergrowth cover degree and ground covers degree. The key factors were selected as the input value, and take the water-holding capacity of crown, litter, soil, and their sum as the output to establish the BP neural network model. Its advantage is improving the efficiency of solving the problem by the use of fuzzy neural networks to deal with the complex interaction between the various factors relations.
引文
[1]陈亚宁,周金星.中国西部山区流域综合治理研究.北京.科学出版社.2006
[2]西南大旱.百度百科.http://www.baike.baidu.com
[3]陈加兵,励惠国,郑达贤,等.基于DEM的福建省小流域划分研究[J].地球信息科学.2007.9(2).74~77
[4]程云.缙云山涵养水源机制极其生态功能价值评价研究[D].北京.北京林业大学.2007
[5]刘世荣,温远光,王兵,等.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M].北京.中国林业出版社.1996.
[6]吴钦孝.森林保持水土机理及功能调控技术[M].北京.科学出版社.2005
[7]曾庆波.海南岛尖峰岭热带林生态系统的水分循环研究[M].哈尔滨.东北林业大学出版社.1994
[8] Dykes A P. Rainfall interception from a lowland tropical rainforest in Brunei.Journal of Hydrology. 1997.200.260~279
[9]魏晓华,周晓峰.蒙古栎林生态系统的养分循环.森林生态系统定位研究(第一集)[M].哈尔滨.东北林业大学出版社.1991.118~133
[10]孙立达,朱金兆.水土保持林体系综合效益研究与评价[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1995.293~305
[11]朱劲伟,崔启武,史继德等.红松林和采伐迹地的水量平衡分析[J].生态学报. 1982. 2 (4). 335~344
[12]田大伦.杉木林生态系统学/杉木林生态系统研究丛书[M].北京.科学出版社.1993
[13]谭芳林.森林水文学研究进展与展望[J].福建林业科技.2002.29(4).47~51
[14]何东宁,王占林,张洪勋.青海乐都地区森林涵养水源效能研究[J].植物生态学报.1991.15(1).7~8
[15]石培礼,李文华.森林植被变化对水文过程和径流的影响效应[J].自然资源学报.2001.05.43~46
[16]张理宏,李昌哲.北京九龙山不同植被水源涵养作用的研究[J].西北林学院学报1994,09(01). 18~21
[17]罗跃出,韩丹恒,王宏昌,等.辽西半干旱区集中人工林生态系统涵养水源功能研究.应用生态学报.2004.15(6).
[18]孙艳红,张洪江,程金花等.重庆缙云山林地枯落物及土壤水文效应研究[J].中国水土保持科学.2006.03.23~26
[19]幺文.唐红艳.兴安盟农区土壤水分变化特征.内蒙古农业技.2009(4).48~49
[20]马雪华.森林水文学[M].北京.中国林业出版社.1992
[21]刘世荣,王兵,温远光,等.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M].北京.中国林业出版社.1996
[22]刘世荣,温远光,王兵,周光益等.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M].北京.中国林业出版社.1996
[23]蔡久体.基于RS和GIS的林型结构与森林涵养水源关系的研究.水土保持学报.2001.15(4).16~19
[24] Tanner EVJ. Litter fall in mountain rain forest of Jamaica and its relation to climate [J]. Journal of Ecology. 1980. 68(3).833~848
[25] SWANSON RH BERNIER PY WOODARD PD, et al. Forest hydrology and watershed management [M]. Oxfordshire. UK.1987
[26]雷瑞德.秦岭火地塘林区华山橙承源涵养功能的研究[J].西北林学院学报.1984(11).19~34
[27] Putuhena WM,Cordery I. Estimation of interception capacity of the forests floor. Journal of Hydrology.1996. 180.283~299
[28]程金花,张洪江,史玉虎,等.三峡库区三种林下地被物储水特性[J].应用生态学报.2003.14(11).1825~1828
[29]张萍,曾信波.植被蓄水保土功能研究[J].山地农业学报.1999.18(5).302~304
[30]贾志清.太行山石质山地植被结构优化评价[J].林业科学研究.2004.17(2).226~230
[31]谷向生.论鞠家沟流域水土保持林体系的优化[J].防护林科技.2004(2).40~41
[32]郭浩.辽西地区水保林树种结构的调整及其效益的研究[J].防护林科技.2004(1).1~5
[33] Wish Meier W.H.Smith D.D.Predicting rainfall erosion losses. A guide to conservation planning [J]. Agric Handb. 1978.537
[34]江忠善,李秀英.黄土高原土坡流失方程中降雨侵蚀力和地形因子的研究[C].中国科学院西北水土保持研究所集刊.1988.(7).40~45
[35] Dunne,T. Field studies of hill slope flow processes [J].Kirk by (editor).Hill slope Hydrology. John Wiley & Sons.1978.227~294
[36]白光明,王延平.陕北丘陵区陡坡柠条林地与荒坡的土壤水分变化研究[J].陕西气象.2006.208(2).1~5
[37]詹道江.叶守泽.工程水文学[M].中国水利水电出版社2007.45~57
[38]强洪.模糊数学在土地赍源质量评价中的应用研究——以自贡地区为例.西南师范大学学报.1990.15(1)
[39]王珠娜,史玉虎,潘磊,等.层次分析法在退耕还林生态效益评价指标体系建立中的应用[J].湖北林业科技.2007 (3).1~4
[40]谭跃进.定量分析方法[M].北京.中国人民大学出版社.2006
[41]侯平.用层次分析法(AHP)综台评价森林理水功能的研究.内蒙古林院学报.1991
[42]胡伍生.神经网络及其工程应用[M].北京.测绘出版社.2005
[2]西南大旱.百度百科.http://www.baike.baidu.com
[3]陈加兵,励惠国,郑达贤,等.基于DEM的福建省小流域划分研究[J].地球信息科学.2007.9(2).74~77
[4]程云.缙云山涵养水源机制极其生态功能价值评价研究[D].北京.北京林业大学.2007
[5]刘世荣,温远光,王兵,等.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M].北京.中国林业出版社.1996.
[6]吴钦孝.森林保持水土机理及功能调控技术[M].北京.科学出版社.2005
[7]曾庆波.海南岛尖峰岭热带林生态系统的水分循环研究[M].哈尔滨.东北林业大学出版社.1994
[8] Dykes A P. Rainfall interception from a lowland tropical rainforest in Brunei.Journal of Hydrology. 1997.200.260~279
[9]魏晓华,周晓峰.蒙古栎林生态系统的养分循环.森林生态系统定位研究(第一集)[M].哈尔滨.东北林业大学出版社.1991.118~133
[10]孙立达,朱金兆.水土保持林体系综合效益研究与评价[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1995.293~305
[11]朱劲伟,崔启武,史继德等.红松林和采伐迹地的水量平衡分析[J].生态学报. 1982. 2 (4). 335~344
[12]田大伦.杉木林生态系统学/杉木林生态系统研究丛书[M].北京.科学出版社.1993
[13]谭芳林.森林水文学研究进展与展望[J].福建林业科技.2002.29(4).47~51
[14]何东宁,王占林,张洪勋.青海乐都地区森林涵养水源效能研究[J].植物生态学报.1991.15(1).7~8
[15]石培礼,李文华.森林植被变化对水文过程和径流的影响效应[J].自然资源学报.2001.05.43~46
[16]张理宏,李昌哲.北京九龙山不同植被水源涵养作用的研究[J].西北林学院学报1994,09(01). 18~21
[17]罗跃出,韩丹恒,王宏昌,等.辽西半干旱区集中人工林生态系统涵养水源功能研究.应用生态学报.2004.15(6).
[18]孙艳红,张洪江,程金花等.重庆缙云山林地枯落物及土壤水文效应研究[J].中国水土保持科学.2006.03.23~26
[19]幺文.唐红艳.兴安盟农区土壤水分变化特征.内蒙古农业技.2009(4).48~49
[20]马雪华.森林水文学[M].北京.中国林业出版社.1992
[21]刘世荣,王兵,温远光,等.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M].北京.中国林业出版社.1996
[22]刘世荣,温远光,王兵,周光益等.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M].北京.中国林业出版社.1996
[23]蔡久体.基于RS和GIS的林型结构与森林涵养水源关系的研究.水土保持学报.2001.15(4).16~19
[24] Tanner EVJ. Litter fall in mountain rain forest of Jamaica and its relation to climate [J]. Journal of Ecology. 1980. 68(3).833~848
[25] SWANSON RH BERNIER PY WOODARD PD, et al. Forest hydrology and watershed management [M]. Oxfordshire. UK.1987
[26]雷瑞德.秦岭火地塘林区华山橙承源涵养功能的研究[J].西北林学院学报.1984(11).19~34
[27] Putuhena WM,Cordery I. Estimation of interception capacity of the forests floor. Journal of Hydrology.1996. 180.283~299
[28]程金花,张洪江,史玉虎,等.三峡库区三种林下地被物储水特性[J].应用生态学报.2003.14(11).1825~1828
[29]张萍,曾信波.植被蓄水保土功能研究[J].山地农业学报.1999.18(5).302~304
[30]贾志清.太行山石质山地植被结构优化评价[J].林业科学研究.2004.17(2).226~230
[31]谷向生.论鞠家沟流域水土保持林体系的优化[J].防护林科技.2004(2).40~41
[32]郭浩.辽西地区水保林树种结构的调整及其效益的研究[J].防护林科技.2004(1).1~5
[33] Wish Meier W.H.Smith D.D.Predicting rainfall erosion losses. A guide to conservation planning [J]. Agric Handb. 1978.537
[34]江忠善,李秀英.黄土高原土坡流失方程中降雨侵蚀力和地形因子的研究[C].中国科学院西北水土保持研究所集刊.1988.(7).40~45
[35] Dunne,T. Field studies of hill slope flow processes [J].Kirk by (editor).Hill slope Hydrology. John Wiley & Sons.1978.227~294
[36]白光明,王延平.陕北丘陵区陡坡柠条林地与荒坡的土壤水分变化研究[J].陕西气象.2006.208(2).1~5
[37]詹道江.叶守泽.工程水文学[M].中国水利水电出版社2007.45~57
[38]强洪.模糊数学在土地赍源质量评价中的应用研究——以自贡地区为例.西南师范大学学报.1990.15(1)
[39]王珠娜,史玉虎,潘磊,等.层次分析法在退耕还林生态效益评价指标体系建立中的应用[J].湖北林业科技.2007 (3).1~4
[40]谭跃进.定量分析方法[M].北京.中国人民大学出版社.2006
[41]侯平.用层次分析法(AHP)综台评价森林理水功能的研究.内蒙古林院学报.1991
[42]胡伍生.神经网络及其工程应用[M].北京.测绘出版社.2005