Sigma delta ADC IP核设计与实现
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摘要
Sigma delta型A/D转换技术是通过采用Sigma delta调制器,利用过采样技术、噪声整形技术和数字滤波技术,以速度换精度,达到在数字域进行高精度的信号处理,在模拟域进行低精度信号处理,从而获得整体性能优越且易于集成的一种A/D转换技术。
在深入分析Sigma delta ADC的基础上,采用正向设计方法:芯片定义—系统设计—电路设计—电路仿真—版图绘制以及流片测试。最终,完成这款应用于音频的Sigma deltaADC设计。
详细论述了Sigma delta模数转换器的基本原理、结构和实现。提出总体设计方案,搭建了系统整体框图,并提出具体的设计指标。利用Matlab进行了行为级的仿真,并对算法进行了验证,仿真结果与预期一致。
本论文主要论述基于过采样和Sigma delta噪声整形的16位ADC的系统设计及数字前端结构设计,它采用Sigma delta转换技术来实现90dB的实际信噪比。其中系统设计包括对调制器结构的选取,调制器阶数和过采样比的确定和数字滤波器的选择。利用Matlab确定系统行为级仿真,根据设计的滤波器结构完成Verilog代码编写,用DC工具实现综合,综合后代码可实现RTL级和门级电路,最终完成布局布线,得到整体版图。芯片已经形成IP,可以单独流片,也非常适合在SOC中应用。
Sigma delta ADC can achieve high resolution based on oversampling, noise-shaping and decimator filter. It change rate for resolution, proceed high resolution in digital signal process and low resolution at analog field, thereby can attain super performance and integrated system.
The principles of Sigma delta ADC are discussed firstly. Then the design use the Top-down design method.
The architecture and design methods of Sigma delta ADC are studied. Based on it, proposal the overall design, give the system construct and specific design index. Behavior emulation is based on matlab, then demonstrate the emulation outcome according with the anticipate result.
In this paper, a complete digital front for low frequency measurement applications is presented. The part can accept a serial digital word directly from a transducer and outputs digital signals. It employs a sigma-delta conversion technique to realize up to 90dB SNR. The basic specification and general measurement are discussed. The mechanism of oversampling converters with Sigma-delta modulator is discussed. First of all definite the system, according to the structure I compile the verilog code, in DC complete the RTL and GATE circuit, then realize the baseunite and route, map the circuit to layout, complete the whole layout. Systematic design is carried out and presents the specific parameter indexes according to the characteristics, basic functions and the related requirements of the chip, In the end, the layout design is shown.
在深入分析Sigma delta ADC的基础上,采用正向设计方法:芯片定义—系统设计—电路设计—电路仿真—版图绘制以及流片测试。最终,完成这款应用于音频的Sigma deltaADC设计。
详细论述了Sigma delta模数转换器的基本原理、结构和实现。提出总体设计方案,搭建了系统整体框图,并提出具体的设计指标。利用Matlab进行了行为级的仿真,并对算法进行了验证,仿真结果与预期一致。
本论文主要论述基于过采样和Sigma delta噪声整形的16位ADC的系统设计及数字前端结构设计,它采用Sigma delta转换技术来实现90dB的实际信噪比。其中系统设计包括对调制器结构的选取,调制器阶数和过采样比的确定和数字滤波器的选择。利用Matlab确定系统行为级仿真,根据设计的滤波器结构完成Verilog代码编写,用DC工具实现综合,综合后代码可实现RTL级和门级电路,最终完成布局布线,得到整体版图。芯片已经形成IP,可以单独流片,也非常适合在SOC中应用。
Sigma delta ADC can achieve high resolution based on oversampling, noise-shaping and decimator filter. It change rate for resolution, proceed high resolution in digital signal process and low resolution at analog field, thereby can attain super performance and integrated system.
The principles of Sigma delta ADC are discussed firstly. Then the design use the Top-down design method.
The architecture and design methods of Sigma delta ADC are studied. Based on it, proposal the overall design, give the system construct and specific design index. Behavior emulation is based on matlab, then demonstrate the emulation outcome according with the anticipate result.
In this paper, a complete digital front for low frequency measurement applications is presented. The part can accept a serial digital word directly from a transducer and outputs digital signals. It employs a sigma-delta conversion technique to realize up to 90dB SNR. The basic specification and general measurement are discussed. The mechanism of oversampling converters with Sigma-delta modulator is discussed. First of all definite the system, according to the structure I compile the verilog code, in DC complete the RTL and GATE circuit, then realize the baseunite and route, map the circuit to layout, complete the whole layout. Systematic design is carried out and presents the specific parameter indexes according to the characteristics, basic functions and the related requirements of the chip, In the end, the layout design is shown.
引文
[1]B.E.Boser,B.A.Wooley.The design of sigma-delta modulation analog-to-digital converters.IEEEJ.Solid-State Circuits.Dec.1988.Vol.SC-23:1298-1308.
[2]魏本富、袁国顺,∑—△模数转换器研究进展.微电子学,2002,32(5):366-368
[3]PERVEZ M.AZIZ,HENRIK V SORENSEN,and JAN VAN DER SPIEGEL.An Overview of Sigma-Delta Converters.IEEE Signal processing magazine,1996:61-84.
[4]Y.Matsuya,K Uchimura.A 16-bits oversampling A/D conversion technology using triple-integration noise shaping.IEEE Solid State Circuits,Dec.1987:921-929.
[5]沈戈,基于IP核的SOC设计方法及其应用的研究,西北工大硕士学位论文,2002.
[6]张春生,面SOPC的IP核设计与IP复用技术研究,国防科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[7]S.R.Norsworth5,R.Schreier and G C.Temes.Delta-sigma Data Converters:Theory,Design,and Simulation.N.Y:IEEE Press.1997:105-145.
[8]B.E.Boser,B.A.Wooley.The design of sigma-delta modulation analog-to-digital converters.IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits.Dec.1988.Vol.SC-23:1298-1308.
[9]刘益成 罗维炳.信号处理与过抽样转换器.电子工业出版社.1997.
[10]Sanjit K.Mitra,Digital Signal Processing-A Computer Based Approach,Second Edition,McGraw-Hill,2001:467-480.
[11]J.Candy.A use of double integration in sigma delta modulation.TEEE Trans.Commun.,Mar.1985.Vol.33:249-258.
[12]邹家禄,骆立俊.过取样△∑调制技术(三上)—高阶△∑调制器.电声技术.1995.2:41-44.
[13]Yongtao.W,Khurram.M,Kaushik.R.Design of Sigma-Delta Modulators with Arbitrary Transfer Functions.ICASSP.2005:53-54
[14]T.Ritoniemi,T.Karema,and H.Tenhunen,Design of Stable High Order 1-bit Sigma-Delta Modulators,in Proc.IEEE Int.Symp.on Circuits and Systems,May 1990:3267-3270.
[15]W.L.Lee,A novel higher-order interpolative modulator topology for high resolution oversampling A/D converters,Master's thesis,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA.Jun.1987.
[16]R.Schreier.An empirical study of high-order single-bit delta-sigma modulators.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ.Aug.1993.Vol.40,No.8:461-466.
[17]R.W.Adams,P.F.Ferguson,A.Ganesan,S.Vincelette,A.Volpe,R.Libert.Theory and practical implementation of a fifth-order sigma-delta A/D converter.J.Audio Eng.July 1991.Vol.39:515-528.
[18]Tai-Haur Kuo,Kuan-Dar Chen,Jhy-Rong Chen.Auto Coefficients Design for High Order Sigma Delta Modulators.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems.Jan 1999.Vol 46,No.1:6-7.
[19]Shively.R.R.On Multistage FIR Filters with Decimation.IEEE Trans Acoustics,Speech and Signal Proc.1975.vol.ASSP-23,No.4:353-357.
[20]E.B.Hogenauer.An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation.IEEE Transactions on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,Apr.1981.vol.ASSP-29,no.2:55-162.
[21]R.E.Crochiere,L.R.Rabiner.Interpol.ation and decimation of digital signals-a tutorial review.Proc.IEEE,Mar.1981.vol.69,no.3:300-331.
[22]吴哲.“过采样∑-△A/D转换器的研究与设计”[学位论文].西安.西安交通大学.2000.p34-p36.
[23]施周渊.“低电压低功耗SIGMA-DELTA调制器的设计”[学位论文].上海.上海交通大学.2003.p45-p5.
[24]邹家禄,骆立俊.过取样△∑调制技术(三上)—高阶△∑调制器.电声技术.1995.2:41-44.
[25]E.F.Stikvoort,Some remarks on the stability and performance of the noise shaper or sigma-delta modulator.IEEE Transactions on Communications.Oct.1988.vol.36,no.10:1157-1162.
[26]R.T.Baird and T.S.Fiez,Stability analysis of high-order delta-sigma modulation for ADC's,IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems.Jan.1994.vol.41,no.1:59-62.
[27]Zheng Chen.VLSI Implement of a High-Speed Delta-Sigma Analog to Digital Convertor.The Faculty of the Russ College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University,1997.12-13.
[28]R.Schreier.An empirical study of high-order single-bit delta-sigma modulators.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ.Aug.1993.Vol.40,No.8:461-466.
[29]R.W.Adams,P.F.Ferguson,A.Ganesan,S.Vincelette,A.Volpe,R.Libert.Theory and practical implementation of a fifth-order sigma-delta A/D converter.J.Audio Eng.July 1991.Vol.39:515-528.
[30]A.J.Magrath and M.B.Sandier.Digital Power Amplification using Sigma Delta Modulation and Bit Flipping.Journal of the Audio Engineering Society.June 1997.
[31]邓彦松,杨勇,单玉华过采样调制器原理及实现,中国集成电路,2004,6(43)
[32]Zheng Chen.VLSI Implement of a High-Speed Delta-Sigma Analog to Digital Convertor.TheFaculty of the Russ College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University,1997.12-13.
[33]程佩青 数字信号处理教程.清华大学出版社.2001:369-380.
[34]邹家禄,骆立俊.过取样△-∑调制技术(四上)-疏值滤波器.电声技术.1995.4.
[35]刘益成,罗维炳 信号处理与过抽样转换器 电子工业出版社1997.
[36]高光天,徐振英 数模转换器应用技术 科学出版社1994.
[37]刘书明 刘斌 高性能模数与数模转换技术西电出版社2000.
[38]杨振江 AdD.D/A转换器接口技术与实用线路西电出版社1996.
[39]Kuo-Chiang Hsieh,Paul.R.Gray,Daniel.Senderowicz,avid.G.Messerschmitt,"A Low-Noisechopper-Stabilized Differential Switched-Capacitor Filtering Technique",IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,Vol.SC-16,NO.6,Dec.1981.
[40]R.J.Baker,H.W.Li and D.F.Boyce,"CMOS Circuit Design,Layout,and Simulation",JOHN WILEY & SONS,INC.,ISBN 0-7803-3416-7,1997.
[41]A.R.Feldman,"High-speed,Low-power Sigma-Delta Modulators for RF Baseband Channel Applications",PhD Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley,1997.
[2]魏本富、袁国顺,∑—△模数转换器研究进展.微电子学,2002,32(5):366-368
[3]PERVEZ M.AZIZ,HENRIK V SORENSEN,and JAN VAN DER SPIEGEL.An Overview of Sigma-Delta Converters.IEEE Signal processing magazine,1996:61-84.
[4]Y.Matsuya,K Uchimura.A 16-bits oversampling A/D conversion technology using triple-integration noise shaping.IEEE Solid State Circuits,Dec.1987:921-929.
[5]沈戈,基于IP核的SOC设计方法及其应用的研究,西北工大硕士学位论文,2002.
[6]张春生,面SOPC的IP核设计与IP复用技术研究,国防科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[7]S.R.Norsworth5,R.Schreier and G C.Temes.Delta-sigma Data Converters:Theory,Design,and Simulation.N.Y:IEEE Press.1997:105-145.
[8]B.E.Boser,B.A.Wooley.The design of sigma-delta modulation analog-to-digital converters.IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits.Dec.1988.Vol.SC-23:1298-1308.
[9]刘益成 罗维炳.信号处理与过抽样转换器.电子工业出版社.1997.
[10]Sanjit K.Mitra,Digital Signal Processing-A Computer Based Approach,Second Edition,McGraw-Hill,2001:467-480.
[11]J.Candy.A use of double integration in sigma delta modulation.TEEE Trans.Commun.,Mar.1985.Vol.33:249-258.
[12]邹家禄,骆立俊.过取样△∑调制技术(三上)—高阶△∑调制器.电声技术.1995.2:41-44.
[13]Yongtao.W,Khurram.M,Kaushik.R.Design of Sigma-Delta Modulators with Arbitrary Transfer Functions.ICASSP.2005:53-54
[14]T.Ritoniemi,T.Karema,and H.Tenhunen,Design of Stable High Order 1-bit Sigma-Delta Modulators,in Proc.IEEE Int.Symp.on Circuits and Systems,May 1990:3267-3270.
[15]W.L.Lee,A novel higher-order interpolative modulator topology for high resolution oversampling A/D converters,Master's thesis,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA.Jun.1987.
[16]R.Schreier.An empirical study of high-order single-bit delta-sigma modulators.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ.Aug.1993.Vol.40,No.8:461-466.
[17]R.W.Adams,P.F.Ferguson,A.Ganesan,S.Vincelette,A.Volpe,R.Libert.Theory and practical implementation of a fifth-order sigma-delta A/D converter.J.Audio Eng.July 1991.Vol.39:515-528.
[18]Tai-Haur Kuo,Kuan-Dar Chen,Jhy-Rong Chen.Auto Coefficients Design for High Order Sigma Delta Modulators.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems.Jan 1999.Vol 46,No.1:6-7.
[19]Shively.R.R.On Multistage FIR Filters with Decimation.IEEE Trans Acoustics,Speech and Signal Proc.1975.vol.ASSP-23,No.4:353-357.
[20]E.B.Hogenauer.An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation.IEEE Transactions on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,Apr.1981.vol.ASSP-29,no.2:55-162.
[21]R.E.Crochiere,L.R.Rabiner.Interpol.ation and decimation of digital signals-a tutorial review.Proc.IEEE,Mar.1981.vol.69,no.3:300-331.
[22]吴哲.“过采样∑-△A/D转换器的研究与设计”[学位论文].西安.西安交通大学.2000.p34-p36.
[23]施周渊.“低电压低功耗SIGMA-DELTA调制器的设计”[学位论文].上海.上海交通大学.2003.p45-p5.
[24]邹家禄,骆立俊.过取样△∑调制技术(三上)—高阶△∑调制器.电声技术.1995.2:41-44.
[25]E.F.Stikvoort,Some remarks on the stability and performance of the noise shaper or sigma-delta modulator.IEEE Transactions on Communications.Oct.1988.vol.36,no.10:1157-1162.
[26]R.T.Baird and T.S.Fiez,Stability analysis of high-order delta-sigma modulation for ADC's,IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems.Jan.1994.vol.41,no.1:59-62.
[27]Zheng Chen.VLSI Implement of a High-Speed Delta-Sigma Analog to Digital Convertor.The Faculty of the Russ College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University,1997.12-13.
[28]R.Schreier.An empirical study of high-order single-bit delta-sigma modulators.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ.Aug.1993.Vol.40,No.8:461-466.
[29]R.W.Adams,P.F.Ferguson,A.Ganesan,S.Vincelette,A.Volpe,R.Libert.Theory and practical implementation of a fifth-order sigma-delta A/D converter.J.Audio Eng.July 1991.Vol.39:515-528.
[30]A.J.Magrath and M.B.Sandier.Digital Power Amplification using Sigma Delta Modulation and Bit Flipping.Journal of the Audio Engineering Society.June 1997.
[31]邓彦松,杨勇,单玉华过采样调制器原理及实现,中国集成电路,2004,6(43)
[32]Zheng Chen.VLSI Implement of a High-Speed Delta-Sigma Analog to Digital Convertor.TheFaculty of the Russ College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University,1997.12-13.
[33]程佩青 数字信号处理教程.清华大学出版社.2001:369-380.
[34]邹家禄,骆立俊.过取样△-∑调制技术(四上)-疏值滤波器.电声技术.1995.4.
[35]刘益成,罗维炳 信号处理与过抽样转换器 电子工业出版社1997.
[36]高光天,徐振英 数模转换器应用技术 科学出版社1994.
[37]刘书明 刘斌 高性能模数与数模转换技术西电出版社2000.
[38]杨振江 AdD.D/A转换器接口技术与实用线路西电出版社1996.
[39]Kuo-Chiang Hsieh,Paul.R.Gray,Daniel.Senderowicz,avid.G.Messerschmitt,"A Low-Noisechopper-Stabilized Differential Switched-Capacitor Filtering Technique",IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,Vol.SC-16,NO.6,Dec.1981.
[40]R.J.Baker,H.W.Li and D.F.Boyce,"CMOS Circuit Design,Layout,and Simulation",JOHN WILEY & SONS,INC.,ISBN 0-7803-3416-7,1997.
[41]A.R.Feldman,"High-speed,Low-power Sigma-Delta Modulators for RF Baseband Channel Applications",PhD Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley,1997.