广东三种代表性水体微表层富集作用的比较研究
|
摘要
选择珠江广州河段(2010年1-12月),广州市东山湖、麓湖和流花湖(2010年1-6月)和汕头南澳养殖海域(2010年5月和9月)三种代表性水体,对其微表层富集作用进行了比较研究。测定指标包括氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝氮(NO2--N)、硝氮(NO3--N)、磷酸盐(PO4--P)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODMn)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、Zn、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb等环境因子。主要结果如下：
1.广州河段二沙岛和鱼珠码头总氮浓度均值分别为7.87±4.87 mg/L和8.46±4.45mg/L,总磷浓度均值为0.53±0.40 mg/L和0.60±0.24 mg/L。广州河段溶解性无机氮(DIN)以NH4+-N为主,所占比例超过50%,其次为NO3--N, NO2--N含量最少。PO4--P含量在两站点变化规律相似,全年均值分别为0.15±0.08 mg/L和0.20±0.13 mg/L。有机污染呈现枯水期高丰水期低的规律,二沙岛和鱼珠码头年均值分别为7.70±0.86 mg/L和8.0g1.49mg/L。Chl-a含量为46.57±28.21 gg/L和47.28±27.11μg/L,细菌丰度为1.77×106±1.25×106/mL和2.11×106±1.16×106/mL。
广州城市湖泊中,东山湖、麓湖和流花湖总氮浓度分别为4.30±1.77 mg/L、6.72±1.18mg/L和12.62±5.63 mg/L,总磷含量为东山湖>流花湖>麓湖。东山湖无机营养盐含量明显高于麓湖和流花湖,DIN和无机磷含量与麓湖和流花湖存在显著性差异(p<0.000)。流花湖CODKM含量最高,均值为17.02±3.49 mg/L,与其他两个湖泊存在显著性差异(p<0.000)。3个调查湖泊细菌丰度最低值均出现在5月；Chl-a变化规律不明显。
南澳养殖海域总氮含量5月和9月均值分别为28.30±6.23 gmol/L和12.39±4.12μmol/L。总磷含量9月(2.41±0.51μmol/L)高于5月(1.02±0.21 gmol/L)。两次调查中,总氮和总磷的含量最高值均出现在鱼排养殖区。南澳海域DIN组成以硝氮为主,所占比例在57.1%—82.6%之间。南澳养殖区活性磷酸盐含量较低,5月和9月平均值分别为0.52±0.24μmol/L和0.54±0.31μmol/L。CODMn含量5月(均值2.62±0.28 mg/L)均低于9月(均值4.04±0.69mg/L),存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。
2.NH4+-N和Chl-a在三种水体微表层均没有富集作用,富集系数分别为0.86±0.18和0.77±0.14。NO2--N和NO3--N在淡水和海水中富集系数差别不大。总氮、总磷、CODMn和细菌的富集系数如下,总氮：1.68±0.68(南澳)>1.30±0.76(湖泊)>1.10±0.47(珠江)；总磷：1.44±0.12(南澳)>1.33±0.58(湖泊)>1.13±0.66(珠江)；CODKM：1.78±0.69(南澳)>1.51±1.02(湖泊)>1.24±0.31(珠江)；细菌丰度：2.28±±0.93(南澳)>1.74±1.37(珠江)>1.50±1.04(湖泊)。微表层富集作用呈现海水大于淡水的规律。
3.除Pb外,重金属在微表层均有不同程度的富集现象(Pb的富集系数为1.03±0.11)。其中Mn的富集系数最高,三种水体的均值为3.57±3.50。其中珠江为1.16±1.12,湖泊为5.27±4.51,南澳海域为3.27±2.42。三个湖泊中,麓湖Mn的富集系数高达10.48±3.92,导致湖泊平均富集系数最高。Fe的富集系数次之,珠江、湖泊和南澳海域分别为2.21±1.43、2.29±1.72和2.22±0.56,三种水体差别不大。Cr和Ni的富集系数分别为1.54±0.66(珠江)、1.22±0.14(湖泊)和1.33±0.53(南澳海域)；1.96±0.50(珠江)、1.41±0.16(湖泊)和1.78±0.47(南澳近海)
The physiochemical parameters and enrichment effects of microlayer surface were studied at two stations of the Guangzhou segment of Pearl River(from January 2010 to Decembe 2010), three urban lakes(from January 2010 to June 2010) and mariculture zone in Nan'ao, Shantou(May 2010 and September 2010). Main parameters included ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N), nitrite(NO2--N), nitrate(NO3--N), phosphate(PO4--P), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), chemical oxygen demand(CODMn),chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), bacteria, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb. The primary results include:
1. The concentrations of total nitrogen were 7.87±4.87 mg/L and 8.46±4.45 mg/L at Ersha Port and Yuzhu Port, and the concentrations of total phosphorus were 0.53±0.40 mg/L and 0.60±0.24 mg/L. The main inorganic nitrogen(DIN) was NH4+-N with the percentage over 50%. And the concentration of NO2- was least in DIN. The change of concentration of PO4--P was similar at two stations in Pearl River and the concentrations were 0.15±0.08 mg/L and 0.20±0.13 mg/L. Organic pollution in dry season was higher than wet season. The average concentrations of CODKM were 7.70±0.86 mg/L and 8.08±1.49 mg/L at Ersha Port and Yuzhu Port. The concentration of Chl-a were 46.57±28.21μg/L and 47.28±27.11μg/L. Bacterial abundance were 1.77×106±1.25×106/mL and 2.11×106±1.16×106/mL。
The concentrations of TN were 4.30±1.77 mg/L,6.72±1.18 mg/L and 12.62±5.63 mg/L, respectively in Lu Lake, Dongshan Lake and Liuhua Lake. The concentration of TP of Dongshan Lake was the higest in three lakes, meanwhile the Lu Lake was the lowest. Inorganic nutrient of Donshan Lake was much higher than Lu Lake and Liuhua Lake(p<0.000). The concentration of Liuhua Lake was the highest in three urban lakes(p< 0.000). The minimum of Bacterial abundance of three lakes all were in May. The changes of Chl-a had no regularity.
The concentrations of TN in Nan'ao mariculture in May and September were 28.30±6.23μmol/L and 12.39±4.12μmol/L. The concentration of TP in September was higher than May. Main inorganic nitrogen was NO3--N with the percentage was 57.1%-82.6%. The concentrations of PO4--P were 0.52±0.24μmol/L and 0.54±0.31μmol/L in May and September. The concentration of CODKM in May was lower than in September(p<0.05).
2. Base on the survey data, microlayer surface had no enrichment effects on Chl-a and NH4+-N in different water bodys. The enrichment factors on NO2--N and NO3--N in fresh water and seawater were close. The enrichment factors on TN, TP, CODKM and bacterial in seawter were higher than in fresh water. There were reasons:salinity and bubbling effect caused the stronger enrichment effects on organic compounds and particulate matter in seawater than in fresh water.
3. Six heavy metals were analied. Except Pb all of them were enriched in microlaye surface. The average enrichment factor Mn was 3.57±3.50.in three water body. The enrichment factor of Pearl River, lakes and fresh water were 1.16±1.12,5.27±4.51 and 3.27±2.42. The second one is Fe with the enrichment factor of 2.21±1.43,2.29±1.72 and 2.22±0.56, respectively. The average enrichment factors of Cr were 1.54±0.66(Pearl River),1.22±0.14(lakes) and 1.33±0.53(fresh water). The average enrichment factors of Ni were 1.96±0.50,1.41±0.16 and 1.78±0.47, respectively.
1.广州河段二沙岛和鱼珠码头总氮浓度均值分别为7.87±4.87 mg/L和8.46±4.45mg/L,总磷浓度均值为0.53±0.40 mg/L和0.60±0.24 mg/L。广州河段溶解性无机氮(DIN)以NH4+-N为主,所占比例超过50%,其次为NO3--N, NO2--N含量最少。PO4--P含量在两站点变化规律相似,全年均值分别为0.15±0.08 mg/L和0.20±0.13 mg/L。有机污染呈现枯水期高丰水期低的规律,二沙岛和鱼珠码头年均值分别为7.70±0.86 mg/L和8.0g1.49mg/L。Chl-a含量为46.57±28.21 gg/L和47.28±27.11μg/L,细菌丰度为1.77×106±1.25×106/mL和2.11×106±1.16×106/mL。
广州城市湖泊中,东山湖、麓湖和流花湖总氮浓度分别为4.30±1.77 mg/L、6.72±1.18mg/L和12.62±5.63 mg/L,总磷含量为东山湖>流花湖>麓湖。东山湖无机营养盐含量明显高于麓湖和流花湖,DIN和无机磷含量与麓湖和流花湖存在显著性差异(p<0.000)。流花湖CODKM含量最高,均值为17.02±3.49 mg/L,与其他两个湖泊存在显著性差异(p<0.000)。3个调查湖泊细菌丰度最低值均出现在5月；Chl-a变化规律不明显。
南澳养殖海域总氮含量5月和9月均值分别为28.30±6.23 gmol/L和12.39±4.12μmol/L。总磷含量9月(2.41±0.51μmol/L)高于5月(1.02±0.21 gmol/L)。两次调查中,总氮和总磷的含量最高值均出现在鱼排养殖区。南澳海域DIN组成以硝氮为主,所占比例在57.1%—82.6%之间。南澳养殖区活性磷酸盐含量较低,5月和9月平均值分别为0.52±0.24μmol/L和0.54±0.31μmol/L。CODMn含量5月(均值2.62±0.28 mg/L)均低于9月(均值4.04±0.69mg/L),存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。
2.NH4+-N和Chl-a在三种水体微表层均没有富集作用,富集系数分别为0.86±0.18和0.77±0.14。NO2--N和NO3--N在淡水和海水中富集系数差别不大。总氮、总磷、CODMn和细菌的富集系数如下,总氮：1.68±0.68(南澳)>1.30±0.76(湖泊)>1.10±0.47(珠江)；总磷：1.44±0.12(南澳)>1.33±0.58(湖泊)>1.13±0.66(珠江)；CODKM：1.78±0.69(南澳)>1.51±1.02(湖泊)>1.24±0.31(珠江)；细菌丰度：2.28±±0.93(南澳)>1.74±1.37(珠江)>1.50±1.04(湖泊)。微表层富集作用呈现海水大于淡水的规律。
3.除Pb外,重金属在微表层均有不同程度的富集现象(Pb的富集系数为1.03±0.11)。其中Mn的富集系数最高,三种水体的均值为3.57±3.50。其中珠江为1.16±1.12,湖泊为5.27±4.51,南澳海域为3.27±2.42。三个湖泊中,麓湖Mn的富集系数高达10.48±3.92,导致湖泊平均富集系数最高。Fe的富集系数次之,珠江、湖泊和南澳海域分别为2.21±1.43、2.29±1.72和2.22±0.56,三种水体差别不大。Cr和Ni的富集系数分别为1.54±0.66(珠江)、1.22±0.14(湖泊)和1.33±0.53(南澳海域)；1.96±0.50(珠江)、1.41±0.16(湖泊)和1.78±0.47(南澳近海)
The physiochemical parameters and enrichment effects of microlayer surface were studied at two stations of the Guangzhou segment of Pearl River(from January 2010 to Decembe 2010), three urban lakes(from January 2010 to June 2010) and mariculture zone in Nan'ao, Shantou(May 2010 and September 2010). Main parameters included ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N), nitrite(NO2--N), nitrate(NO3--N), phosphate(PO4--P), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), chemical oxygen demand(CODMn),chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), bacteria, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb. The primary results include:
1. The concentrations of total nitrogen were 7.87±4.87 mg/L and 8.46±4.45 mg/L at Ersha Port and Yuzhu Port, and the concentrations of total phosphorus were 0.53±0.40 mg/L and 0.60±0.24 mg/L. The main inorganic nitrogen(DIN) was NH4+-N with the percentage over 50%. And the concentration of NO2- was least in DIN. The change of concentration of PO4--P was similar at two stations in Pearl River and the concentrations were 0.15±0.08 mg/L and 0.20±0.13 mg/L. Organic pollution in dry season was higher than wet season. The average concentrations of CODKM were 7.70±0.86 mg/L and 8.08±1.49 mg/L at Ersha Port and Yuzhu Port. The concentration of Chl-a were 46.57±28.21μg/L and 47.28±27.11μg/L. Bacterial abundance were 1.77×106±1.25×106/mL and 2.11×106±1.16×106/mL。
The concentrations of TN were 4.30±1.77 mg/L,6.72±1.18 mg/L and 12.62±5.63 mg/L, respectively in Lu Lake, Dongshan Lake and Liuhua Lake. The concentration of TP of Dongshan Lake was the higest in three lakes, meanwhile the Lu Lake was the lowest. Inorganic nutrient of Donshan Lake was much higher than Lu Lake and Liuhua Lake(p<0.000). The concentration of Liuhua Lake was the highest in three urban lakes(p< 0.000). The minimum of Bacterial abundance of three lakes all were in May. The changes of Chl-a had no regularity.
The concentrations of TN in Nan'ao mariculture in May and September were 28.30±6.23μmol/L and 12.39±4.12μmol/L. The concentration of TP in September was higher than May. Main inorganic nitrogen was NO3--N with the percentage was 57.1%-82.6%. The concentrations of PO4--P were 0.52±0.24μmol/L and 0.54±0.31μmol/L in May and September. The concentration of CODKM in May was lower than in September(p<0.05).
2. Base on the survey data, microlayer surface had no enrichment effects on Chl-a and NH4+-N in different water bodys. The enrichment factors on NO2--N and NO3--N in fresh water and seawater were close. The enrichment factors on TN, TP, CODKM and bacterial in seawter were higher than in fresh water. There were reasons:salinity and bubbling effect caused the stronger enrichment effects on organic compounds and particulate matter in seawater than in fresh water.
3. Six heavy metals were analied. Except Pb all of them were enriched in microlaye surface. The average enrichment factor Mn was 3.57±3.50.in three water body. The enrichment factor of Pearl River, lakes and fresh water were 1.16±1.12,5.27±4.51 and 3.27±2.42. The second one is Fe with the enrichment factor of 2.21±1.43,2.29±1.72 and 2.22±0.56, respectively. The average enrichment factors of Cr were 1.54±0.66(Pearl River),1.22±0.14(lakes) and 1.33±0.53(fresh water). The average enrichment factors of Ni were 1.96±0.50,1.41±0.16 and 1.78±0.47, respectively.
引文
Abd-Allah M.A.. OrganoChlorine contaminants in microlayer and subsurface water of Alexandria Coast. Egypt [J]. AOAC Int,1999,82:391-398.
Agogue H., Casamayor E. O., Bourrain M., Obernosterer I., Joux F., Herndl G. J., Lebaron P..A survey on bacteria inhabiting the sea surface microlayer of coastal ecosystems [J]. Microbiology Ecology,2005,54:269-280.
Aller J. Y., Kuznetsova M. R., Jahns C. J., Kemp P. F..The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols [J]. Aerosol Science,2005,36:801-812
Andreae M. O...Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle [J]. Marine Chemistry,1990,30:1-29.
Anikiyev V.V., Urbanovich M.Y.. Organic pollutant distributions in the surface microlayer system in some world ocean regions [J]. Geochem. Int.,1989,26:116-122.
Bidleman T.F., Olney C.E.. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Sargasso Sea atmosphere and surface water [J]. Science,1974,183:516-518.
Brugmann L., Bernard P.C., Grieken R... Geochemistry of suspended matter from the Baltic Sea. 2. Results of bulk trace metal analysis by AAS [J]. Mar. Chem.,1992,38:303-323.
Burns K.A., Villeneuve J.-P.. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the open Mediterranean ecosystem and implications for mass balance calculations [J]. Mar. Chem.,1987,20:337-359.
Burns K.A., Villeneuve J. P., Fowler S.W.. Fluxes and residence times of hydrocarbons in the coastal Mediterranean:how important are the biota [J]. Estuary Coast Shelf Sci.,1985,20: 313-330.
Chernyak S. M., Mconell L. L., Clifford P. R.. Fate of some Chlorinated hydrocarbons in arctic and far eastern ecosystems in the Russian Federation [J]. Sci.Total Environ,1995,160: 75-85.
Cincinelli A., Stortini A.M., Perugini M., Checchini L., Lepri L.. Organic pollutants in sea-surface microlayer and aerosol in the coastal environment of Leghorn (Tyrrhenian Sea) [J]. Mar. Chem.,2001,76:77-98.
Crow S.A., Ahearn D.G., Cook W.L., Bourquin A.W.. Densities of bacteria and fungi in coastal surface films as determined by membrane-adsorption procedure [J]. Limnol Oceanogr,1975, 20:602-605.
Cunliffe M., Salter M., Mannp P. J., et al. Dissolved organic carbonand bacterial populations in the gelatinous surface microlayer of a Norwegian fjord mesocosm [J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2009,299:248-254
David K. P., Aaron L. M.. Bacterial Enrichment at the Gas-Water Interface of a Laboratory Apparatus [J]. Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(7):2593-2597.
Franklin M. P., McDonald I. R., Bourne D.G., Owens N. J. P., Upstill-Goddard R. C., Murrell J. C..Bacterial diversity in the bacterioneuston (sea surface microlayer):the bacterioneuston through the looking glass [J]. Environmental Microbiology,2005,7(5):723-736.
Garrett W. D.. Collection of stick forming material from the sea surface [J]. Limnol. Oceanogr, 1965,10:602-605.
Grotti M., Soggia F., Abelmoschi M.L., Rivaro P., Magi E., Frache R. Temporal distribution of trace metals in Antarctic coastal waters [J]. Mar. Chem.,2001,76:189-209.
Hakvag S., Fj(?)rvik E., Klinkenberg G., Borgo S. E.F., s, Josefsen K. D., Ellingsen T. E., Zotchev S. B., Violacein-Producing Collimonas sp. from the Sea Surface Microlayer of Costal Waters in Tr(?)ndelag, Norway [J]. marine drugs,2009,7:576-588.
Hamilton E.I., Clifton R.J.. Techniques for sampling the air sea interface for estuarine and coastal waters [J]. Limnol Oceanogr,1979,24:188-193.
Hardy J.T., Apts C.W., Crecelius E.A., Bloom N.S.. Seasurface microlayer metals enrichments in an urban and rural bay. Estuar [J]. Coastal Shelf Sci,1985,20:299-312.
Hardy J.T., Cleary J.. Surface microlayer contamination and toxicity in the German Bright[J]. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,1992,91:203-210.
Hardy J.T., Crecelius E.A., Antrim L.D., Kiesser S.L., Broadhurst V.L.. Aquatic surface microlayer contamination in Chesapeake Bay [J]. Mar. Chem.,1990,28:333-351.
Hardy J.T., Crecelius E.A., Antrim L.D., Kiesser S.L., Broadhurst V.L.. Aquatic surface microlayer contamination in Chesapeake Estuar [J]. Coastal Shelf Sci,1990,20:299-312.
Hardy J. T., Word J. Q.. Sea surface toxicity in Puget Sound. Puget Sound Notes [M]. US EPA Region 10, Seattle, WA,1986.3-6.
Harvey G. W.. Microlayer collection from the sea surface:a new method and initial results [J]. Limnol Oceanogr,1966,11:608-613.
Harvey G. W., Burzell L. A..1972. A simple microlayer method for small samples [J]. Limnol. Oceanogr,17:156-157.
Helene Agogue, Emilio O. Casamayor, Muriel Bourrain, Ingrid Obernosterer, Fabien Joux, Gerhard J. Herndl, Philippe Lebaron. A survey on bacteria inhabiting the sea surface microlayer of coastal ecosystems [J]. Microbiology Ecology,2005,54:269-280.
Hong H., Lin J.. Preliminary study on the distribution of nutrients, organic matter, trace metals in sea surface microlayer in Xiamen Bay and Jiulong Estuary [J]. Acta Oceanol. Sin.,1990, 9:81-90.
Hortnagl P.,Perez M. T.,Sommaruga R.. Living at the border:A community and single-cell assessment of lake bacterioneuston [J]. Limnol Ocesnoqr,2010,55(3):1134-1144.
Hortnagl P., Perez M. T., Zeder M., Sommaruga R.. The bacterial community composition of the surface microlayer in a highmountain lake [J]. Microbiology Ecology,2010,73:458-467.
Hunter K.A.. Chemistry of the sea-surface microlayer. In:Liss, P.S., Duce, R.A. (Eds.), The Sea Surface and Global Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1996. p.287.
Hunter K. A.. Processes affecting particulate trace metals in the sea-surface microlayer [J]. Mar. Chem,1980,9:49-70.
Jiang Yu, Wai-tim Ho, Hui-ming Lu, Yu-feng Yang. Study on water quality and genotoxicity of surface microlayer and subsurface water in Guangzhou section of Pearl River [J]. Environ Monit Assess, DOI 10.1007/s10661-010-1487-3.
Kalwasinska A., Kesy J.,Wilk I.,Donderski W.. Neustonic versus epiphytic bacteria of eutrophic lake and their biodegradation ability on deltamethrin [J]. Biodergadation,2010 Sep 23,(Epub ahead of print).
Kjelleberg S., Stenstrom T.A., Odham G.. Comparative study of different hydrophobic devices for sampling lipid surface films and adherent microorganisms [J]. Mar Biol,1979,53: 21-52.
Kuznetsova M., Lee C., Aller J.. Characterization of the proteinaceous matter in marine aerosols [J]. Marine Chemistry,2005,96:359-377.
Kuznetsova M, Lee C.. Enhanced extracellular enzymatic peptide hydrolysis in the sea-surface microlayer [J]. Marine Chemistry,2001,73:319-332.
Maclntyre F.. Bubbles:a boundary-layer'microtome'for micron-thick samples of liquid surface. [J]. Phys Chem,1968,72:589-592.
Kuznetsova M., Lee C.. Enhanced extracellular enzymatic peptide hydrolysis in the sea-surface microlayer [J].Marine Chemistry,2001,73:319-332.
Kuznetsova M., Lee C., Aller J.. Characterization of the proteinaceous matter in marine aerosols [J].Marine Chemistry,2005,96:359-377.
Migon C., Nicolas E.. The trace metal recycling component in the north-western Mediterranean [J]. Mar. Pollut. Bull.,1998,36:273-277.
Mohnke M., Rohde K.H., Brugmann L., Franz P.. Trace analysis of some Chlorinated hydrocarbons in waters by gas-liquid chromatography[J]. Chromatogr,1986,364:323-337.
Sadiki M., Quentel F., Elleouet C., Huruguen J., Jestin J., Andrieux D., Olier R., Privat M.. Coadsorption at the air/water interface likely explains some pollutants transfer to the atmosphere:benzene and lead case[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37:3551-3559.
Nishizawa S.. Concentration of organic and inorganic material in the surface skin at the equator, 155W [J]. Bull Plankton Soc Jan,1971,18:41-44.
Rumbold D. G., Snedaker S. C.. Evaluation of Bioassays to Monitor Surface Microlayer Toxicity in Tropical Marine Waters [J]. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1997,32: 135-140.
Rumbold D.G., Snedaker S.C.. Sea-surface microlayer toxicity off the Florida Keys [J]. marine environment research,1999,47:457-472.
Sadiki M., Quentel F., Elleouet C., Huruguen J. P., Jestin J., Andrieux D., Olier R., Privat M..Coadsorption at the air/water interface likely explains some pollutants transfer to the atmosphere:benzene and lead case [J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37:3551-3559.
Stafsnes M. H, Josefsen K. D., Kildahl-Andersen G., Valla S., Ellinqsen T. E., Bruheim P.. Isolation and characterization of marine pigmented bacteria from Norwegian coastal waters and screening for carotenoids with UVA-blue light absorbing properties [J]. Microbiol, 2010,48(1):16-23.
Taguchi S., Nakajima K.. Plankton and seston in the sea surface of three inlets of Japan[J]. Bull Plankton Soc Jan,1971,18:20-26.
Willams P. M.. Sea-surface chemistry:organec car-bon and organic and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in surface films and subsurface waters [J]. Deep-sea Res,1967,14:791-800.
Williams P. M., Carlucci A. F., Henrichs S. M.,et al. Chemical and microbiological studies of sea surface films in the southern Gulf of California and off the west coast of Baja California[J]. Mar Chem,1986,19:17-98.
Williams P.M., Robertson K.J.. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in sea-surface films and subsurface waters at nearshore stations and in the North Central Gyre [J].Fish Bull,1973,73: 445-447.
Wurl O., Obbard J. P.. A review of pollutants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML):a unique habitat for marine organisms [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:1016-1030.
Yang Y.F.,Wang Z. D., Pan M. X., et al.. Zooplankton community structure of the sea surfac microlayer near nucle power plants and marine fish culture zones in Daya Bay [J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2002,20(2):129-134.
Zhang Z. B., Liu L. S., Wu Z. J., et al. Physicochemical studies of the sea surface I Thickness of the surface microlayer and its experiment determination[J]. Colloid & InterfSci,1998, 204(2):294-299
迟杰,黄国兰,杨彬.五氯酚在表面微层水与表层水间的分配行为[J].环境科学,1999,20(6)：18-21
陈金斯,李飞永,朱卓洪.珠江口水域微表层中的痕量金属[J].热带海洋,1994,13(3) 25-30.
陈伟琪,张路平,王隆发.厦门港微表层中烷烃富集规律的研究[J].厦门大学学报,1995,34(1)：127-130.
崔明明,王雪松,苏杭,张远航,广州地区大气可吸入颗粒物的化学特征及来源解析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(3)：459-466
邓邦平,杨宇峰.大鹏澳养殖海域微表层与次表层水质及浮游动物群落特征的比较[J].暨南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,30(1)：101-105
丁海兵.海面微表层取样方法研究[J].化工时刊,1999,4：32-34.
范留邦,陈志远,信锦鸿.海州湾环境现状评价[J].环境工程,2010,28增刊：303-305
国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002,243-266,670,694-706.
黄虹,李顺诚,曹军骥,邹长伟,陈新庚,范绍佳.广州市夏、冬季室内外PM2.5中元素组分的特征与来源[J].分析科学学报,2007,23(4)：383-388.
黄小平.珠江磨刀门河口区重金属来源的初步研究[J].海洋环境科学,1993,12(1)：46-50.
洪华生,林杰.厦门港、九龙江口海洋微表层营养盐、有机物、微量金属分布特征初探[J].海洋学报,1988,10(6)：695-703.
江锦花,江正玲,陈希方,胡昱阳,程岩雄.椒江口海域重金属含量分布及在沉积物和生物体中的富集[J].海洋坏境科学,2007,26(1)：58-62.
金相灿,屠清瑛.1990.湖泊营养化调查规范[M].北京：中国环境出版社：286-302.
柯东胜,关志斌,余汉生,吴施卫,韩联民,蒋跃进.珠江口海域污染及其研究趋势[J].海洋环境科学,2007,26(5)：488-491.
李志辉,罗平Spss for windows统计分析教程[M].第二版.北京：电子工业出版社2005：375.
梁越,刘小真,彭希珑,唐星华,汪月华.南昌市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征研究[J].科技广场,2010,8：150-154.
刘德林,刘贤赵.主成分分析在河流水质综合评价中的应用[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(3)：124-128.
刘聚涛,杨永生,姜加虎,高俊峰.太湖蓝藻水华灾害风险分区评估方法研究[J].中国环境科学2011,31(3)：498-503.
刘威,尚金城.主成分分析在近年来松花江吉林段水质研究中的应用[J].北方环境,2010,22(6)：45-48.
刘效兰,丁海兵.海洋微表层磷酸盐富集及富集机理研究进展[J].化工时代,1999,13(3)：13-16.
潘明祥,张正斌,王肇鼎,等.大亚湾海水微表层生物化学研究Ⅱ(二)生物-化学特性的周日变化规律[J].热带海洋,2000,19(2)：57-63.
彭云辉,王肇鼎,孙丽华,韦桂峰,朱卓洪.大亚湾微表层和次表层海水营养盐的研究[J].台湾海峡,2002,21(3)：310-316.
彭云辉,王肇鼎,潘明祥,朱卓洪,韦桂峰.大亚湾海区微表层、次表层BOD和COD的研究[J].海洋湖沼通报,2000,4：13-19.
朴丰源,孙鲜策,刘爽,山内彻.东北某城市大气颗粒污染物中有毒重金属浓度[J].大连医科大学学报,29(4)：332-335.
蒲家彬,李宗品,傅云娜,等.西部和南部太平洋表层海水中的重金属及有机沾污物[J].海洋通报[J].1995,14(2)：35-41.
邱耀文,颜文,王肇鼎,张干.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生物危害[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(5)：69-76.
宋淑华,王朝晖,付永虎,谷阳光.大亚湾大鹏澳海域微表层浮游植物群落研究[J].暨南大学学报(自然科学),2009,28(2)：181-185.
吴梅林,王友绍,林立,宋晖,孙翠慈.基于主成分分析研究大亚湾水质时空变化特征[J].海洋环境科学,2009,28(3)：279-282.
吴兴让,尹平河,赵玲,李松涛,杨宇峰.珠江广州段微表层和次表层水中重金属分布与风险的初步评价[J].暨南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,31(1)：84-88.
吴志坚,李军,丁海兵,张正斌,刘莲生,海洋微表层中物质富集机理[J].海洋科学,1998,1：21-22.
吴志坚,李军,丁海兵,张正斌,刘莲生.浮游生物对某些化学物质在海洋微表层中富集所起的作用[J].海洋湖沼通报,1997,1：43-47.
谢文平,陈昆慈,朱新平,聂湘平,郑光明,潘德博,王少冰.珠江三角洲河网区水体及鱼体内重金属含量分析与评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(10)：1917-1923.
于琳,张正斌,刘莲生,张恩仁,赵伟.南沙海区海洋微表层的研究[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1999,29(1)：129-134.
余新安,翁焕新,张兴茂,陈立红,陈祥华.大气颗粒物中微量营养元素Fe、Mn和Cu的来源与沉降[J].海洋科学,2008,32(3)：44-48.
张洪海,杨桂朋.胶州湾及青岛近海微表层与次表层中二甲基硫(DMS)与二甲巯基丙酸 (DMSP)的浓度分布[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(5)：683-891.
张经,黄薇文.钱塘江水微表层中颗粒态重金属的分布特征[J].海洋湖沼通报,1988,2：68-72.
陈小睿,宫海东,单宝田,刘春颖.胶州湾海洋微表层铜络合的容量[J].环境科学,2006,27(5)：885-891.
张珞平,林杰.厦门港海面微表层对海水中石油烃的富集作用[J].海洋环境科学,1991,10(1)：17-20.
张正斌,蔡卫君,刘莲生,刘春颖,陈飞舟.pH微电极法原位直接测定海水微表层的厚度[J].中国科学(B辑),2003,33(3)：201-210.
张正斌,宫海东,刘莲生,张闯.海洋碳循环过程中的海水微表层泵[J].中国科学B辑化学,2005,35(6)：459-465.
Agogue H., Casamayor E. O., Bourrain M., Obernosterer I., Joux F., Herndl G. J., Lebaron P..A survey on bacteria inhabiting the sea surface microlayer of coastal ecosystems [J]. Microbiology Ecology,2005,54:269-280.
Aller J. Y., Kuznetsova M. R., Jahns C. J., Kemp P. F..The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols [J]. Aerosol Science,2005,36:801-812
Andreae M. O...Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle [J]. Marine Chemistry,1990,30:1-29.
Anikiyev V.V., Urbanovich M.Y.. Organic pollutant distributions in the surface microlayer system in some world ocean regions [J]. Geochem. Int.,1989,26:116-122.
Bidleman T.F., Olney C.E.. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Sargasso Sea atmosphere and surface water [J]. Science,1974,183:516-518.
Brugmann L., Bernard P.C., Grieken R... Geochemistry of suspended matter from the Baltic Sea. 2. Results of bulk trace metal analysis by AAS [J]. Mar. Chem.,1992,38:303-323.
Burns K.A., Villeneuve J.-P.. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the open Mediterranean ecosystem and implications for mass balance calculations [J]. Mar. Chem.,1987,20:337-359.
Burns K.A., Villeneuve J. P., Fowler S.W.. Fluxes and residence times of hydrocarbons in the coastal Mediterranean:how important are the biota [J]. Estuary Coast Shelf Sci.,1985,20: 313-330.
Chernyak S. M., Mconell L. L., Clifford P. R.. Fate of some Chlorinated hydrocarbons in arctic and far eastern ecosystems in the Russian Federation [J]. Sci.Total Environ,1995,160: 75-85.
Cincinelli A., Stortini A.M., Perugini M., Checchini L., Lepri L.. Organic pollutants in sea-surface microlayer and aerosol in the coastal environment of Leghorn (Tyrrhenian Sea) [J]. Mar. Chem.,2001,76:77-98.
Crow S.A., Ahearn D.G., Cook W.L., Bourquin A.W.. Densities of bacteria and fungi in coastal surface films as determined by membrane-adsorption procedure [J]. Limnol Oceanogr,1975, 20:602-605.
Cunliffe M., Salter M., Mannp P. J., et al. Dissolved organic carbonand bacterial populations in the gelatinous surface microlayer of a Norwegian fjord mesocosm [J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2009,299:248-254
David K. P., Aaron L. M.. Bacterial Enrichment at the Gas-Water Interface of a Laboratory Apparatus [J]. Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(7):2593-2597.
Franklin M. P., McDonald I. R., Bourne D.G., Owens N. J. P., Upstill-Goddard R. C., Murrell J. C..Bacterial diversity in the bacterioneuston (sea surface microlayer):the bacterioneuston through the looking glass [J]. Environmental Microbiology,2005,7(5):723-736.
Garrett W. D.. Collection of stick forming material from the sea surface [J]. Limnol. Oceanogr, 1965,10:602-605.
Grotti M., Soggia F., Abelmoschi M.L., Rivaro P., Magi E., Frache R. Temporal distribution of trace metals in Antarctic coastal waters [J]. Mar. Chem.,2001,76:189-209.
Hakvag S., Fj(?)rvik E., Klinkenberg G., Borgo S. E.F., s, Josefsen K. D., Ellingsen T. E., Zotchev S. B., Violacein-Producing Collimonas sp. from the Sea Surface Microlayer of Costal Waters in Tr(?)ndelag, Norway [J]. marine drugs,2009,7:576-588.
Hamilton E.I., Clifton R.J.. Techniques for sampling the air sea interface for estuarine and coastal waters [J]. Limnol Oceanogr,1979,24:188-193.
Hardy J.T., Apts C.W., Crecelius E.A., Bloom N.S.. Seasurface microlayer metals enrichments in an urban and rural bay. Estuar [J]. Coastal Shelf Sci,1985,20:299-312.
Hardy J.T., Cleary J.. Surface microlayer contamination and toxicity in the German Bright[J]. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,1992,91:203-210.
Hardy J.T., Crecelius E.A., Antrim L.D., Kiesser S.L., Broadhurst V.L.. Aquatic surface microlayer contamination in Chesapeake Bay [J]. Mar. Chem.,1990,28:333-351.
Hardy J.T., Crecelius E.A., Antrim L.D., Kiesser S.L., Broadhurst V.L.. Aquatic surface microlayer contamination in Chesapeake Estuar [J]. Coastal Shelf Sci,1990,20:299-312.
Hardy J. T., Word J. Q.. Sea surface toxicity in Puget Sound. Puget Sound Notes [M]. US EPA Region 10, Seattle, WA,1986.3-6.
Harvey G. W.. Microlayer collection from the sea surface:a new method and initial results [J]. Limnol Oceanogr,1966,11:608-613.
Harvey G. W., Burzell L. A..1972. A simple microlayer method for small samples [J]. Limnol. Oceanogr,17:156-157.
Helene Agogue, Emilio O. Casamayor, Muriel Bourrain, Ingrid Obernosterer, Fabien Joux, Gerhard J. Herndl, Philippe Lebaron. A survey on bacteria inhabiting the sea surface microlayer of coastal ecosystems [J]. Microbiology Ecology,2005,54:269-280.
Hong H., Lin J.. Preliminary study on the distribution of nutrients, organic matter, trace metals in sea surface microlayer in Xiamen Bay and Jiulong Estuary [J]. Acta Oceanol. Sin.,1990, 9:81-90.
Hortnagl P.,Perez M. T.,Sommaruga R.. Living at the border:A community and single-cell assessment of lake bacterioneuston [J]. Limnol Ocesnoqr,2010,55(3):1134-1144.
Hortnagl P., Perez M. T., Zeder M., Sommaruga R.. The bacterial community composition of the surface microlayer in a highmountain lake [J]. Microbiology Ecology,2010,73:458-467.
Hunter K.A.. Chemistry of the sea-surface microlayer. In:Liss, P.S., Duce, R.A. (Eds.), The Sea Surface and Global Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1996. p.287.
Hunter K. A.. Processes affecting particulate trace metals in the sea-surface microlayer [J]. Mar. Chem,1980,9:49-70.
Jiang Yu, Wai-tim Ho, Hui-ming Lu, Yu-feng Yang. Study on water quality and genotoxicity of surface microlayer and subsurface water in Guangzhou section of Pearl River [J]. Environ Monit Assess, DOI 10.1007/s10661-010-1487-3.
Kalwasinska A., Kesy J.,Wilk I.,Donderski W.. Neustonic versus epiphytic bacteria of eutrophic lake and their biodegradation ability on deltamethrin [J]. Biodergadation,2010 Sep 23,(Epub ahead of print).
Kjelleberg S., Stenstrom T.A., Odham G.. Comparative study of different hydrophobic devices for sampling lipid surface films and adherent microorganisms [J]. Mar Biol,1979,53: 21-52.
Kuznetsova M., Lee C., Aller J.. Characterization of the proteinaceous matter in marine aerosols [J]. Marine Chemistry,2005,96:359-377.
Kuznetsova M, Lee C.. Enhanced extracellular enzymatic peptide hydrolysis in the sea-surface microlayer [J]. Marine Chemistry,2001,73:319-332.
Maclntyre F.. Bubbles:a boundary-layer'microtome'for micron-thick samples of liquid surface. [J]. Phys Chem,1968,72:589-592.
Kuznetsova M., Lee C.. Enhanced extracellular enzymatic peptide hydrolysis in the sea-surface microlayer [J].Marine Chemistry,2001,73:319-332.
Kuznetsova M., Lee C., Aller J.. Characterization of the proteinaceous matter in marine aerosols [J].Marine Chemistry,2005,96:359-377.
Migon C., Nicolas E.. The trace metal recycling component in the north-western Mediterranean [J]. Mar. Pollut. Bull.,1998,36:273-277.
Mohnke M., Rohde K.H., Brugmann L., Franz P.. Trace analysis of some Chlorinated hydrocarbons in waters by gas-liquid chromatography[J]. Chromatogr,1986,364:323-337.
Sadiki M., Quentel F., Elleouet C., Huruguen J., Jestin J., Andrieux D., Olier R., Privat M.. Coadsorption at the air/water interface likely explains some pollutants transfer to the atmosphere:benzene and lead case[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37:3551-3559.
Nishizawa S.. Concentration of organic and inorganic material in the surface skin at the equator, 155W [J]. Bull Plankton Soc Jan,1971,18:41-44.
Rumbold D. G., Snedaker S. C.. Evaluation of Bioassays to Monitor Surface Microlayer Toxicity in Tropical Marine Waters [J]. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1997,32: 135-140.
Rumbold D.G., Snedaker S.C.. Sea-surface microlayer toxicity off the Florida Keys [J]. marine environment research,1999,47:457-472.
Sadiki M., Quentel F., Elleouet C., Huruguen J. P., Jestin J., Andrieux D., Olier R., Privat M..Coadsorption at the air/water interface likely explains some pollutants transfer to the atmosphere:benzene and lead case [J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37:3551-3559.
Stafsnes M. H, Josefsen K. D., Kildahl-Andersen G., Valla S., Ellinqsen T. E., Bruheim P.. Isolation and characterization of marine pigmented bacteria from Norwegian coastal waters and screening for carotenoids with UVA-blue light absorbing properties [J]. Microbiol, 2010,48(1):16-23.
Taguchi S., Nakajima K.. Plankton and seston in the sea surface of three inlets of Japan[J]. Bull Plankton Soc Jan,1971,18:20-26.
Willams P. M.. Sea-surface chemistry:organec car-bon and organic and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in surface films and subsurface waters [J]. Deep-sea Res,1967,14:791-800.
Williams P. M., Carlucci A. F., Henrichs S. M.,et al. Chemical and microbiological studies of sea surface films in the southern Gulf of California and off the west coast of Baja California[J]. Mar Chem,1986,19:17-98.
Williams P.M., Robertson K.J.. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in sea-surface films and subsurface waters at nearshore stations and in the North Central Gyre [J].Fish Bull,1973,73: 445-447.
Wurl O., Obbard J. P.. A review of pollutants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML):a unique habitat for marine organisms [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:1016-1030.
Yang Y.F.,Wang Z. D., Pan M. X., et al.. Zooplankton community structure of the sea surfac microlayer near nucle power plants and marine fish culture zones in Daya Bay [J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2002,20(2):129-134.
Zhang Z. B., Liu L. S., Wu Z. J., et al. Physicochemical studies of the sea surface I Thickness of the surface microlayer and its experiment determination[J]. Colloid & InterfSci,1998, 204(2):294-299
迟杰,黄国兰,杨彬.五氯酚在表面微层水与表层水间的分配行为[J].环境科学,1999,20(6)：18-21
陈金斯,李飞永,朱卓洪.珠江口水域微表层中的痕量金属[J].热带海洋,1994,13(3) 25-30.
陈伟琪,张路平,王隆发.厦门港微表层中烷烃富集规律的研究[J].厦门大学学报,1995,34(1)：127-130.
崔明明,王雪松,苏杭,张远航,广州地区大气可吸入颗粒物的化学特征及来源解析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(3)：459-466
邓邦平,杨宇峰.大鹏澳养殖海域微表层与次表层水质及浮游动物群落特征的比较[J].暨南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,30(1)：101-105
丁海兵.海面微表层取样方法研究[J].化工时刊,1999,4：32-34.
范留邦,陈志远,信锦鸿.海州湾环境现状评价[J].环境工程,2010,28增刊：303-305
国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002,243-266,670,694-706.
黄虹,李顺诚,曹军骥,邹长伟,陈新庚,范绍佳.广州市夏、冬季室内外PM2.5中元素组分的特征与来源[J].分析科学学报,2007,23(4)：383-388.
黄小平.珠江磨刀门河口区重金属来源的初步研究[J].海洋环境科学,1993,12(1)：46-50.
洪华生,林杰.厦门港、九龙江口海洋微表层营养盐、有机物、微量金属分布特征初探[J].海洋学报,1988,10(6)：695-703.
江锦花,江正玲,陈希方,胡昱阳,程岩雄.椒江口海域重金属含量分布及在沉积物和生物体中的富集[J].海洋坏境科学,2007,26(1)：58-62.
金相灿,屠清瑛.1990.湖泊营养化调查规范[M].北京：中国环境出版社：286-302.
柯东胜,关志斌,余汉生,吴施卫,韩联民,蒋跃进.珠江口海域污染及其研究趋势[J].海洋环境科学,2007,26(5)：488-491.
李志辉,罗平Spss for windows统计分析教程[M].第二版.北京：电子工业出版社2005：375.
梁越,刘小真,彭希珑,唐星华,汪月华.南昌市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征研究[J].科技广场,2010,8：150-154.
刘德林,刘贤赵.主成分分析在河流水质综合评价中的应用[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(3)：124-128.
刘聚涛,杨永生,姜加虎,高俊峰.太湖蓝藻水华灾害风险分区评估方法研究[J].中国环境科学2011,31(3)：498-503.
刘威,尚金城.主成分分析在近年来松花江吉林段水质研究中的应用[J].北方环境,2010,22(6)：45-48.
刘效兰,丁海兵.海洋微表层磷酸盐富集及富集机理研究进展[J].化工时代,1999,13(3)：13-16.
潘明祥,张正斌,王肇鼎,等.大亚湾海水微表层生物化学研究Ⅱ(二)生物-化学特性的周日变化规律[J].热带海洋,2000,19(2)：57-63.
彭云辉,王肇鼎,孙丽华,韦桂峰,朱卓洪.大亚湾微表层和次表层海水营养盐的研究[J].台湾海峡,2002,21(3)：310-316.
彭云辉,王肇鼎,潘明祥,朱卓洪,韦桂峰.大亚湾海区微表层、次表层BOD和COD的研究[J].海洋湖沼通报,2000,4：13-19.
朴丰源,孙鲜策,刘爽,山内彻.东北某城市大气颗粒污染物中有毒重金属浓度[J].大连医科大学学报,29(4)：332-335.
蒲家彬,李宗品,傅云娜,等.西部和南部太平洋表层海水中的重金属及有机沾污物[J].海洋通报[J].1995,14(2)：35-41.
邱耀文,颜文,王肇鼎,张干.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生物危害[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(5)：69-76.
宋淑华,王朝晖,付永虎,谷阳光.大亚湾大鹏澳海域微表层浮游植物群落研究[J].暨南大学学报(自然科学),2009,28(2)：181-185.
吴梅林,王友绍,林立,宋晖,孙翠慈.基于主成分分析研究大亚湾水质时空变化特征[J].海洋环境科学,2009,28(3)：279-282.
吴兴让,尹平河,赵玲,李松涛,杨宇峰.珠江广州段微表层和次表层水中重金属分布与风险的初步评价[J].暨南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,31(1)：84-88.
吴志坚,李军,丁海兵,张正斌,刘莲生,海洋微表层中物质富集机理[J].海洋科学,1998,1：21-22.
吴志坚,李军,丁海兵,张正斌,刘莲生.浮游生物对某些化学物质在海洋微表层中富集所起的作用[J].海洋湖沼通报,1997,1：43-47.
谢文平,陈昆慈,朱新平,聂湘平,郑光明,潘德博,王少冰.珠江三角洲河网区水体及鱼体内重金属含量分析与评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(10)：1917-1923.
于琳,张正斌,刘莲生,张恩仁,赵伟.南沙海区海洋微表层的研究[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1999,29(1)：129-134.
余新安,翁焕新,张兴茂,陈立红,陈祥华.大气颗粒物中微量营养元素Fe、Mn和Cu的来源与沉降[J].海洋科学,2008,32(3)：44-48.
张洪海,杨桂朋.胶州湾及青岛近海微表层与次表层中二甲基硫(DMS)与二甲巯基丙酸 (DMSP)的浓度分布[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(5)：683-891.
张经,黄薇文.钱塘江水微表层中颗粒态重金属的分布特征[J].海洋湖沼通报,1988,2：68-72.
陈小睿,宫海东,单宝田,刘春颖.胶州湾海洋微表层铜络合的容量[J].环境科学,2006,27(5)：885-891.
张珞平,林杰.厦门港海面微表层对海水中石油烃的富集作用[J].海洋环境科学,1991,10(1)：17-20.
张正斌,蔡卫君,刘莲生,刘春颖,陈飞舟.pH微电极法原位直接测定海水微表层的厚度[J].中国科学(B辑),2003,33(3)：201-210.
张正斌,宫海东,刘莲生,张闯.海洋碳循环过程中的海水微表层泵[J].中国科学B辑化学,2005,35(6)：459-465.