基于遥感和GIS的区域土壤侵蚀调查研究
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摘要
土壤侵蚀已成为全球性的环境问题,严重威胁着人类的生存与发展。土壤侵蚀是一个多因素、多层次、多尺度的地学问题。区域土壤侵蚀状况及其变化与区域社会经济发展、治理措施的投入力度和生态环境的整体变化有着密切的联系。及时了解宏观地域土壤侵蚀的发展态势是生态建设和环境保护政策制定与实施的基本前提。本文对区域土壤侵蚀调查的应用目的、区域土壤侵蚀调查的主要内容以及遥感和地理信息系统在土壤侵蚀调查中的应用方法进行了研究。
论文的主要研究内容与创新点如下:
(1) 对区域土壤侵蚀调查的一部分理论问题进行了探讨
针对研究的时间尺度,提出区域土壤侵蚀研究主要包含三个方面的内容,区域土壤侵蚀调查、区域土壤侵蚀状况变化分析和区域土壤侵蚀状况的模拟与预测;区分了区域尺度上土壤侵蚀调查中土壤侵蚀风险评价和侵蚀定量估算的内涵差异;区域尺度上的土壤侵蚀调查其服务目的倾向于区域尺度的环境信息获取和使用,以及帮助区域尺度的环境政策以及相关政策的制定,标识出环境退化或土地退化的热点区域,审视导致变化和特定土壤功能退化的环境影响,确保人类自然资源和经济资源的最优化使用。相对来说,区域土壤侵蚀风险评价更能满足区域土壤侵蚀调查的应用需求,支持区域管理决策。
(2) 采用三种不同的方法对密云水库上游的土壤侵蚀状况进行了调查,并从统计和空间一致性的角度对三套结果进行了分析比较
论文采用三种方法对密云水库上游地区2002年的土壤侵蚀状况进行调查,获得了三套结果,分别是基于遥感影像的目视解译结果、基于植被与地形信息组合判断的土壤侵蚀风险评价结果和土壤侵蚀量的定量估算及其分级结果。
选择了植被覆盖和坡度信息两个要素,通过植被盖度和坡度信息的不同组合来评价密云水库上游的水土流失风险程度,相对快速、简便地得到区域的水土流失风险分布情况。
利用遥感数据,获取植被覆盖和土地利用信息,提取植被和人为措施因子,收集降雨资料和土壤数据,计算降雨侵蚀力和土壤可蚀性因子,建立区域土壤侵蚀模型,经过诸因子算式及监测模型运算,逐个计算出各像元的年土壤侵蚀模数,对密云水库上游进行了区域土壤侵蚀定量估算。
采用栅格数据格式,以每个图像像元作为样本,通过数据间像元级的比较,衡量两幅图像中每个像元之间的一致性。从统计和空间的一致性,分析对于密云
Soil erosion has become the worldwide serious environment problem, threatening the human sustainable development. Soil erosion concerns multi factors, multi spatial and temporal scales. Remote sensing techniques have the ability to monitor the earth surface physical processes and detect the changes. The geography information system can play an important role in analysis and decision-making. On the regional level, this paper discusses the application purpose and the main parts of soil erosion monitoring and assessment. And this paper studies some methods of remote sensing and GIS applied to regional soil erosion monitoring and assessment.The main conclusions are as following:(1 ) Discussing the theoretical problem of soil erosion monitoring and assessment on regional scaleThis paper summarizes the studies of soil erosion assessment on regional scale to three categories depending on temporal scales. Those are soil erosion actual status survey and assessment on regional scale, regional dynamic change analysis of soil erosion status, and situation simulation. Soil erosion actual status survey and assessment on regional scale also can be divided into soil erosion risk ranking and soil loss quantitive assessment.Through the time scale, connotation and destination, this paper distinguishes the soil erosion risk ranking and erosion rate quantitative assessment, the two components of soil erosion status investigation. And it is considered that the soil erosion risk ranking is the main means suitable to support regional resources management.(2) Using three methods to assess the same area of Miyun Reservoir and Compareing the results obtained by these methods based on pixel to analysis the reason of differenceAmong these factors that influent the process of water and soil erosion, vegetation cover and slope steepness are selected. The vegetation cover data in the Upper Basin of Miyun Reservoir have been estimated from normalized difference vegetation index derived from Landsat-7 ETM+ images. Based on the pixels of DEM slope steepness is computed. Vegetation cover and topographic factor can be combined as a crosstab model. A soil erosion risk map with six grades can be drawn. Using the method the probability and the extent of soil loss can be measured.The annual soil loss is estimated with a modified version of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). All the data necessary for model factors estimation are collected between 2001 and 2002
论文的主要研究内容与创新点如下:
(1) 对区域土壤侵蚀调查的一部分理论问题进行了探讨
针对研究的时间尺度,提出区域土壤侵蚀研究主要包含三个方面的内容,区域土壤侵蚀调查、区域土壤侵蚀状况变化分析和区域土壤侵蚀状况的模拟与预测;区分了区域尺度上土壤侵蚀调查中土壤侵蚀风险评价和侵蚀定量估算的内涵差异;区域尺度上的土壤侵蚀调查其服务目的倾向于区域尺度的环境信息获取和使用,以及帮助区域尺度的环境政策以及相关政策的制定,标识出环境退化或土地退化的热点区域,审视导致变化和特定土壤功能退化的环境影响,确保人类自然资源和经济资源的最优化使用。相对来说,区域土壤侵蚀风险评价更能满足区域土壤侵蚀调查的应用需求,支持区域管理决策。
(2) 采用三种不同的方法对密云水库上游的土壤侵蚀状况进行了调查,并从统计和空间一致性的角度对三套结果进行了分析比较
论文采用三种方法对密云水库上游地区2002年的土壤侵蚀状况进行调查,获得了三套结果,分别是基于遥感影像的目视解译结果、基于植被与地形信息组合判断的土壤侵蚀风险评价结果和土壤侵蚀量的定量估算及其分级结果。
选择了植被覆盖和坡度信息两个要素,通过植被盖度和坡度信息的不同组合来评价密云水库上游的水土流失风险程度,相对快速、简便地得到区域的水土流失风险分布情况。
利用遥感数据,获取植被覆盖和土地利用信息,提取植被和人为措施因子,收集降雨资料和土壤数据,计算降雨侵蚀力和土壤可蚀性因子,建立区域土壤侵蚀模型,经过诸因子算式及监测模型运算,逐个计算出各像元的年土壤侵蚀模数,对密云水库上游进行了区域土壤侵蚀定量估算。
采用栅格数据格式,以每个图像像元作为样本,通过数据间像元级的比较,衡量两幅图像中每个像元之间的一致性。从统计和空间的一致性,分析对于密云
Soil erosion has become the worldwide serious environment problem, threatening the human sustainable development. Soil erosion concerns multi factors, multi spatial and temporal scales. Remote sensing techniques have the ability to monitor the earth surface physical processes and detect the changes. The geography information system can play an important role in analysis and decision-making. On the regional level, this paper discusses the application purpose and the main parts of soil erosion monitoring and assessment. And this paper studies some methods of remote sensing and GIS applied to regional soil erosion monitoring and assessment.The main conclusions are as following:(1 ) Discussing the theoretical problem of soil erosion monitoring and assessment on regional scaleThis paper summarizes the studies of soil erosion assessment on regional scale to three categories depending on temporal scales. Those are soil erosion actual status survey and assessment on regional scale, regional dynamic change analysis of soil erosion status, and situation simulation. Soil erosion actual status survey and assessment on regional scale also can be divided into soil erosion risk ranking and soil loss quantitive assessment.Through the time scale, connotation and destination, this paper distinguishes the soil erosion risk ranking and erosion rate quantitative assessment, the two components of soil erosion status investigation. And it is considered that the soil erosion risk ranking is the main means suitable to support regional resources management.(2) Using three methods to assess the same area of Miyun Reservoir and Compareing the results obtained by these methods based on pixel to analysis the reason of differenceAmong these factors that influent the process of water and soil erosion, vegetation cover and slope steepness are selected. The vegetation cover data in the Upper Basin of Miyun Reservoir have been estimated from normalized difference vegetation index derived from Landsat-7 ETM+ images. Based on the pixels of DEM slope steepness is computed. Vegetation cover and topographic factor can be combined as a crosstab model. A soil erosion risk map with six grades can be drawn. Using the method the probability and the extent of soil loss can be measured.The annual soil loss is estimated with a modified version of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). All the data necessary for model factors estimation are collected between 2001 and 2002
引文
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