野外风沙跃移运动的观测实验与数值模拟
|
摘要
现阶段风沙运动研究的理论分析与数值模拟主要是在平坦地面、给定风向风速等可控条件下进行的,能够考虑野外真实环境下风速脉动和复杂地形对其影响的研究较少。本学位论文开展了有关野外真实环境下风沙运动机理微宏观方面的一些基础性实验与理论建模及数值模拟,主要研究内容如下：
1、通过与美国农业部土壤风蚀与水土保持研究所合作,配合该研究所大斯普林野外观测站前站长Fryrear研究员对野外测量仪器进行了安装调试,利用调试的一套可以多点同步实时测量风速、风向、温湿度和输沙强度的测量系统,在巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠交汇的甘肃民勤地区对近地层风速、风向、输沙强度、温度和湿度等物理量进行了频率为1Hz的测量；
2、利用野外实验观测得到的风速和输沙强度数据,计算了野外真实环境下的临界起动风速,结果表明由于局部地表特征的变化导致临界起动风速随时问波动很大；通过分析实验观测数据还发现时间步长不同时,水平瞬时风速和跃移强度的相关系数随时间步长的增长成对数增加,当时间步长大于40s时,相关系数趋于稳定；
3、利用建立的风—沙相互耦合的风沙跃移运动模型,研究了脉动风速作用下的输沙率,与实测数据对比说明该模型的合理性；
4、从坡面颗粒受力出发,推导了坡面沙粒起动要求的来流临界摩阻风速计算公式,并利用FLUENT软件模拟了流过沙丘的风场,进一步分析了坡度和坡面位置对临界起动风速的影响；
5、利用FLUENT软件模拟了沙尘暴发生期间18种来流条件下奇华胡安沙漠复杂地形的流场,并与实测数据进行了对照；而后对沙尘暴发生期间不同来流条件下民勤典型新月型沙丘的流场进行了数值模拟,分析了沙丘丘基线上单宽输沙率的变化规律。
Studies of erosion saltation are currently concentrating on wind tunnel experiments, theoretical analyses and numerical simulations under ideal as well as controllable conditions, such as under time-invariant wind speed and flat sand bed. Whereas the researches of effects of fluctuations characteristics of wind velocity and the complex microtopography in real desert on sand saltation appear to be much fewer although these topics have obtained increasing recognition of importance in recent decades. This dissertation presents some basic field experiments and theoretical modeling and computational simulation for erosion saltation, and the main achievements are made in the following aspects:
1. Based on cooperation with Wind Erosion and Water conservation Research Unit of US Agriculture Department, we installed and debugged a system with a former station master of Big Spring Field Station, a soil scientist, Donald (Bill) Fryrear, which was designed to synchronously measure physical quantities, such as fluctuating near-surface wind velocity, sand transport intensity temperature and humidity with 1Hz frequency at two points on the barchan dune in Minqin area, which is located between edges of the Badain Jaran Desert and the Tengger Desert.
2. The measured wind speed and saltation intensity are used to calculate threshold wind speed in local environmental conditions. The results show that the threshold wind speed varies in complex ways, as a result of the variation of local environmental conditions during the dust storm. Through analyzing observational data, it is found that the correlation coefficient between horizontal wind velocity and sand saltation intensity logarithmically increases with the increment of time step when it is less than 40 seconds and then it gradually tends to stable.
3. Using a numerical model of sand saltation, we analyzed the field sand fluxes under the fluctuating wind speed, and the numerical results are fairly coincident with the field experimental results.
4. Through take into consideration of the forces on a grain resting on the slope, we predict the upstream threshold friction velocity for sand particles on sloping beds. Further, quantitative analyses of slope gradient and particle position on the initiation of particle movement are processed based on the CFD-based model.
5. The wind speeds are simulated over the surfaces of complex microtopography in Chihuahuan Desert by FLUENT. The results indicate that the simulated wind speeds are in good agreement with the measured wind speeds. Then the sand fluxes have been calculated at some positions of a dune in Minqin Area during a sand storm event based on the wind field simulated by FLUENT and the variation regularities of sand transport rate along the brink of the dune are analyzed.
1、通过与美国农业部土壤风蚀与水土保持研究所合作,配合该研究所大斯普林野外观测站前站长Fryrear研究员对野外测量仪器进行了安装调试,利用调试的一套可以多点同步实时测量风速、风向、温湿度和输沙强度的测量系统,在巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠交汇的甘肃民勤地区对近地层风速、风向、输沙强度、温度和湿度等物理量进行了频率为1Hz的测量；
2、利用野外实验观测得到的风速和输沙强度数据,计算了野外真实环境下的临界起动风速,结果表明由于局部地表特征的变化导致临界起动风速随时问波动很大；通过分析实验观测数据还发现时间步长不同时,水平瞬时风速和跃移强度的相关系数随时间步长的增长成对数增加,当时间步长大于40s时,相关系数趋于稳定；
3、利用建立的风—沙相互耦合的风沙跃移运动模型,研究了脉动风速作用下的输沙率,与实测数据对比说明该模型的合理性；
4、从坡面颗粒受力出发,推导了坡面沙粒起动要求的来流临界摩阻风速计算公式,并利用FLUENT软件模拟了流过沙丘的风场,进一步分析了坡度和坡面位置对临界起动风速的影响；
5、利用FLUENT软件模拟了沙尘暴发生期间18种来流条件下奇华胡安沙漠复杂地形的流场,并与实测数据进行了对照；而后对沙尘暴发生期间不同来流条件下民勤典型新月型沙丘的流场进行了数值模拟,分析了沙丘丘基线上单宽输沙率的变化规律。
Studies of erosion saltation are currently concentrating on wind tunnel experiments, theoretical analyses and numerical simulations under ideal as well as controllable conditions, such as under time-invariant wind speed and flat sand bed. Whereas the researches of effects of fluctuations characteristics of wind velocity and the complex microtopography in real desert on sand saltation appear to be much fewer although these topics have obtained increasing recognition of importance in recent decades. This dissertation presents some basic field experiments and theoretical modeling and computational simulation for erosion saltation, and the main achievements are made in the following aspects:
1. Based on cooperation with Wind Erosion and Water conservation Research Unit of US Agriculture Department, we installed and debugged a system with a former station master of Big Spring Field Station, a soil scientist, Donald (Bill) Fryrear, which was designed to synchronously measure physical quantities, such as fluctuating near-surface wind velocity, sand transport intensity temperature and humidity with 1Hz frequency at two points on the barchan dune in Minqin area, which is located between edges of the Badain Jaran Desert and the Tengger Desert.
2. The measured wind speed and saltation intensity are used to calculate threshold wind speed in local environmental conditions. The results show that the threshold wind speed varies in complex ways, as a result of the variation of local environmental conditions during the dust storm. Through analyzing observational data, it is found that the correlation coefficient between horizontal wind velocity and sand saltation intensity logarithmically increases with the increment of time step when it is less than 40 seconds and then it gradually tends to stable.
3. Using a numerical model of sand saltation, we analyzed the field sand fluxes under the fluctuating wind speed, and the numerical results are fairly coincident with the field experimental results.
4. Through take into consideration of the forces on a grain resting on the slope, we predict the upstream threshold friction velocity for sand particles on sloping beds. Further, quantitative analyses of slope gradient and particle position on the initiation of particle movement are processed based on the CFD-based model.
5. The wind speeds are simulated over the surfaces of complex microtopography in Chihuahuan Desert by FLUENT. The results indicate that the simulated wind speeds are in good agreement with the measured wind speeds. Then the sand fluxes have been calculated at some positions of a dune in Minqin Area during a sand storm event based on the wind field simulated by FLUENT and the variation regularities of sand transport rate along the brink of the dune are analyzed.
引文
1. Thomas DSQ Knight M, Wiggs GFS.2005. Remobilization of southern African desert dune systems by twenty-first century global warming. Nature,435:1218-1221
2.秦大河,孙鸿烈,孙枢,刘英金.2005.2005-2020年中国气象事业发展战略.地球科学进展,20：268-274
3. Lancaster N.2006. Linear dunes on Titan. Science,312:702-703
4. Greeley R, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bartlett P, Bell IF, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, et al.2004. Wind-Related Processes Detected by the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater, Mars. Science,305, 810, doi:10.1126/science.1100108
5. Schwammle V, Herrmann HJ.2003. Geomorphology:Solitary wave behaviour of sand dunes-Colliding dunes appear to traverse through one another and emerge unscathed. Nature, 426:619-620
6. Werner BT.1999. Complexity in natural landform patterns. Science,284:102-104
7. Anderson R.1996. The attraction of sand dunes. Nature,379:24-25
8. Anderson R, Bunas K.1993. Grain size segregation and stratigraphy in aeolian ripples modelled with a cellular automaton. Nature,365:740-743
9. Zheng XJ, Xie L, Zou XY.2006. Theoretical prediction of liftoff angular velocity distributions of sand particles in windblown sand flux. Journal of Geophysical Research,111, D11109, doi:10.1029/2005JD006164
10. Zheng XJ, Huang N, Zhou Y.2006. The effect of electrostatic force on the evolution of sand saltation cloud. The European Physical Journal E,19:129-138
11. Zhou YH, He QS, Zheng XJ.2004. Attenuation of electro-magnetic wave propagating in sandstorms with consideration of charged sands. The European Physical Journal E, 17:181-187
12. Zheng XJ, He LH, Wu JJ.2004. Vertical profiles of mass flux for windblown sand movement at steady state. Journal of Geophysical Research,109, doi:10.1029/2003JB002656
13. Zheng XJ, Bo TL, Zhu W.2009. A scale-coupled method for simulation of the formation and evolution of aeolian dune field. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences& Numerical Simulation,10:387-395
14.曾庆存,董超华,彭公炳,赵思雄,方宗义.2006.千里黄云-东亚沙尘暴研究.科学出版社,北京
15.陈渭南,董光荣,董治宝.1994.中国北方土壤风蚀问题研究的进展与趋势.地球科学进展,9：6-12
16. Goudie A.1977. Arid Geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography,1:333-338
17. Tsoar H.1994. Bagnold, R.A.1941:The physics of blown sand and desert dunes. London: Methuen Progress in Physical Geography 18:91-96
18. Bagnold RA.1941. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. William Morrow& Company, New York
19.倪晋仁,李振山.2005.风沙两相流理论及其应用.科学出版社
20.黄宁.2002.沙粒带电及风沙电场对风沙跃移运动影响的研究.Ph.D,兰州大学
21. Shao YP.2008. Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion. Springer, University of Cologne, Germany
22. Chepil WS, Woodruff NP.1963. The Physics of Wind Erosion and its Control. Advances in Agronomy,15:211-302
23. Kawamura R.1964. Study of Sand Movement by Wind. Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory. HEL-2-8,99-108. Berkeley:University of California
24. Zingg A, McNown J, Boyer M.1953. Wind tunnel studies of the movement of sedimentary material. Proceedings of the Fifth Hydraulic Conference. Iowa City
25. Owen PR.1964. Saltation of uniform grains in air. Jourmal of Fluid Mechanics,20:225-242
26. Ungar JE, Haff PK.1987. Steady state saltation in air. Sedimentology,34:289-299
27. Anderson RS, Haff PK.1988. Simulation of Eolian Saltation Science,241:820-823
28. Huang N, Zheng XJ.2003. Theoretical simulation of developing process of wind-blown sand movement. Key Engineering Materials,243:589-594
29. Williams G 1964. Some aspects of the eolian saltation load. Sedimentology,3:257-287
30. Lancaster N.1996. Response of Aeolian Processes to Global Climate Change. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,21:587
31. Pye K.1993. Introduction:the nature and significance of aeolian sedimentary systems.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications,72:1-4
32. Lancaster N.1995. Geomorphology of desert dunes. Routledge, London
33. Pye K, Tsoar H.2009. Aeolian sand and sand dunes. Springer, Berlin
34. Barndorff-Nielsen 0, Willetts B.1991. Aeolian grain transport.2. The erosional environment. Springer
35. Barndorff-Nielsen 0, Willetts B.1991. Aeolian grain transport.1. Mechanics. Springer
36.王涛.2003.中国沙漠与沙漠化.河北科学技术出版社
37.董玉祥.2007.国际风沙研究的新进展——记第六届风沙研究国际会议.中国沙漠,27：347-348
38. Lancaster N, Marticorena B.2008. Introduction to special section on Aeolian Processes:Field Observations and Modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface,113, F02S00, doi:10.1029/2008JF001056
39. Bauer BO.2009. Contemporary research in aeolian geomorphology. Geomorphology,105:1-5
40. Shao YP, Kohfeld KE.2008. ICAR 6:Aeolian Processes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,33:1805-1805
41.董治宝.2005.风沙起动形式与起动假说.干旱气象,23：64-69
42. Shao YP, Lu H.2000. A simple expression for wind erosion threshold friction velocity. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,105:22437-22443
43. Chepil WS.1945. Dynamics of wind erosion:Ⅱ. Initiation of soil movement. Soil Sci, 60:397-411
44. Anderson R, Haff P.1991. Wind modification and bed response during saltation of sand in air. Acta Mechanica, 1(Suppl.):21-51
45. Strockton P, Gillette D.1990. Field measurement of the sheltering effect of vegetation on erodible land surfaces. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 2:77—85
46. Stout JE, Zobeck TM.1997. Intermittent saltation. Sedimentology,44:959-970
47. Wiggs GFS, Atherton RJ, Baird AJ.2004. Thresholds of aeolian sand transport:establishing suitable values. Sedimentology,51:95-108
48. Davidson-Arnott RGD, MacQuarrie K, Aagaard T.2005. The effect of wind gusts, moisture content and fetch length on sand transport on a beach. Geomorphology,68:115-129
49. Wiggs GFS, Baird AJ, Atherton RJ.2004. The dynamic effects of moisture on the entrainment and transport of sand by wind. Geomorphology,59:13-30
50. Schonfeldt HJ.2004. Establishing the threshold for intermittent aeolian sediment transport. Meteorologische Zeitschrift,13:437-444
51. Stout JE, Zobeck TM.1996. Establishing the threshold condition for soil movement in wind-eroding fields. International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations, February 1996, Kansas City, Missouri, USA, Midwest Plan Service (MWPS C-3), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA:65-71
52. Stout JE.2004. A method for establishing the critical threshold for aeolian transport in the field. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,29:1195-1207
53. Stout JE.2007. Simultaneous observations of the critical aeolian threshold of two surfaces. Geomorphology,85:3-16
54.吴正.2003.风沙地貌与治沙工程学.科学出版社,北京
55. O'Brien M, Rindlaub B.1936. The transportation of sand by wind. Civil Engineering, 6:325-327
56. Sorensen M.2004. On the rate of aeolian sand transport. Geomorphology,59:53-62
57. Lettau K, Lettau HH.1978. Experimental and micrometeorological field studies of dune migration. In:Lettau HH, Lettau K (eds) Exploring the World's Driest Climate, Madison: Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, pp 110-147
58. White BR.1979. Soil Transport by Winds on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84:4643-4651
59. Bagnold RA.1936. The movement of desert sand. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences,157:594-620
60. Bagnold R.1937. The transport of sand by wind. Geographical Journal:409-438
61. Chepil WS.1945. Dynamics of wind erosion:Ⅲ. The transport capacity of the wind. Soil Sci, 60:475-480
62. Kadib A.1965. A function for sand movement by wind. Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory. HEL-2-12, Berkeley:University of California
63. Zhou YH, Guo X, Zheng XJ.2002. Experimental measurement of wind-sand flux and sand transport for naturally mixed sands. Physical Review E,66, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.021305
64. Hsu S.1971. Wind stress criteria in eolian sand transport. J Geophys Res,76:8684-8686
65. Sorensen M.1991. An analytical model of windblown sand transport. Acta Mechanica,
1(Suppl.):67-81
66. Lancaster N.2009. Dune Morphology and Dynamics. In:Parsons AJ, Abrahams AD (eds) Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Springer, pp 517-555
67. Fryberger S, A.S. G 1981. Arid Geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography,5:420-428
68. Hunter R, Richmond B, Alpha T.1983. Storm-controlled oblique dunes of the Oregon coast. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,94:1450-1465
69. Sauermann G, Rognon P, Poliakov A, Herrmann HJ.2000. The shape of the barchan dunes of Southern Morocco. Geomorphology,36:47-62
70. Finkel H.1959. The barchans of southern Peru. Journal of Geology,67:614-647
71. Sweet M, Nielson J, Havholm K, Farrelley J.1988. Algodones dune field of southeastern California:case history of a migrating modern dune field. Sedimentology,35:939-952
72. Lancaster N.1982. Linear dunes. Progress in Physical Geography,6:475-504
73. Dong ZB, Wang T, Wang XM.2004. Geomorphology of the megadunes in the Badain Jaran desert. Geomorphology,60:191-203
74. Livingstone I, Warren A.1996. Aeolian Geomorphology:An Introduction. Addison Wesley Longman, London
75. Nickling WQ Neuman CM.1999. Recent Investigations of Airflow and Sediment Transport Over Desert Dunes. In:Goudie A, Livingstone I, Stokes S (eds) Aeolian environments, sediments, and landforms. John Wiley& Sons Inc
76. Walker IJ, Nickling WG 2002. Dynamics of secondary airflow and sediment transport over and in the lee of transverse dunes. Progress in Physical Geography,26:47-75
77. Wiggs GFS.2001. Desert dune processes and dynamics. Progress in Physical Geography, 25:53-79
78. Livingstone I, Wiggs GFS, Weaver CM.2007. Geomorphology of desert sand dunes:A review of recent progress. Earth-Science Reviews,80:239-257
79. Best J.1993. On the interactions between turbulent flow structure, sediment transport and bedform development:some considerations from recent experimental research. In: Clifford N, French J, Hardisty J (eds) Turbulence:perspectives on flow and sediment transport. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 61-92
80. Mulligan K.1988. Velocity profiles measured on the windward slope of a transverse dune. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,13:573-582
81. Frank AJ, Kocurek G.1996.Airflow up the stoss slope of sand dunes:Limitations of current understanding. Geomorphology,17:47-54
82. Wiggs GFS, Livingstone I, Warren A.1996. The role of streamline curvature in sand dune dynamics:Evidence from field and wind tunnel measurements. Geomorphology,17:29-46
83. Lancaster N, Nickling WQ Neuman CKM, Wyatt VE.1996. Sediment flux and airflow on the stoss slope of a barchan dune. Geomorphology,17:55-62
84. Butterfield G.1991. Grain transport rates in steady and unsteady turbulent airflows. Acta Mechanica, 1(Suppl.):97-122
85. Butterfield GR.1998. Transitional behaviour of saltation:wind tunnel observations of unsteady winds. Journal of Arid Environments,39:377-394
86. Sterk G, Jacobs AFG, Van Boxel JH.1998. Effect of turbulent flow structures on saltation sand transport in the atmospheric boundary layer. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23:877-887
87. van Boxel JH, Sterk G, Arens SM.2004. Sonic anemometers in aeolian sediment transport research. Geomorphology,59:131-147
88. Leenders JK, van Boxel JH, Sterk G 2005. Wind forces and related saltation transport. Geomorphology,71:357-372
89. Baas ACW, Sherman DJ.2005. Formation and behavior of aeolian streamers. Journal of Geophysical Research,110, F03011, doi:10.1029/2004JF000270
90. Leenders J, Van Boxel J, Sterk G 2005. Wind forces and related saltation transport. Geomorphology,71:357-372
91. Jackson PS, Hunt JCR.1975. Turbulent wind flow over a low hill. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,101:929-955
92. Howard AD.1977. Effect of slope on the threshold of motion and its application to orientation of wind ripples. Geological Society of America Bulletin,88:853-856
93. Howard AD, Morton JB, Gadelhak M, Pierce DB.1978. Sand transport model of barchan dune equilibrium. Sedimentology,25:307-337
94. Weng WS, Hunt JCR, Carruthers DJ, Warren A, Wiggs GFS.1991. Air flow and sand transport over sand-dunes. Acta Mechanica (Suppl),2:1-22
95. Stam JMT.1997. On the modelling of two-dimensional aeolian dunes. Sedimentology, 44:127-141
96.张春来,郝青振,邹学勇,严平.1999.新月形沙丘迎风坡形态及沉积物对表面气流的响应.中国沙漠,19：359-363
97.王训明,董治宝,屈建军,赵爱国.2003.塔克拉玛干沙漠简单线形沙丘形态—动力学过程研究.中国沙漠,23：257-262
98. Herrmann HJ, Andrade JS, Schatz V, Sauermann G, Parteli EJR.2005. Calculation of the separation streamlines of barchans and transverse dunes. Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications,357:44-49
99. Fryrear DW.1986. A Field Dust Sampler. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,41:117-120
100. Shao Y, Raupach MR.1993. Effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,98:12719-12726
101.李振山,倪晋仁.2003.风沙流中风速脉动的实验测量.应用基础与工程科学学报,11：352-360
102. McEwan IK, Willetts BB.1993. Adaptation of the near-surface wind to the development of sand transport. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,252:99-115
103. Anderson RS,Haff PK.1991. Wind modification and bed response during saltation of sand in air. Acta Mechanica, 1(Suppl.):21-51
104. Nemoto M, Nishimura K, Kobayashi S, Izumi K.2004. Numerical study of the time development of drifting snow and its relation to the spatial development. Annals of Glaciology,38:343-350
105. Simmons L, Salter C.1934. Experimental investigation and analysis of the velocity variations in turbulent flow. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character:212-234
106. Kuo A, Corrsin S.1971. Experiments on internal intermittency and fine-structure distribution functions in fully turbulent fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,50:285-319
107. Maitani T.1979. A comparison of turbulence statistics in the surface layer over plant canopies with those over several other surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 17:213-222
108. Zheng XJ.2009. Mechanics of Wind-blown Sand Movements. Springer
109. Rubinow S, Keller J.1961. The transverse force on a spinning sphere moving in a viscous fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,11:447-459
110. White BR, Schulz JC.1977. Magnus effect in saltation. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,
81:497-512
111. Huang N, Zheng XJ, Zhou YH, Van Pelt RS.2006. Simulation of wind-blown sand movement and probability density function of liftoff velocities of sand particles. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,111, D20201, doi:10.1029/2005 JD006559
112. Saffman PG 1965. The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow. Jourmal of Fluid Mechanics,22:385-400
113. Zou XY, Cheng H, Zhang CL, Zhao YZ.2007. Effects of the Magnus and Saffman forces on the saltation trajectories of sand grain. Geomorphology,90:11-22
114. Odar F, Hamilton W.1964. Forces on a sphere accelerating in a viscous fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,18:302-314
115. Vojir DJ, Michaelides EE.1994. Effect of the history term on the motion of rigid spheres in a viscous fluid. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,20:547-556
116.周又和,郑晓静.1999.电磁固体结构力学.
117. Schmidt D, Schmidt R, Dent J.1998. Electrostatic force on saltating sand. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,103:8997-9001
118. Zheng XJ, Huang N, Zhou YH.2003. Laboratory measurement of electrification of wind-blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltation movement. Journal of Geophysical Research,108(D10), doi:10.1029/2002JD002572
119. Raupach MR.1992. Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 60:375-395
120. Neuman CM, Nickling WG. 1994. Momentum Extraction with Saltation-Implications for Experimental Evaluation of Wind-Profile Parameters. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 68:35-50
121. Neuman CM, Maljaars M.1997. Wind tunnel measurement of boundary-layer response to sediment transport. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,84:67-83
122. Spies PJ, McEwan IK, Butterfield GR.1995. On wind velocity profile measurements taken in wind tunnels with saltating grains. Sedimentology,42:515-521
123. Brown S, Nickling WG, Gillies JA.2008. A wind tunnel examination of shear stress partitioning for an assortment of surface roughness distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research,113, doi:10.1029/2007 JF000790
124. Bauer BO, Houser CA, Nickling WG. 2004. Analysis of velocity profile measurements from
wind-tunnel experiments with saltation. Geomorphology,59:81-98
125. Creyssels M, Dupont P, El Moctar A, Valance A, Cantat I, Jenkins J, Pasini J, Rasmussen K. 2009. Saltating particles in a turbulent boundary layer:experiment arid theory. Jourmal of Fluid Mechanics,625:47-74
126. Duran O, Herrmann H.2006. Modelling of saturated sand flux. Journal of Statistical Mechanics:Theory and Experiment, P07011, doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2006/07/P07011
127. Parteli EJR, Duran O, Herrmann HJ.2007. Minimal size of a barchan dune. Physical Review E,75,011301, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.75.011301
128. Momiji H, Nishimori H, Bishop SR.2002. On the shape and migration speed of a proto-dune. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,27:1335-1338
129. Werner B.1995. Eolian dunes; computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology, 23:1107-1110
130. Werner B, Gillespie D.1993. Fundamentally discrete stochastic model for wind ripple dynamics. Physical Review Letters,71:3230-3233
131. Zheng XJ, Bo TL, Xie L.2008. DPTM simulation of aeolian sand ripple. Science in China Series G-Physics Mechanics& Astronomy,51:328-336
132. Nishimori H, Ouchi N.1993. Formation of Ripple Patterns and Dunes by Wind-Blown Sand. Physical Review Letters,71:197-200
133. Potter K, Zobeck T, Hagen L.1990. A microrelief index to estimate soil erodibility by wind. Transactions of the ASAE,33:151-155
134. Liu M, Wang J, Yan P, Liu L, Ge Y, Li X, Hu X, Song Y, Wang L.2006. Wind tunnel simulation of ridge-tillage effects on soil erosion from cropland. Soil Tillage Res, 90:242-249
135. Greeley R, Iversen JD.1985. Wind as a Geological Process:On Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan. Cambridge University Press, New York
136. Phillips M.1980. A force balance model for particle entrainment into a fluid stream. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics,13:221-233
137. Phillips M.1984. Threshold wind velocity for particle entrainment at sub-atmospheric pressures as on the planet Mars. Atmospheric Environment,18:831-835
138. Iversen JD, White BR.1982. Saltation Threshold on Earth, Mars and Venus. Sedimentology, 29:111-119
139. Sarre RD.1987. Aeolian sand transport. Progress in Physical Geography,11:157-182
140. Allen J.1980. Sand waves:a model of origin and internal structure. Sedimentary Geology, 26:281-328
141. Allen JRL.1982. Simple models for the shape and symmetry of tidal sand waves:(1) Statically stable equilibrium forms. Marine Geology,48:31-49
142. Hardisty J, Whitehouse RJS.1988. Evidence for a New Sand Transport Process from Experiments on Saharan Dunes. Nature,332:532-534
143. Iversen JD. Rasmussen KR.1994. The effect of surface slope on saltation threshold. Sedimentology.41:721-728
144. Hunt JCR, Leibovich S, Richards KJ.1988. Turbulent shear flows over low hills. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,114:1435-1470
145. Hunt JCR, Richards KJ, Brighton PWM.1988. Stably stratified shear flow over low hills. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,114:859-886
146. Bradley EF.1980. An experimental study of the profiles of wind speed, shearing stress and turbulence at the crest of a large hill. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,106:101-123
147. Gong WM, Ibbetson A.1989. A Wind-Tunnel Study of Turbulent-Flow over Model Hills. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,49:113-148
148. Walmsley JL, Salmon JR, Taylor PA.1982. On the application of a model of boundary-layer flow over low hills to real terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,23:17-46
149. Mason PJ, Sykes RI.1979. Flow over an isolated hill of moderate slope. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,105:383-395
150. Sykes RI.1980. An asymptotic theory of incompressible turbulent boundarylayer flow over a small hump. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,101:647-670
151. Stam JMT.1996. Migration and growth of aeolian bedforms. Math Geol,28:519-536
152. Momiji H, Bishop SR.2002. Estimating the windward slope profile of a barchan dune. Sedimentology,49:467-481
153. Parsons DR, Wiggs GFS, Walker IJ, Ferguson RI, Garvey BG 2004. Numerical modelling of airflow over an idealised transverse dune. Environmental Modelling& Software, 19:153-162
154. Neuman CM, Lancaster N, Nickling WG 2000. The effect of unsteady winds on sediment
transport on the stoss slope of a transverse dune, Silver Peak, NV, USA. Sedimentology, 47:211-226
155.陶文铨.2001.数值传热学(第二版).西安交通大学出版社,西安
156.FLUENT.2006.FLUENT 6.3 User's Guide.Fluent Inc
157. Launder BE, Spading DB.1974. The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,3:269-289
158.王福军.2004.计算流体动力学分析：CFD软件原理与应用.清华大学出版社
159. Parsons DR, Walker IJ, Wiggs GFS.2004. Numerical modelling of flow structures over idealized transverse aeolian dunes of varying geometry. Geomorphology,59:149-164
160. Patankar S, Spalding D.1972. A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 15:1787-1806
161. Sweet M, Kocurek G 1990. An empirical model of aeolian dune lee-face airflow. Sedimentology,37:1023-1038
162. Frank AJ.1994. Models for airflow velocity profiles in natural settings:Accounting for atmospheric conditions and secondary flow over eolian dumes. Ph. D., University of Texas at Austin
163. Walker IJ, Nickling WG 2003. Simulation and measurement of surface shear stress over isolated and closely spaced transverse dunes in a wind tunnel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,28:1111-1124
164. Gillette DA, Pitchford AM.2004. Sand flux in the northern Chihuahuan desert, New Mexico, USA, and the influence of mesquite-dominated landscapes. Journal of Geophysical Research,109,F04003 doi:10.1029/2003JF000031
165. Gillette DA, Herrick JE, Herbert GA.2006. Wind characteristics of mesquite streets in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 6:241-275
166. Bowker GE, Gillette DA, Bergametti G, Marticorena B, Heist DK.2007. Sand flux Simulations at a small scale over a heterogeneous mesquite area of the northern chihuahuan desert. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,46:1410-1422
167. Bowker GE, Gillette DA, Bergametti Q Marticorena B.2006. Modeling flow patterns in a small vegetated area in the northern Chihuahuan Desert using QUIC (Quick Urban&
Industrial Complex). Environmental Fluid Mechanics,6:359-384
168. Menter F.1994. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAAjournal,32:1598-1605
2.秦大河,孙鸿烈,孙枢,刘英金.2005.2005-2020年中国气象事业发展战略.地球科学进展,20：268-274
3. Lancaster N.2006. Linear dunes on Titan. Science,312:702-703
4. Greeley R, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bartlett P, Bell IF, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, et al.2004. Wind-Related Processes Detected by the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater, Mars. Science,305, 810, doi:10.1126/science.1100108
5. Schwammle V, Herrmann HJ.2003. Geomorphology:Solitary wave behaviour of sand dunes-Colliding dunes appear to traverse through one another and emerge unscathed. Nature, 426:619-620
6. Werner BT.1999. Complexity in natural landform patterns. Science,284:102-104
7. Anderson R.1996. The attraction of sand dunes. Nature,379:24-25
8. Anderson R, Bunas K.1993. Grain size segregation and stratigraphy in aeolian ripples modelled with a cellular automaton. Nature,365:740-743
9. Zheng XJ, Xie L, Zou XY.2006. Theoretical prediction of liftoff angular velocity distributions of sand particles in windblown sand flux. Journal of Geophysical Research,111, D11109, doi:10.1029/2005JD006164
10. Zheng XJ, Huang N, Zhou Y.2006. The effect of electrostatic force on the evolution of sand saltation cloud. The European Physical Journal E,19:129-138
11. Zhou YH, He QS, Zheng XJ.2004. Attenuation of electro-magnetic wave propagating in sandstorms with consideration of charged sands. The European Physical Journal E, 17:181-187
12. Zheng XJ, He LH, Wu JJ.2004. Vertical profiles of mass flux for windblown sand movement at steady state. Journal of Geophysical Research,109, doi:10.1029/2003JB002656
13. Zheng XJ, Bo TL, Zhu W.2009. A scale-coupled method for simulation of the formation and evolution of aeolian dune field. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences& Numerical Simulation,10:387-395
14.曾庆存,董超华,彭公炳,赵思雄,方宗义.2006.千里黄云-东亚沙尘暴研究.科学出版社,北京
15.陈渭南,董光荣,董治宝.1994.中国北方土壤风蚀问题研究的进展与趋势.地球科学进展,9：6-12
16. Goudie A.1977. Arid Geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography,1:333-338
17. Tsoar H.1994. Bagnold, R.A.1941:The physics of blown sand and desert dunes. London: Methuen Progress in Physical Geography 18:91-96
18. Bagnold RA.1941. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. William Morrow& Company, New York
19.倪晋仁,李振山.2005.风沙两相流理论及其应用.科学出版社
20.黄宁.2002.沙粒带电及风沙电场对风沙跃移运动影响的研究.Ph.D,兰州大学
21. Shao YP.2008. Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion. Springer, University of Cologne, Germany
22. Chepil WS, Woodruff NP.1963. The Physics of Wind Erosion and its Control. Advances in Agronomy,15:211-302
23. Kawamura R.1964. Study of Sand Movement by Wind. Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory. HEL-2-8,99-108. Berkeley:University of California
24. Zingg A, McNown J, Boyer M.1953. Wind tunnel studies of the movement of sedimentary material. Proceedings of the Fifth Hydraulic Conference. Iowa City
25. Owen PR.1964. Saltation of uniform grains in air. Jourmal of Fluid Mechanics,20:225-242
26. Ungar JE, Haff PK.1987. Steady state saltation in air. Sedimentology,34:289-299
27. Anderson RS, Haff PK.1988. Simulation of Eolian Saltation Science,241:820-823
28. Huang N, Zheng XJ.2003. Theoretical simulation of developing process of wind-blown sand movement. Key Engineering Materials,243:589-594
29. Williams G 1964. Some aspects of the eolian saltation load. Sedimentology,3:257-287
30. Lancaster N.1996. Response of Aeolian Processes to Global Climate Change. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,21:587
31. Pye K.1993. Introduction:the nature and significance of aeolian sedimentary systems.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications,72:1-4
32. Lancaster N.1995. Geomorphology of desert dunes. Routledge, London
33. Pye K, Tsoar H.2009. Aeolian sand and sand dunes. Springer, Berlin
34. Barndorff-Nielsen 0, Willetts B.1991. Aeolian grain transport.2. The erosional environment. Springer
35. Barndorff-Nielsen 0, Willetts B.1991. Aeolian grain transport.1. Mechanics. Springer
36.王涛.2003.中国沙漠与沙漠化.河北科学技术出版社
37.董玉祥.2007.国际风沙研究的新进展——记第六届风沙研究国际会议.中国沙漠,27：347-348
38. Lancaster N, Marticorena B.2008. Introduction to special section on Aeolian Processes:Field Observations and Modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface,113, F02S00, doi:10.1029/2008JF001056
39. Bauer BO.2009. Contemporary research in aeolian geomorphology. Geomorphology,105:1-5
40. Shao YP, Kohfeld KE.2008. ICAR 6:Aeolian Processes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,33:1805-1805
41.董治宝.2005.风沙起动形式与起动假说.干旱气象,23：64-69
42. Shao YP, Lu H.2000. A simple expression for wind erosion threshold friction velocity. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,105:22437-22443
43. Chepil WS.1945. Dynamics of wind erosion:Ⅱ. Initiation of soil movement. Soil Sci, 60:397-411
44. Anderson R, Haff P.1991. Wind modification and bed response during saltation of sand in air. Acta Mechanica, 1(Suppl.):21-51
45. Strockton P, Gillette D.1990. Field measurement of the sheltering effect of vegetation on erodible land surfaces. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 2:77—85
46. Stout JE, Zobeck TM.1997. Intermittent saltation. Sedimentology,44:959-970
47. Wiggs GFS, Atherton RJ, Baird AJ.2004. Thresholds of aeolian sand transport:establishing suitable values. Sedimentology,51:95-108
48. Davidson-Arnott RGD, MacQuarrie K, Aagaard T.2005. The effect of wind gusts, moisture content and fetch length on sand transport on a beach. Geomorphology,68:115-129
49. Wiggs GFS, Baird AJ, Atherton RJ.2004. The dynamic effects of moisture on the entrainment and transport of sand by wind. Geomorphology,59:13-30
50. Schonfeldt HJ.2004. Establishing the threshold for intermittent aeolian sediment transport. Meteorologische Zeitschrift,13:437-444
51. Stout JE, Zobeck TM.1996. Establishing the threshold condition for soil movement in wind-eroding fields. International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations, February 1996, Kansas City, Missouri, USA, Midwest Plan Service (MWPS C-3), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA:65-71
52. Stout JE.2004. A method for establishing the critical threshold for aeolian transport in the field. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,29:1195-1207
53. Stout JE.2007. Simultaneous observations of the critical aeolian threshold of two surfaces. Geomorphology,85:3-16
54.吴正.2003.风沙地貌与治沙工程学.科学出版社,北京
55. O'Brien M, Rindlaub B.1936. The transportation of sand by wind. Civil Engineering, 6:325-327
56. Sorensen M.2004. On the rate of aeolian sand transport. Geomorphology,59:53-62
57. Lettau K, Lettau HH.1978. Experimental and micrometeorological field studies of dune migration. In:Lettau HH, Lettau K (eds) Exploring the World's Driest Climate, Madison: Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, pp 110-147
58. White BR.1979. Soil Transport by Winds on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84:4643-4651
59. Bagnold RA.1936. The movement of desert sand. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences,157:594-620
60. Bagnold R.1937. The transport of sand by wind. Geographical Journal:409-438
61. Chepil WS.1945. Dynamics of wind erosion:Ⅲ. The transport capacity of the wind. Soil Sci, 60:475-480
62. Kadib A.1965. A function for sand movement by wind. Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory. HEL-2-12, Berkeley:University of California
63. Zhou YH, Guo X, Zheng XJ.2002. Experimental measurement of wind-sand flux and sand transport for naturally mixed sands. Physical Review E,66, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.021305
64. Hsu S.1971. Wind stress criteria in eolian sand transport. J Geophys Res,76:8684-8686
65. Sorensen M.1991. An analytical model of windblown sand transport. Acta Mechanica,
1(Suppl.):67-81
66. Lancaster N.2009. Dune Morphology and Dynamics. In:Parsons AJ, Abrahams AD (eds) Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Springer, pp 517-555
67. Fryberger S, A.S. G 1981. Arid Geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography,5:420-428
68. Hunter R, Richmond B, Alpha T.1983. Storm-controlled oblique dunes of the Oregon coast. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,94:1450-1465
69. Sauermann G, Rognon P, Poliakov A, Herrmann HJ.2000. The shape of the barchan dunes of Southern Morocco. Geomorphology,36:47-62
70. Finkel H.1959. The barchans of southern Peru. Journal of Geology,67:614-647
71. Sweet M, Nielson J, Havholm K, Farrelley J.1988. Algodones dune field of southeastern California:case history of a migrating modern dune field. Sedimentology,35:939-952
72. Lancaster N.1982. Linear dunes. Progress in Physical Geography,6:475-504
73. Dong ZB, Wang T, Wang XM.2004. Geomorphology of the megadunes in the Badain Jaran desert. Geomorphology,60:191-203
74. Livingstone I, Warren A.1996. Aeolian Geomorphology:An Introduction. Addison Wesley Longman, London
75. Nickling WQ Neuman CM.1999. Recent Investigations of Airflow and Sediment Transport Over Desert Dunes. In:Goudie A, Livingstone I, Stokes S (eds) Aeolian environments, sediments, and landforms. John Wiley& Sons Inc
76. Walker IJ, Nickling WG 2002. Dynamics of secondary airflow and sediment transport over and in the lee of transverse dunes. Progress in Physical Geography,26:47-75
77. Wiggs GFS.2001. Desert dune processes and dynamics. Progress in Physical Geography, 25:53-79
78. Livingstone I, Wiggs GFS, Weaver CM.2007. Geomorphology of desert sand dunes:A review of recent progress. Earth-Science Reviews,80:239-257
79. Best J.1993. On the interactions between turbulent flow structure, sediment transport and bedform development:some considerations from recent experimental research. In: Clifford N, French J, Hardisty J (eds) Turbulence:perspectives on flow and sediment transport. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 61-92
80. Mulligan K.1988. Velocity profiles measured on the windward slope of a transverse dune. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,13:573-582
81. Frank AJ, Kocurek G.1996.Airflow up the stoss slope of sand dunes:Limitations of current understanding. Geomorphology,17:47-54
82. Wiggs GFS, Livingstone I, Warren A.1996. The role of streamline curvature in sand dune dynamics:Evidence from field and wind tunnel measurements. Geomorphology,17:29-46
83. Lancaster N, Nickling WQ Neuman CKM, Wyatt VE.1996. Sediment flux and airflow on the stoss slope of a barchan dune. Geomorphology,17:55-62
84. Butterfield G.1991. Grain transport rates in steady and unsteady turbulent airflows. Acta Mechanica, 1(Suppl.):97-122
85. Butterfield GR.1998. Transitional behaviour of saltation:wind tunnel observations of unsteady winds. Journal of Arid Environments,39:377-394
86. Sterk G, Jacobs AFG, Van Boxel JH.1998. Effect of turbulent flow structures on saltation sand transport in the atmospheric boundary layer. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23:877-887
87. van Boxel JH, Sterk G, Arens SM.2004. Sonic anemometers in aeolian sediment transport research. Geomorphology,59:131-147
88. Leenders JK, van Boxel JH, Sterk G 2005. Wind forces and related saltation transport. Geomorphology,71:357-372
89. Baas ACW, Sherman DJ.2005. Formation and behavior of aeolian streamers. Journal of Geophysical Research,110, F03011, doi:10.1029/2004JF000270
90. Leenders J, Van Boxel J, Sterk G 2005. Wind forces and related saltation transport. Geomorphology,71:357-372
91. Jackson PS, Hunt JCR.1975. Turbulent wind flow over a low hill. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,101:929-955
92. Howard AD.1977. Effect of slope on the threshold of motion and its application to orientation of wind ripples. Geological Society of America Bulletin,88:853-856
93. Howard AD, Morton JB, Gadelhak M, Pierce DB.1978. Sand transport model of barchan dune equilibrium. Sedimentology,25:307-337
94. Weng WS, Hunt JCR, Carruthers DJ, Warren A, Wiggs GFS.1991. Air flow and sand transport over sand-dunes. Acta Mechanica (Suppl),2:1-22
95. Stam JMT.1997. On the modelling of two-dimensional aeolian dunes. Sedimentology, 44:127-141
96.张春来,郝青振,邹学勇,严平.1999.新月形沙丘迎风坡形态及沉积物对表面气流的响应.中国沙漠,19：359-363
97.王训明,董治宝,屈建军,赵爱国.2003.塔克拉玛干沙漠简单线形沙丘形态—动力学过程研究.中国沙漠,23：257-262
98. Herrmann HJ, Andrade JS, Schatz V, Sauermann G, Parteli EJR.2005. Calculation of the separation streamlines of barchans and transverse dunes. Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications,357:44-49
99. Fryrear DW.1986. A Field Dust Sampler. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,41:117-120
100. Shao Y, Raupach MR.1993. Effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,98:12719-12726
101.李振山,倪晋仁.2003.风沙流中风速脉动的实验测量.应用基础与工程科学学报,11：352-360
102. McEwan IK, Willetts BB.1993. Adaptation of the near-surface wind to the development of sand transport. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,252:99-115
103. Anderson RS,Haff PK.1991. Wind modification and bed response during saltation of sand in air. Acta Mechanica, 1(Suppl.):21-51
104. Nemoto M, Nishimura K, Kobayashi S, Izumi K.2004. Numerical study of the time development of drifting snow and its relation to the spatial development. Annals of Glaciology,38:343-350
105. Simmons L, Salter C.1934. Experimental investigation and analysis of the velocity variations in turbulent flow. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character:212-234
106. Kuo A, Corrsin S.1971. Experiments on internal intermittency and fine-structure distribution functions in fully turbulent fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,50:285-319
107. Maitani T.1979. A comparison of turbulence statistics in the surface layer over plant canopies with those over several other surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 17:213-222
108. Zheng XJ.2009. Mechanics of Wind-blown Sand Movements. Springer
109. Rubinow S, Keller J.1961. The transverse force on a spinning sphere moving in a viscous fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,11:447-459
110. White BR, Schulz JC.1977. Magnus effect in saltation. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,
81:497-512
111. Huang N, Zheng XJ, Zhou YH, Van Pelt RS.2006. Simulation of wind-blown sand movement and probability density function of liftoff velocities of sand particles. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,111, D20201, doi:10.1029/2005 JD006559
112. Saffman PG 1965. The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow. Jourmal of Fluid Mechanics,22:385-400
113. Zou XY, Cheng H, Zhang CL, Zhao YZ.2007. Effects of the Magnus and Saffman forces on the saltation trajectories of sand grain. Geomorphology,90:11-22
114. Odar F, Hamilton W.1964. Forces on a sphere accelerating in a viscous fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,18:302-314
115. Vojir DJ, Michaelides EE.1994. Effect of the history term on the motion of rigid spheres in a viscous fluid. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,20:547-556
116.周又和,郑晓静.1999.电磁固体结构力学.
117. Schmidt D, Schmidt R, Dent J.1998. Electrostatic force on saltating sand. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,103:8997-9001
118. Zheng XJ, Huang N, Zhou YH.2003. Laboratory measurement of electrification of wind-blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltation movement. Journal of Geophysical Research,108(D10), doi:10.1029/2002JD002572
119. Raupach MR.1992. Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 60:375-395
120. Neuman CM, Nickling WG. 1994. Momentum Extraction with Saltation-Implications for Experimental Evaluation of Wind-Profile Parameters. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 68:35-50
121. Neuman CM, Maljaars M.1997. Wind tunnel measurement of boundary-layer response to sediment transport. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,84:67-83
122. Spies PJ, McEwan IK, Butterfield GR.1995. On wind velocity profile measurements taken in wind tunnels with saltating grains. Sedimentology,42:515-521
123. Brown S, Nickling WG, Gillies JA.2008. A wind tunnel examination of shear stress partitioning for an assortment of surface roughness distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research,113, doi:10.1029/2007 JF000790
124. Bauer BO, Houser CA, Nickling WG. 2004. Analysis of velocity profile measurements from
wind-tunnel experiments with saltation. Geomorphology,59:81-98
125. Creyssels M, Dupont P, El Moctar A, Valance A, Cantat I, Jenkins J, Pasini J, Rasmussen K. 2009. Saltating particles in a turbulent boundary layer:experiment arid theory. Jourmal of Fluid Mechanics,625:47-74
126. Duran O, Herrmann H.2006. Modelling of saturated sand flux. Journal of Statistical Mechanics:Theory and Experiment, P07011, doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2006/07/P07011
127. Parteli EJR, Duran O, Herrmann HJ.2007. Minimal size of a barchan dune. Physical Review E,75,011301, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.75.011301
128. Momiji H, Nishimori H, Bishop SR.2002. On the shape and migration speed of a proto-dune. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,27:1335-1338
129. Werner B.1995. Eolian dunes; computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology, 23:1107-1110
130. Werner B, Gillespie D.1993. Fundamentally discrete stochastic model for wind ripple dynamics. Physical Review Letters,71:3230-3233
131. Zheng XJ, Bo TL, Xie L.2008. DPTM simulation of aeolian sand ripple. Science in China Series G-Physics Mechanics& Astronomy,51:328-336
132. Nishimori H, Ouchi N.1993. Formation of Ripple Patterns and Dunes by Wind-Blown Sand. Physical Review Letters,71:197-200
133. Potter K, Zobeck T, Hagen L.1990. A microrelief index to estimate soil erodibility by wind. Transactions of the ASAE,33:151-155
134. Liu M, Wang J, Yan P, Liu L, Ge Y, Li X, Hu X, Song Y, Wang L.2006. Wind tunnel simulation of ridge-tillage effects on soil erosion from cropland. Soil Tillage Res, 90:242-249
135. Greeley R, Iversen JD.1985. Wind as a Geological Process:On Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan. Cambridge University Press, New York
136. Phillips M.1980. A force balance model for particle entrainment into a fluid stream. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics,13:221-233
137. Phillips M.1984. Threshold wind velocity for particle entrainment at sub-atmospheric pressures as on the planet Mars. Atmospheric Environment,18:831-835
138. Iversen JD, White BR.1982. Saltation Threshold on Earth, Mars and Venus. Sedimentology, 29:111-119
139. Sarre RD.1987. Aeolian sand transport. Progress in Physical Geography,11:157-182
140. Allen J.1980. Sand waves:a model of origin and internal structure. Sedimentary Geology, 26:281-328
141. Allen JRL.1982. Simple models for the shape and symmetry of tidal sand waves:(1) Statically stable equilibrium forms. Marine Geology,48:31-49
142. Hardisty J, Whitehouse RJS.1988. Evidence for a New Sand Transport Process from Experiments on Saharan Dunes. Nature,332:532-534
143. Iversen JD. Rasmussen KR.1994. The effect of surface slope on saltation threshold. Sedimentology.41:721-728
144. Hunt JCR, Leibovich S, Richards KJ.1988. Turbulent shear flows over low hills. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,114:1435-1470
145. Hunt JCR, Richards KJ, Brighton PWM.1988. Stably stratified shear flow over low hills. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,114:859-886
146. Bradley EF.1980. An experimental study of the profiles of wind speed, shearing stress and turbulence at the crest of a large hill. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,106:101-123
147. Gong WM, Ibbetson A.1989. A Wind-Tunnel Study of Turbulent-Flow over Model Hills. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,49:113-148
148. Walmsley JL, Salmon JR, Taylor PA.1982. On the application of a model of boundary-layer flow over low hills to real terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,23:17-46
149. Mason PJ, Sykes RI.1979. Flow over an isolated hill of moderate slope. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,105:383-395
150. Sykes RI.1980. An asymptotic theory of incompressible turbulent boundarylayer flow over a small hump. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,101:647-670
151. Stam JMT.1996. Migration and growth of aeolian bedforms. Math Geol,28:519-536
152. Momiji H, Bishop SR.2002. Estimating the windward slope profile of a barchan dune. Sedimentology,49:467-481
153. Parsons DR, Wiggs GFS, Walker IJ, Ferguson RI, Garvey BG 2004. Numerical modelling of airflow over an idealised transverse dune. Environmental Modelling& Software, 19:153-162
154. Neuman CM, Lancaster N, Nickling WG 2000. The effect of unsteady winds on sediment
transport on the stoss slope of a transverse dune, Silver Peak, NV, USA. Sedimentology, 47:211-226
155.陶文铨.2001.数值传热学(第二版).西安交通大学出版社,西安
156.FLUENT.2006.FLUENT 6.3 User's Guide.Fluent Inc
157. Launder BE, Spading DB.1974. The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,3:269-289
158.王福军.2004.计算流体动力学分析：CFD软件原理与应用.清华大学出版社
159. Parsons DR, Walker IJ, Wiggs GFS.2004. Numerical modelling of flow structures over idealized transverse aeolian dunes of varying geometry. Geomorphology,59:149-164
160. Patankar S, Spalding D.1972. A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 15:1787-1806
161. Sweet M, Kocurek G 1990. An empirical model of aeolian dune lee-face airflow. Sedimentology,37:1023-1038
162. Frank AJ.1994. Models for airflow velocity profiles in natural settings:Accounting for atmospheric conditions and secondary flow over eolian dumes. Ph. D., University of Texas at Austin
163. Walker IJ, Nickling WG 2003. Simulation and measurement of surface shear stress over isolated and closely spaced transverse dunes in a wind tunnel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,28:1111-1124
164. Gillette DA, Pitchford AM.2004. Sand flux in the northern Chihuahuan desert, New Mexico, USA, and the influence of mesquite-dominated landscapes. Journal of Geophysical Research,109,F04003 doi:10.1029/2003JF000031
165. Gillette DA, Herrick JE, Herbert GA.2006. Wind characteristics of mesquite streets in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 6:241-275
166. Bowker GE, Gillette DA, Bergametti G, Marticorena B, Heist DK.2007. Sand flux Simulations at a small scale over a heterogeneous mesquite area of the northern chihuahuan desert. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,46:1410-1422
167. Bowker GE, Gillette DA, Bergametti Q Marticorena B.2006. Modeling flow patterns in a small vegetated area in the northern Chihuahuan Desert using QUIC (Quick Urban&
Industrial Complex). Environmental Fluid Mechanics,6:359-384
168. Menter F.1994. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAAjournal,32:1598-1605