中国部分动物园灵长类动物胃肠道寄生虫与大肠杆菌的调查研究
|
摘要
野生动物是宝贵的自然资源,保护野生动物是全人类的共同责任。非人灵长类动物中的许多物种已属于世界濒危物种。胃肠道寄生虫和大肠杆菌,是严重危害非人灵长类动物的常见病原。
本研究主要是对中国14个动物园中的非人灵长类动物的胃肠道寄生虫进行了调查研究,并完成了9个动物园非人灵长类动物肠道大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验。
采用循序沉淀法以及饱和硫酸镁漂浮法和饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法等检测方法对全国14个动物园的8科25属48种951只非人灵长类动物的胃肠道寄生虫进行了检查,共检测出9种胃肠道寄生虫,分别为：Strongyloides fulleborni (2.21%), Trichuris trichiura(14.20%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.58%), Enterobius sp. (0.84%), Ascaris sp. (0.32%), Hymenolepis nana (0.95%), Eimeria sp. (0.42%), Entamoeba spp.(0.11%)和Giardia duodenalis (0.32%)。调查结果显示：不同动物园动物鞭虫的感染率无显著差异(P=0.509)；而不同动物种类的鞭虫感染率存在显著差异(P<0.001),其中川金丝猴的Trichuris trichiura感染极高,与其他14种鞭虫卵为阳性的灵长类动物相比,存在显著性差异(P<0.001)；而其他14种鞭虫卵为阳性的灵长类动物之间无显著性差异(P=0.471)。
从9个动物园的8科25属48种非人灵长类动物中,采集了330份粪便样品,经过细菌分离培养后,并经染色镜检和生化试验等分离鉴定出169株大肠杆菌。按照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)的判定标准,对分离得到的169株大肠杆菌进行了22种常用抗生素及其他抗生素类药物的药敏试验,结果表明169株大肠杆菌均表现出不同程度的耐药性,耐药范围较广,其中,耐药程度最高的是羧苄青霉素(耐药率：90.53%),其次是磺胺甲基异噁唑(耐药率：82.25%)；敏感度最高的是亚胺硫霉素(敏感率：93.49%),其次为奈替米星(敏感率：81.66%)；而对头孢噻肟为中度敏感(敏感率：56.80%),其次为阿奇霉素(敏感率：40.24%)。在169株大肠杆菌分离株中存在较为严重的多重耐药性,耐3-9种抗菌药物的菌株最多,有114株,占分离菌株的67.46%；耐10种以上抗菌药物的菌株有51株,占分离菌株的30.18%。在所调查的9个动物园中,在广州某动物园(GZ)、成都某动物园(CD)、陕西某野生动物救护站(SX)、重庆某动物园(CQ)、兰州某动物园(LZ)、上海某野生动物园(SHW)和上海某动物园(SHZ)等7个动物园大肠杆菌分离株间耐药率无差异(P=0.108)；在重庆某动物园(CQ)、兰州某动物园(LZ)、上海某野生动物园(SHW)、上海某动物园(SHZ)和北京某动物园(BJ)等5个动物园大肠杆菌分离株间耐药率无差异(P=0.145)；而太原某动物园(TY)与其他8个动物园的大肠杆菌分离株相比,其耐药率差异显著(P<0.001)。
As valuable natural resources, the wild animals should be protected by all mankind as the common responsibility. With the most common gastrointestinal parasites' and the most serious pathogens E.coli presence, many species of non-human primates belong to the world's endangered species. The present work was performed to survey the gastrointestinal parasites of non-human primate from 14 zoogical gardens in China, and also to finish the isolation, identification and susceptibility test of intestinal E. coli in those animals from 9 zoogical gardens.
Sequential precipitation method, saturated magnesium sulfate flotation method, and saturated sugar solution flotation method were used to investigate the infection of intestinal parasites.951 non-human primates, including 8 family,25 genus,48 species from 14 Zoos around the country, were carried out the inspection of gastrointestinal parasites. As a result, nine kinds of gastrointestinal parasites were detected. And the prevalence of parasitism as follows, Strongyloides fulleborni (2.21%), Trichuris trichiura(14.20%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.58%), Enterobius sp. (0.84%), Ascaris sp. (0.32%), Hymenolepis nana (0.95%), Eimeria sp. (0.42%), Entamoeba spp. (0.11%) and Giardia duodenalis (0.32%). There was no significant difference in Trichuris trichiura prevalence between different zoos (p=0.509), but there was significant difference between different animals species (p<0.001). There was significant difference in Trichuris trichiura prevalence between Rhinopithecus roxellanae, which has the highest infection rate to Trichuris trichiura,and other 14 species positive primates (p<0.001),however,there was no significant difference among the other positive primates(p=0.471).
A total of 330 fecal samples were collected and examined for intestinal E. coli. 169 E. coli were isolated and identified by a series of tests, including isolation of bacteria, biochemical tests, etc.According to the U.S.Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (CLSI), antimicrobial susceptibility test, against 22 kinds of common antibiotics and other antibiotics, were carried out to the 169 E.coli which isolated. Our results indicated that the 169 E.coli showed different degrees of drug resistance. They were of the highest resistance to carbenicillin(drug resistance rate:90.53%),followed by sulfamethoxazole(82.25%).They had the highest sensitivity to Imipenem (sensitivity rate:93.49%), followed by netilmicin (81.66%); While moderately sensitive to cefotaxime(sensitivity rate:56.80%), followed by azithromycin (40.24%).The phenomenon of multiple drug resistance occurred in E.coli.114 of them were indentified to resistant three to nine kinds of antibiotics; 51 of them resistant more than ten kinds of antibiotics. There was significant difference in drug resistance rate between TY zoo and the other 8 zoos (p<0.001);while there was no significant difference between the others.
本研究主要是对中国14个动物园中的非人灵长类动物的胃肠道寄生虫进行了调查研究,并完成了9个动物园非人灵长类动物肠道大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验。
采用循序沉淀法以及饱和硫酸镁漂浮法和饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法等检测方法对全国14个动物园的8科25属48种951只非人灵长类动物的胃肠道寄生虫进行了检查,共检测出9种胃肠道寄生虫,分别为：Strongyloides fulleborni (2.21%), Trichuris trichiura(14.20%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.58%), Enterobius sp. (0.84%), Ascaris sp. (0.32%), Hymenolepis nana (0.95%), Eimeria sp. (0.42%), Entamoeba spp.(0.11%)和Giardia duodenalis (0.32%)。调查结果显示：不同动物园动物鞭虫的感染率无显著差异(P=0.509)；而不同动物种类的鞭虫感染率存在显著差异(P<0.001),其中川金丝猴的Trichuris trichiura感染极高,与其他14种鞭虫卵为阳性的灵长类动物相比,存在显著性差异(P<0.001)；而其他14种鞭虫卵为阳性的灵长类动物之间无显著性差异(P=0.471)。
从9个动物园的8科25属48种非人灵长类动物中,采集了330份粪便样品,经过细菌分离培养后,并经染色镜检和生化试验等分离鉴定出169株大肠杆菌。按照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)的判定标准,对分离得到的169株大肠杆菌进行了22种常用抗生素及其他抗生素类药物的药敏试验,结果表明169株大肠杆菌均表现出不同程度的耐药性,耐药范围较广,其中,耐药程度最高的是羧苄青霉素(耐药率：90.53%),其次是磺胺甲基异噁唑(耐药率：82.25%)；敏感度最高的是亚胺硫霉素(敏感率：93.49%),其次为奈替米星(敏感率：81.66%)；而对头孢噻肟为中度敏感(敏感率：56.80%),其次为阿奇霉素(敏感率：40.24%)。在169株大肠杆菌分离株中存在较为严重的多重耐药性,耐3-9种抗菌药物的菌株最多,有114株,占分离菌株的67.46%；耐10种以上抗菌药物的菌株有51株,占分离菌株的30.18%。在所调查的9个动物园中,在广州某动物园(GZ)、成都某动物园(CD)、陕西某野生动物救护站(SX)、重庆某动物园(CQ)、兰州某动物园(LZ)、上海某野生动物园(SHW)和上海某动物园(SHZ)等7个动物园大肠杆菌分离株间耐药率无差异(P=0.108)；在重庆某动物园(CQ)、兰州某动物园(LZ)、上海某野生动物园(SHW)、上海某动物园(SHZ)和北京某动物园(BJ)等5个动物园大肠杆菌分离株间耐药率无差异(P=0.145)；而太原某动物园(TY)与其他8个动物园的大肠杆菌分离株相比,其耐药率差异显著(P<0.001)。
As valuable natural resources, the wild animals should be protected by all mankind as the common responsibility. With the most common gastrointestinal parasites' and the most serious pathogens E.coli presence, many species of non-human primates belong to the world's endangered species. The present work was performed to survey the gastrointestinal parasites of non-human primate from 14 zoogical gardens in China, and also to finish the isolation, identification and susceptibility test of intestinal E. coli in those animals from 9 zoogical gardens.
Sequential precipitation method, saturated magnesium sulfate flotation method, and saturated sugar solution flotation method were used to investigate the infection of intestinal parasites.951 non-human primates, including 8 family,25 genus,48 species from 14 Zoos around the country, were carried out the inspection of gastrointestinal parasites. As a result, nine kinds of gastrointestinal parasites were detected. And the prevalence of parasitism as follows, Strongyloides fulleborni (2.21%), Trichuris trichiura(14.20%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.58%), Enterobius sp. (0.84%), Ascaris sp. (0.32%), Hymenolepis nana (0.95%), Eimeria sp. (0.42%), Entamoeba spp. (0.11%) and Giardia duodenalis (0.32%). There was no significant difference in Trichuris trichiura prevalence between different zoos (p=0.509), but there was significant difference between different animals species (p<0.001). There was significant difference in Trichuris trichiura prevalence between Rhinopithecus roxellanae, which has the highest infection rate to Trichuris trichiura,and other 14 species positive primates (p<0.001),however,there was no significant difference among the other positive primates(p=0.471).
A total of 330 fecal samples were collected and examined for intestinal E. coli. 169 E. coli were isolated and identified by a series of tests, including isolation of bacteria, biochemical tests, etc.According to the U.S.Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (CLSI), antimicrobial susceptibility test, against 22 kinds of common antibiotics and other antibiotics, were carried out to the 169 E.coli which isolated. Our results indicated that the 169 E.coli showed different degrees of drug resistance. They were of the highest resistance to carbenicillin(drug resistance rate:90.53%),followed by sulfamethoxazole(82.25%).They had the highest sensitivity to Imipenem (sensitivity rate:93.49%), followed by netilmicin (81.66%); While moderately sensitive to cefotaxime(sensitivity rate:56.80%), followed by azithromycin (40.24%).The phenomenon of multiple drug resistance occurred in E.coli.114 of them were indentified to resistant three to nine kinds of antibiotics; 51 of them resistant more than ten kinds of antibiotics. There was significant difference in drug resistance rate between TY zoo and the other 8 zoos (p<0.001);while there was no significant difference between the others.
引文
[1]Daszak P, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife--threats to biodiversity and human health[J].Science,2000,287 (5452): 443-449.
[2]Miller R A, Bronsdon M A, Kuller L, et al.Clinical and parasitologic aspects of cryptosporidiosis in nonhuman primates[J].Lab Anim Sci,1990,40(1):42-46.
[3]Hamlen H J, Lawrence J M. Giardiasis in laboratory-housed squirrel monkeys:a retrospective study[J].Lab Anim Sci,1994,44(3):235-239.
[4]File S, Kessler M. Parasites of free-ranging Cayo Santiago macaques after 46 years of isolation[J].18,1989,3(Am J Primatol):231-236.
[5]Ekanayake D K, Arulkanthan A, Horadagoda N U, et al.Prevalence of cryptosporidium and other enteric parasites among wild non-human primates in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,2006,74(2):322-329.
[6]Jones-Engel L, Engel G A,Schillact M A, et al. Prevalence of enteric parasites in pet macaques in Sulawesi,Indonesia.[J].Am J Primatol,2004,62(2):71-82.
[7]Gotoh S.Regional differences in the infection of wild Japanese macaques by gastrointestinal helminth parasites[J].Primates,2000,41:291-298.
[8]Gotoh S, Takenada O, Watanabe K. Hematological values and parasite fauna in free-ranging Macaca hecki and M. heckil M. tonkeana hybrid group of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia[J].Primates,2001,42:27-34.
[9]Kessler M J, Yarbrough B, Rawlins R G, et al.Intestinal parasites of the free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)[J].J Med Primatol,1984,13(2):57-66.
[10]Beaver P, Blanchard J, Seibold H.Invasive amebiasis in naturally infected New World and Old World monkeys with and without clinical disease[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1988,39(4):343-352.
[11]Levecke B, Dorny P, Geurden T, et al.Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium[J].Vet Parasitol,2007,148(3-4): 236-246.
[12]龚光建,杨明海.北京动物园动物粪便寄生虫卵检查及分析[J].中国兽医杂志,1998,24(07)：19-20.
[13]侯意谛.不同猕猴群自然感染肠道寄生虫的调查[J].上海实验动物科学,1990,10(3)：166.
[14]侯意谛.我国几种猕猴属动物肠道寄生虫的调查[J].动物学研究,1989(03)：194.
[15]钱开明,方林.不同生活环境猕猴肠道寄生虫感染情况调查[J].上海实验动物科学,1 992(02).
[16]肖映珍,刘毅,鲁清桃.长沙动物园野生动物肠道寄生虫的调查[J].湖南畜牧兽医,2001(01).
[17]车桂翠,张恩珠,贲亚华.动物园动物体内寄生虫的调查[J].中国兽医杂志,2000,26(04)：26.
[18]刘洪波,王道地,张玲莉,等.动物园野生动物内寄生虫调查及驱虫试验[J].中国兽医杂志,1988,14(10)：16-17.
[19]刘雪筠.广东3个猕猴场的寄生虫病调查初报[J].上海实验动物科学,1992(02).
[20]韦毅,唐文红.广西地区红面猴(Macaca arctoides)寄生虫的检查及防治[J].广西科学院学报,2000：4,S858-S959.
[21]李仕成,和占龙,杨亮宇,等.规模化猕猴养殖场寄生虫病综合防治措施[J].实验动物科学与管理,2006：2,S852-S857.
[22]和占龙,杨建发,杨亮宇,等.自繁猕猴肠道寄生虫的调查报告[J].云南畜牧兽医,2006(01).
[23]杨鄂修,刘应雪,王道地,等.贵阳市黔灵公园动物园野生动物内寄生虫调查及驱虫试验[J].贵州农学院学报,1986(02)：117-119.
[24]聂金荣,朱家新.人工养殖的猕猴肠道蠕虫和弓形虫自然感染率调查[J].上海实验动物科学,1994(Z1).
[25]郎扎根,候进怀,朱相俊,等.太行山地区野生猕猴检验检疫报告[J].中国动物检疫,1999(04).
[26]朱东明,蔡柏岐,侯进怀.太行山猕缑肠道寄生虫初极[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1990(03)：97-98.
[27]张碧莲.野生猕猴和食蟹猴寄生虫的调查与驱虫净化[J].中国农业大学学报,1998(S2).
[28]吕超超,王岩,宁长申,et al.A Preliminary Survey of Intestinal Parasites in Wild Macaca mulatta tcheliensis[J].动物学杂志,2009(01).
[29]高诚,黄龙海.野生与人工饲养猕猴肠道寄生虫的观察[J].实验动物与比较医学,1989(01).
[30]菅复春,张庆涛,李少英,等.郑州市动物园草食动物和灵长类动物寄生虫感染情况及驱虫试验[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(05)：29-34.
[31]胡洪光,黄华,赵观禄,等.重庆动物园野生动物寄生虫调查报告[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),1992,13(04)：309-322.
[32]王成东,杨光友,王强,等.成都动物园大熊猫等珍稀哺乳动物寄生虫感染情况调查[J].中国兽医杂志,2001(12).
[33]匡高翔,朱朝君,童新华,等.川金丝猴毛首线虫新种记录[J].四川畜牧兽医学院学报,2000(03).
[34]林开铅,李友松,张榕燕,等.福建猕猴实验动物自然感染肠道寄生虫的调查[J].中国实验动物学杂志,1995(04).
[35]黄印尧,翁玉麟.福建野生猕猴Macaca mulatta寄生蠕虫调查与防治试验[J].动物检疫,1993,10(5)：33-34.
[36]蒋则孝,许隆祺,余森海,等.广西猕猴自然感染肠道寄生虫的观察[J].上海实验动物科学,1991(03).
[37]李进.广西野生熊猴、恒河猴肠道寄生虫调查[J].中国实验动物学杂志,1994(03).
[38]李培英,陆凤琳,廖圣法,等.合肥市动物园野生动物寄生虫的调查[J].畜牧与兽医,1993,25(02)：82-83.
[39]王淑芬,达文亮,赵清海.恒河猴肠道寄生虫的调查研究[J].天津畜牧兽医,1995(02).
[40]顾永熙,夏述忠,曹杰,等.金丝猴毛尾线虫驱虫药物筛选及驱虫程序实验[J].中国兽医杂志,2002(11).
[41]姜昌富,杨敦敬.神农架金丝猴肠道寄生虫调查[J].中国兽医杂志,1991,17(04)：45.
[42]秦田生,张和君,唐启全,等.我国猕猴体内寄生虫调查报告[J].动物学研究,1980,1(4)：553-556.
[43]王礼德,吴军,段幸生.我国南方恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)寄生虫调查报告[J].动物学研究,1989(S1).
[44]魏兰英,姜昌富,韩家俊,等.武汉动物园灵长类动物的肠道寄生虫调查[J].动物学杂志,1990,25(02)：3-6.
[45]曹杰,何国声,徐梅倩,等.野生动物园动物寄生虫调查[J].野生动物,2005,26(06)：46-47.
[46]翁玉麟,史洋洋.野生猕猴寄生蠕虫的调查与防治[J].中国兽医科技,1991(04).
[47]刘唐美.园养野生动物寄生虫重复感染原因的调查[J].山西科技,2006(03)：106-107.
[48]吴军,王礼德.云南地区猕猴肠道寄生虫概况[J].实验动物与比较医学,1988(03).
[49]解天珍,包燕芬.云南滇金丝猴毛首线虫一形态相似种的发现[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,1998(03).
[50]罗其胜,秦田生,李松珍,等.猕猴体内寄生虫和组织病理学的分析[J].动物学杂志,1984(04).
[51]黄勉,陈绚姣,桑青芳.幼猕猴粪类圆线虫感染的诊治[J].中国兽医杂志,2006(01).
[52]钟顺龙,张翠阁,李光汉.成都动物园猴群死因的调查[J].中国兽医科技,1987(01)：25-26.
[53]蔡娟,乔继英,张旭,等.陕西圈养珍稀野生动物肠道寄生虫感染及其形态观察[J].动物学杂志,2009,44(03)：63-69.
[54]林昆华.灵长类动物疾病学[M]。北京：北京农业大学出版社,1994.87-148.
[55]黄德生,解天珍,郭正,等.云南边境地区几种脊椎动物的寄生蠕虫[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,1993,1(1)：53-56,9.
[56]张顺祥,张毅强.广西猕猴体内枝腺科吸虫一新属新种记述(吸虫纲,枝腺科)[J].动物分类学报,2008,33(1)：120-122.
[57]丘博生,施新泉,周忠勇.白眉长臂猿司氏伯特绦虫病病例[J].中国兽医杂 志,1988(03).
[58]王庆玲,罗其胜,孟昆华,等.猕猴脑内感染司氏伯特绦虫的病理学分析[J].动物学杂志,1998(01).
[59]罗其胜.司氏伯特绦虫感染猕猴的组织病理学变化[J].动物学杂志,1986(06).
[60]李树荣,李治滢,李世宗,等.细颈囊尾蚴寄生于猕猴腹腔[J].动物学杂志,1994(05).
[61]陈武,李婉平,王兴金,等.白眉长臂猿肠阿米巴病例[J].中国兽医杂志,2002(09).
[62]左文波,郭建华.黑猩猩混合感染原虫和线虫的治疗[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,2003(03).
[63]施新泉,周忠勇,连惟能,等.上海动物园珍贵灵长类肠道原虫的初步调查[J].中国兽医杂志,1985(01).
[64]侯意谛.猕猴结肠小袋纤毛虫(Balantidium coli)在猴群中感染情况的调查[J].动物学研究,1989：5,Q848-Q959.
[65]姜昌富,韩家俊,杨敦敬,等.武汉动物园金丝猴贾第鞭毛虫感染初报[J].四川动物,1987,06(04)：21.
[66]赵波,王强,严慧娟,等.成都动物园野生动物原虫和犬恶丝虫的感染情况调查[J].中国兽医科学,2009(03).
[67]张述义,魏梅雄,虞坚颐,等.赤猴感染弓形虫一例报道[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,2000(02).
[68]张述义,魏梅雄,周忠勇,等.动物园珍稀野生动物弓形虫感染的血清学调查[J].中国兽医学报,2001(01).
[69]崔君兆,吕元聪.广西恒河猴弓形虫感染检测[J].河南畜牧兽医,1995(01).
[70]孙岩松,李砚忠.恒河猴肝囊原虫带虫情况调查[J].兽医大学学报,1993,13(2)：190-191.
[71]崔伟,匡德宣,李春花,等.恒河猴常见体外寄生虫的初步调查[J].中国预防兽医学报,2007,29(12)：969-971.
[72]金石军,饶军华,刘晓明,等.一例实验猕猴猴虱感染的诊治[J].中国比较医学杂志,2006,16(07)：424-425.
[73]Vogel P, Zaucha G, Goodwin S D, et al. Rapid postmortem invasion of cecal mucosa of macaques by nonpathogenic Entamoeba chattoni[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1996,55(6):595-602.
[74]Beaver P C, Blanchard J L, Seibold H R. Invasive amebiasis in natu-rally infected New World and Old World monkeys with and without clinical disease[J]. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,1988,39:343-352.
[75]Jackson T F, Sargeaunt P G, Visser P S, et al.Entamoeba histolytica:naturally occurring infections in baboons[J].Arch Invest Med (Mex),1990,21 Suppl 1:153-156.
[76]Ghandour A M, Zahid N Z, Banaja A A, et al. Zoonotic intestinal parasites of hamadryas baboons Papio hamadryas in the western and northern regions of Saudi Arabia.[J].J Trop Med Hyg,1995,98(6):431-439.
[77]Marquez-Monter H, Fuentes-Orozco R, Correa-Lemus I, et al. Invasive amebiasis in a spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Case report and a short review of the literature of amebiasis in non-human primates.[J].Arch Invest Med (Mex),1991, 22(1):75-78.
[78]Verweij J J, Vermeer J, Brienen E A, et al.Entamoeba histolytica infections in captive primates[J].Parasitol Res,2003,90(2):100-103.
[79]Sleeman J M, Meader L L, Mudakikwa A B, et al. Gastrointestinal parasites of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.[J].J Zoo Wildl Med,2000,31(3):322-328.
[80]郭建华,胡泽民,叶永孟.口服百毒杀治疗黑猩猩阿米巴、小袋纤毛虫的疗效观察[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,2005,13(1)：59-60.
[81]Munene E, Otsyula M, Mbaabu D A N, et al.Helminth and protozoan gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) parasites in captive and wild-trapped African non-human primates[J].Vet. Parasitol,1998,78:195-201.
[82]Karere G M, Munene E. Some gastro-intestinal tract parasites in wild De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) in Kenya.[J].Vet Parasitol,2002, 110(1-2):153-157.
[83]Gillespie T R, Greiner E C,Chapman C A.Gastrointestinal parasites of the colobus monkeys of Uganda.[J]. J Parasitol,2005,91(3):569-573.
[84]Wang T, Yang G Y, Yan H J, et al. Comparison of efficacy of selamectin, ivermectin and mebendazole for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in rhesus macaques,China[J].Vet Parasitol,2008,153(1-2):121-125.
[85]Tachibana H, Cheng X, Kobayashi S, et al. High prevalence of infection with Entamoeba dispar, but not E. histolytica, in captive macaques[J].Parasitol Res, 2001,87(1):14-17.
[86]Tachibana H, Matsumoto N, Cheng X J, et al. Improved affinity of a human anti-Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin Fab fragment by a single amino acid modification of the light chain[J].Clin Diagn Lab Immunol,2004,11(6): 1085-1088.
[87]Takano J, Narita T, Tachibana H, et al.Comparison of Entamoeba histolytica DNA isolated from a cynomolgus monkey with human isolates[J].Parasitol Res, 2007,101(3):539-546.
[88]Jiang B, Yang G Y, Yu X M, et al.A case report:Entamoeba histolytica infections in the rhesus macaque, China[J].Parasitol Res,2008,103(4):915-917.
[89]Rivera W L, Yason J A, Adao D E. Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar infections in captive macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in the Philippines.[J]. Primates,2010,51(1):69-74.
[90]Smith J M, Meerovitch E. Primates as a source of Entamoeba histolytica, their zymodeme status and zoonotic potential.[J].J Parasitol,1985,71(6):751-756.
[91]Rivera W L, Kanbara H.Detection of Entamoeba dispar DNA in macaque feces by polymerase chain reaction.[J].Parasitol Res,1999,85(6):493-495.
[92]Tachibana H, Cheng X J, Kobayashi S, et al. Entamoeba dispar, but not E. histolytica, detected in a colony of chimpanzees in Japan.[J].Parasitol Res,2000, 86(7):537-541.
[93]Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Kato Y, et al.Identification of a pathogenic isolate-specific 30,000-Mr antigen of Entamoeba histolytica by using a monoclonal antibody.[J].Infect Immun,1990,58(4):955-960.
[94]Takano J, Narita T, Tachibana H,et al.Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections in cynomolgus monkeys imported into Japan for research.[J]. Parasitol Res,2005,97(3):255-257.
[95]Diamond L S, Clark C G. A redescription of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 (Emended Walker,1911) separating it from Entamoeba dispar Brumpt, 1925.[J].J Eukaryot Microbiol,1993,40(3):340-344.
[96]Nakauchi K. The prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species.[J].J Vet Med Sci,1999,61(1):63-65.
[97]钱开明.河池、南平.屯溪地区恒河猴的寄生虫感染[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,1982,2(1)：6-8.
[98]Teare J A, Loomis M R. Epizootic of balantidiasis in lowland gorillas.[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1982,181(11):1345-1347.
[99]Collet J Y, Galdikas B M, Sugarjito J, et al.A coprological study of parasitism in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Indonesia[J].J Med Primatol,1986,15(2): 121-129.
[100]Lee R V, Prowten A W, Anthone S, et al.Typhlitis due to Balantidium coli in captive lowland gorillas.[J].Rev Infect Dis,1990,12(6):1052-1059.
[101]Mul I F, Paembonan W, Singleton I, et al.Intestinal parasites of free-ranging, semicaptive, and captive Pongo abelii in Sumatra, Indonesia[J].Int. J.Primatol, 2007,28(2):407-420.
[102]Lankester F, Matz-Rensing K, Kiyang J, et al.Fatal ulcerative colitis in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).[J].J Med Primatol,2008,37(6):297-302.
[103]Lim Y A, Ngui R, Shukri J, et al.Intestinal parasites in various animals at a zoo in Malaysia.[J].Vet Parasitol,2008,157(1-2):154-159.
[104]Villers L M, Jang S S, Lent C L, et al.Survey and comparison of major intestinal flora in captive and wild ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) populations.[J].Am J Primatol,2008,70(2):175-184.
[105]Soledad G M, Gracenea M, Montoliu I, et al.Intestinal parasitism--protozoa and helminths--in primates at the Barcelona Zoo.[J].J Med Primatol,1996,25(6): 419-423.
[106]Hinde K.Milk composition varies in relation to the presence and abundance of Balantidium coli in the mother in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).[J]. Am J Primatol,2007,69(6):625-634.
[107]吴观陵.人体寄生虫学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004.104-110.
[108]谢毅,郭兰英,宋琳.贾第虫病的实验室诊断[J].中国人兽共患病杂志,2002,18(6)：101-103.
[109]詹希美.人体寄生虫学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2001.61.
[110]卢思奇,田喜凤.蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的细胞骨架[J].世界华人消化杂志,2005,13(12)：1434-1436.
[111]Weber R, Bryan R T, Bishop H S, et al. Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens:evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods[J].J Clin Microbiol,1991,29(7):1323-1327.
[112]Danciger M, Lopez M. Numbers of Giardia in the feces of infected children[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,1975,24(2):237-242.
[113]Thompson R C.Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential[J].Int J Parasitol,2000,30(12-13):1259-1267.
[114]Graczyk T K, Bosco-Nizeyi J, Ssebide B, et al.Anthropozoonotic Giardia duodenalis genotype (assemblage) a infections in habitats of free-ranging human-habituated gorillas, Uganda.[J].J Parasitol,2002,88(5):905-909.
[115]Nizeyi J B, Cranfield M R, Graczyk T K. Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas.[J].Parasitol Res,2002, 88(4):380-385.
[116]Vitazkova S K, Wade S E. Parasites of free-ranging black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) from Belize and Mexico.[J].Am J Primatol,2006,68(11): 1089-1097.
[117]Berrilli F,Di Cave D, De Liberato C, et al.Genotype characterisation of Giardia duodenalis isolates from domestic and farm animals by SSU-rRNA gene sequencing[J].Vet Parasitol,2004,122(3):193-199.
[118]Peisert W, Taborski A, Pawlowski Z, et al.Giardia infection in animals in Poznan Zoo.[J].Vet Parasitol,1983,13(2):183-186.
[119]Hope K, Goldsmith M L, Graczyk T. Parasitic health of olive baboons in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda.[J].Vet Parasitol,2004,122(2):165-170.
[120]Itagaki T, Kinoshita S, Aoki M, et al. Genotyping of Giardia intestinalis from domestic and wild animals in Japan using glutamete dehydrogenase gene sequencing[J].Vet Parasitol,2005,133(4):283-287.
[121]Salzer J S, Rwego I B, Goldberg T L, et al.Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in primates in fragmented and undisturbed forest in western Uganda[J]. J Parasitol,2007,93(2):439-440.
[122]Kramer J A, Hachey A M, Wachtman L M, et al. Treatment of giardiasis in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with tinidazole.[J].Comp Med,2009, 59(2):174-179.
[123]O'Donoghue P J.Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals[J]. Int J Parasitol,1995,25(2):139-195.
[124]Muriuki S M, Farah I O, Kagwiria R M, et al. The presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stools of clinically diarrhoeic and normal nonhuman primates in Kenya.[J].Vet Parasitol,1997,72(2):141-147.
[125]Gomez M, Torres J, Gracenea M, et al.Further report on Cryptosporidium in Barcelona zoo mammals[J].Parasitol Res,2000,86(4):318-323.
[126]Nizeyi J B, Sebunya D, Dasilva A J, et al.Cryptosporidiosis in people sharing habitats with free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), Uganda.[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2002,66(4):442-444.
[127]Da Silva A J, Caccio S, Williams C, et al.Molecular and morphologic characteriza-tion of a Cryptosporidium genotype identified in lemurs[J].Vet. Parasitol,2003,111:297-307.
[128]Scimeca J M, Brady A G. Neonatal mortality in a captive breeding squirrel monkey colony associated with an invasive Escherichia coli[[J].Lab Anim Sci, 1990,40:546-547.
[129]Potkay S.Diseases of the Callitrichidae:a review.[J].J Med Primatol,1992, 21(4):189-236.
[130]陈西宁,麻秀珍.猕猴大肠杆菌病的诊断[J].中国兽医科技,1996,26(12)： 43-44.
[131]汪民权,郭定宗.金丝猴肺炎克雷伯氏菌及埃希氏大肠杆菌败血症的病理学观察[J].华中农业大学学报,2001,20(1)：60-62.
[132]马萍,张伶莉.几种野生动物疫病的诊断报告[J].贵州畜牧兽医,2001,25(6)：15.
[133]Mansfield K G, Lin K C, Newman J, et al. Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected infant and adult rhesus macaques.[J].J Clin Microbiol,2001,39(3):971-976.
[134]徐海滨,郭维植,陈建辉,等.实验猕猴肠道病原菌检测分析[J].中国比较医学杂志,2004(02)：84.
[135]杨云飞,赵沁坤,杨玉钊,等.一例白眉长臂猿慢性腹泻的诊治及病原分离鉴定[J].云南畜牧兽医,2004(3)：5-6.
[136]Kadhum H J, Finlay D, Rowe M T, et al.Occurrence and characteristics of cytotoxic necrotizing factors, cytolethal distending toxins and other virulence factors in Escherichia coli from human blood and faecal samples.[J].Epidemiol Infect,2008,136(6):752-760.
[137]张莉平,王春民,张西雷,等.规模化鸡场大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性监测[J].家畜生态学报,2006(01).
[138]朱力军.动物大肠杆菌耐药性的变化趋势[J].中国兽药杂志,2001(02).
[139]Mcclure H M, Strozier L M, Keeling M E. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in anthropoid apes.[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1972,161(6):687-689.
[140]Scimeca J M, Brady A G. Neonatal mortality in a captive breeding squirrel monkey colony associated with an invasive Escherichia coli[J].Lab Anim Sci,1990,40:546-547.
[141]Potkay S.Diseases of the Callitrichidae:a review.[J].J Med Primatol,1992, 21(4):189-236.
[142]Mansfield K G, Lin K C, Newman J, et al.Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected infant and adult rhesus macaques.[J].J Clin Microbiol,2001,39(3):971-976.
[143]Schiff L J,Barbera P W, Port C D, et al.Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections:increasing awareness of a problem in laboratory animals.[J].Lab Anim Sci,1972,22(5):705-708.
[144]Carvalho V M, Irino K, Onuma D, et al. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA reveals clonal relationships among enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from non-human primates and humans[J],Braz J Med Biol Res,2007, 40(2):237-241.
[145]洪凌仙,黄印尧.福建野生猕猴疫病调查[J].中国进出境动植检,1996(4)：18-19.
[146]Roest H I, Liebana E, Wannet W, et al.[Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli 0157 isolated between 1998 and 2003 in The Netherlands][J].Tijdschr Diergeneeskd,2007,132(24):954-958.
[147]赵远,杨亮宇,张士跃,等.腹泻猕猴肠道致病菌感染状况及药物敏感性调查[J].云南畜牧兽医,2008(3)：40-41.
[148]Martin H R, Taylor N S, Buckley E M, et al.Characterization of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1-producing Escherichia coli strains from faeces of healthy macaques.[J].J Med Microbiol,2009,58(Pt 10):1354-1358.
[149]Muller-Graf C D, Collins D A, Woolhouse M E. Intestinal parasite burden in five troops of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.[J].Parasitology,1996,112 (Pt 5):489-497.
[150]Muriuki S M, Murugu R K, Munene E, et al.Some gastro-intestinal parasites of zoonotic (public health) importance commonly observed in old world non-human primates in Kenya[J].Acta Trop,1998,71(1):73-82.
[151]Munene E, Otsyula M, Mbaabu D A, et al.Helminth and protozoan gastrointestinal tract parasites in captive and wild-trapped African non-human primates[J].Vet Parasitol,1998,78(3):195-201.
[152]Murray S,Stem C, Boudreau B, et al.Intestinal parasites of baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Gombe National Park.[J].J Zoo Wildl Med,2000,31(2):176-178.
[153]Chitwood M. Comparative relationships of some parasites of man and Old and New World subhuman primates.[J].Lab Anim Care,1970,20(2):389-394.
[154]Orihel T C. The helminth parasites of nonhuman primates and man.[J].Lab Anim Care,1970,20(2):395-401.
[155]殷佩雲,孔繁瑶.北京动物园野生动物的几种寄生线虫[J].畜牧兽医学报,1958(01).
[156]赖从龙,沙国润,张同富.成都市动物园野生哺乳动物蛔虫感染的调查简报[J].四川动物,1983(01).
[157]宁长申,菅复春,张庆涛,等.郑州市动物园草食动物和灵长类动物寄生虫感染情况及驱虫试验[J].中国农学通报,2008(05).
[158]毕凤均,胡延春,程安春,等。四川绵阳地区野生猕猴肠道寄生虫感染的调查研究[J].四川动物,2008(06).
[159]Vercruysse J, Holdsworth P, Letonja T, et al.International harmonisation of anthelmintic efficacy guidelines.[J].Vet Parasitol,2001,96(3):171-193.
[160]唐仲璋,唐崇惕.人畜线虫学[M].北京：科学出版社,1987.92-103.
[161]Abbott D P, Majeed S K. A survey of parasitic lesions in wild-caught, laboratory-maintained primates:(rhesus, cynomolgus, and baboon).[J].Vet Pathol,1984,21(2):198-207.
[162]Levecke B, Dorny P, Geurden T, et al. Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium.[J].Vet Parasitol,2007,148(3-4): 236-246.
[163]Verweij J J, Vermeer J, Brienen E A, et al.Entamoeba histolytica infections in captive primates.[J].Parasitol Res,2003,90(2):100-103.
[164]Pang V F, Chang C C, Chang W F. Concurrent gastric and hepatic amebiasis in a dusky leaf monkey (Presbytis obscurus)[J].J Zoo Wildl Med,1993,24: 204-207.
[165]Kalishman J, Paul-Murphy J, Scheffler J, et al.Survey of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in a captive population of common marmosets.[J].Lab Anim Sci, 1996,46(1):116-119.
[166]Davies T J, Pedersen A B.Phylogeny and geography predict pathogen community simi-larity in wild primates and humans[J].Proc.R. Soc.B.,2008, 275:1695-1701.
[167]Combes C.Interspecific interactions[M] Parasitism:the ecology and evolution of intimate interactions, London:University of Chicago Press,2001.
[168]Beaver P C, Blanchard J L, Seibold H R. Invasive amebiasis in naturally infected New World and Old World monkeys with and without clinical disease[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1988,39(4):343-352.
[169]Gillespie T. Noninvasive assessment of gastrointestinal parasite infection in free-ranging primates[J].Int J Primatol,2006,27:1129-1143.
[170]Verweij J J, Vermeer J, Brienen E A, et al.Entamoeba histolytica infections in captive primates.[J].Parasitol Res,2003,90(2):100-103.
[171]Bruce J, Bernacky, Susan V, et al. Nonhuman Primates[M].Laboratory Animal Medicine(Second Edition),2002.675-791.
[172]Deem S,Karesh W, Weisman W. Putting theory into practice:wildlife health in conservation[J].Conservation Biology,2001,15(5):1224-1233.
[173]Woodford M, Butynski T, Karesh W. Habituating the great apes:the disease risks[J]. Oryx,2002,36:153-160.
[174]Glaser C, Angulo F, Rooney J.Animal-associated opportunistic infections among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus[J].Clin Infect Dis, 1994,18(1):14-24.
[175]Legesse M, Erko B. Zoonotic intestinal parasites in Papio anubis (baboon) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) from four localities in Ethiopia[J].Acta Trop, 2004,90(3):231-236.
[176]李影林.培养基手册[M].长春：吉林科学技术出版社,1991.156-157.
[177]孙长贵,成军.2007年CLSI文件MI00-S17主要更新内容介绍[J].国际检验医学杂志,2007,28(12)：1148-1150.
[178]熊焰,李德生.大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷白氏菌的药敏试验[J].中国兽医科技,1999,29(3)：35-36.
[179]Fox J G, Handt L, Xu S,et al.Novel Helicobacter species isolated from rhesus monkeys with chronic idiopathic colitis.[J].J Med Microbiol,2001,50(5): 421-429.
[2]Miller R A, Bronsdon M A, Kuller L, et al.Clinical and parasitologic aspects of cryptosporidiosis in nonhuman primates[J].Lab Anim Sci,1990,40(1):42-46.
[3]Hamlen H J, Lawrence J M. Giardiasis in laboratory-housed squirrel monkeys:a retrospective study[J].Lab Anim Sci,1994,44(3):235-239.
[4]File S, Kessler M. Parasites of free-ranging Cayo Santiago macaques after 46 years of isolation[J].18,1989,3(Am J Primatol):231-236.
[5]Ekanayake D K, Arulkanthan A, Horadagoda N U, et al.Prevalence of cryptosporidium and other enteric parasites among wild non-human primates in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,2006,74(2):322-329.
[6]Jones-Engel L, Engel G A,Schillact M A, et al. Prevalence of enteric parasites in pet macaques in Sulawesi,Indonesia.[J].Am J Primatol,2004,62(2):71-82.
[7]Gotoh S.Regional differences in the infection of wild Japanese macaques by gastrointestinal helminth parasites[J].Primates,2000,41:291-298.
[8]Gotoh S, Takenada O, Watanabe K. Hematological values and parasite fauna in free-ranging Macaca hecki and M. heckil M. tonkeana hybrid group of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia[J].Primates,2001,42:27-34.
[9]Kessler M J, Yarbrough B, Rawlins R G, et al.Intestinal parasites of the free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)[J].J Med Primatol,1984,13(2):57-66.
[10]Beaver P, Blanchard J, Seibold H.Invasive amebiasis in naturally infected New World and Old World monkeys with and without clinical disease[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1988,39(4):343-352.
[11]Levecke B, Dorny P, Geurden T, et al.Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium[J].Vet Parasitol,2007,148(3-4): 236-246.
[12]龚光建,杨明海.北京动物园动物粪便寄生虫卵检查及分析[J].中国兽医杂志,1998,24(07)：19-20.
[13]侯意谛.不同猕猴群自然感染肠道寄生虫的调查[J].上海实验动物科学,1990,10(3)：166.
[14]侯意谛.我国几种猕猴属动物肠道寄生虫的调查[J].动物学研究,1989(03)：194.
[15]钱开明,方林.不同生活环境猕猴肠道寄生虫感染情况调查[J].上海实验动物科学,1 992(02).
[16]肖映珍,刘毅,鲁清桃.长沙动物园野生动物肠道寄生虫的调查[J].湖南畜牧兽医,2001(01).
[17]车桂翠,张恩珠,贲亚华.动物园动物体内寄生虫的调查[J].中国兽医杂志,2000,26(04)：26.
[18]刘洪波,王道地,张玲莉,等.动物园野生动物内寄生虫调查及驱虫试验[J].中国兽医杂志,1988,14(10)：16-17.
[19]刘雪筠.广东3个猕猴场的寄生虫病调查初报[J].上海实验动物科学,1992(02).
[20]韦毅,唐文红.广西地区红面猴(Macaca arctoides)寄生虫的检查及防治[J].广西科学院学报,2000：4,S858-S959.
[21]李仕成,和占龙,杨亮宇,等.规模化猕猴养殖场寄生虫病综合防治措施[J].实验动物科学与管理,2006：2,S852-S857.
[22]和占龙,杨建发,杨亮宇,等.自繁猕猴肠道寄生虫的调查报告[J].云南畜牧兽医,2006(01).
[23]杨鄂修,刘应雪,王道地,等.贵阳市黔灵公园动物园野生动物内寄生虫调查及驱虫试验[J].贵州农学院学报,1986(02)：117-119.
[24]聂金荣,朱家新.人工养殖的猕猴肠道蠕虫和弓形虫自然感染率调查[J].上海实验动物科学,1994(Z1).
[25]郎扎根,候进怀,朱相俊,等.太行山地区野生猕猴检验检疫报告[J].中国动物检疫,1999(04).
[26]朱东明,蔡柏岐,侯进怀.太行山猕缑肠道寄生虫初极[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1990(03)：97-98.
[27]张碧莲.野生猕猴和食蟹猴寄生虫的调查与驱虫净化[J].中国农业大学学报,1998(S2).
[28]吕超超,王岩,宁长申,et al.A Preliminary Survey of Intestinal Parasites in Wild Macaca mulatta tcheliensis[J].动物学杂志,2009(01).
[29]高诚,黄龙海.野生与人工饲养猕猴肠道寄生虫的观察[J].实验动物与比较医学,1989(01).
[30]菅复春,张庆涛,李少英,等.郑州市动物园草食动物和灵长类动物寄生虫感染情况及驱虫试验[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(05)：29-34.
[31]胡洪光,黄华,赵观禄,等.重庆动物园野生动物寄生虫调查报告[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),1992,13(04)：309-322.
[32]王成东,杨光友,王强,等.成都动物园大熊猫等珍稀哺乳动物寄生虫感染情况调查[J].中国兽医杂志,2001(12).
[33]匡高翔,朱朝君,童新华,等.川金丝猴毛首线虫新种记录[J].四川畜牧兽医学院学报,2000(03).
[34]林开铅,李友松,张榕燕,等.福建猕猴实验动物自然感染肠道寄生虫的调查[J].中国实验动物学杂志,1995(04).
[35]黄印尧,翁玉麟.福建野生猕猴Macaca mulatta寄生蠕虫调查与防治试验[J].动物检疫,1993,10(5)：33-34.
[36]蒋则孝,许隆祺,余森海,等.广西猕猴自然感染肠道寄生虫的观察[J].上海实验动物科学,1991(03).
[37]李进.广西野生熊猴、恒河猴肠道寄生虫调查[J].中国实验动物学杂志,1994(03).
[38]李培英,陆凤琳,廖圣法,等.合肥市动物园野生动物寄生虫的调查[J].畜牧与兽医,1993,25(02)：82-83.
[39]王淑芬,达文亮,赵清海.恒河猴肠道寄生虫的调查研究[J].天津畜牧兽医,1995(02).
[40]顾永熙,夏述忠,曹杰,等.金丝猴毛尾线虫驱虫药物筛选及驱虫程序实验[J].中国兽医杂志,2002(11).
[41]姜昌富,杨敦敬.神农架金丝猴肠道寄生虫调查[J].中国兽医杂志,1991,17(04)：45.
[42]秦田生,张和君,唐启全,等.我国猕猴体内寄生虫调查报告[J].动物学研究,1980,1(4)：553-556.
[43]王礼德,吴军,段幸生.我国南方恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)寄生虫调查报告[J].动物学研究,1989(S1).
[44]魏兰英,姜昌富,韩家俊,等.武汉动物园灵长类动物的肠道寄生虫调查[J].动物学杂志,1990,25(02)：3-6.
[45]曹杰,何国声,徐梅倩,等.野生动物园动物寄生虫调查[J].野生动物,2005,26(06)：46-47.
[46]翁玉麟,史洋洋.野生猕猴寄生蠕虫的调查与防治[J].中国兽医科技,1991(04).
[47]刘唐美.园养野生动物寄生虫重复感染原因的调查[J].山西科技,2006(03)：106-107.
[48]吴军,王礼德.云南地区猕猴肠道寄生虫概况[J].实验动物与比较医学,1988(03).
[49]解天珍,包燕芬.云南滇金丝猴毛首线虫一形态相似种的发现[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,1998(03).
[50]罗其胜,秦田生,李松珍,等.猕猴体内寄生虫和组织病理学的分析[J].动物学杂志,1984(04).
[51]黄勉,陈绚姣,桑青芳.幼猕猴粪类圆线虫感染的诊治[J].中国兽医杂志,2006(01).
[52]钟顺龙,张翠阁,李光汉.成都动物园猴群死因的调查[J].中国兽医科技,1987(01)：25-26.
[53]蔡娟,乔继英,张旭,等.陕西圈养珍稀野生动物肠道寄生虫感染及其形态观察[J].动物学杂志,2009,44(03)：63-69.
[54]林昆华.灵长类动物疾病学[M]。北京：北京农业大学出版社,1994.87-148.
[55]黄德生,解天珍,郭正,等.云南边境地区几种脊椎动物的寄生蠕虫[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,1993,1(1)：53-56,9.
[56]张顺祥,张毅强.广西猕猴体内枝腺科吸虫一新属新种记述(吸虫纲,枝腺科)[J].动物分类学报,2008,33(1)：120-122.
[57]丘博生,施新泉,周忠勇.白眉长臂猿司氏伯特绦虫病病例[J].中国兽医杂 志,1988(03).
[58]王庆玲,罗其胜,孟昆华,等.猕猴脑内感染司氏伯特绦虫的病理学分析[J].动物学杂志,1998(01).
[59]罗其胜.司氏伯特绦虫感染猕猴的组织病理学变化[J].动物学杂志,1986(06).
[60]李树荣,李治滢,李世宗,等.细颈囊尾蚴寄生于猕猴腹腔[J].动物学杂志,1994(05).
[61]陈武,李婉平,王兴金,等.白眉长臂猿肠阿米巴病例[J].中国兽医杂志,2002(09).
[62]左文波,郭建华.黑猩猩混合感染原虫和线虫的治疗[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,2003(03).
[63]施新泉,周忠勇,连惟能,等.上海动物园珍贵灵长类肠道原虫的初步调查[J].中国兽医杂志,1985(01).
[64]侯意谛.猕猴结肠小袋纤毛虫(Balantidium coli)在猴群中感染情况的调查[J].动物学研究,1989：5,Q848-Q959.
[65]姜昌富,韩家俊,杨敦敬,等.武汉动物园金丝猴贾第鞭毛虫感染初报[J].四川动物,1987,06(04)：21.
[66]赵波,王强,严慧娟,等.成都动物园野生动物原虫和犬恶丝虫的感染情况调查[J].中国兽医科学,2009(03).
[67]张述义,魏梅雄,虞坚颐,等.赤猴感染弓形虫一例报道[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,2000(02).
[68]张述义,魏梅雄,周忠勇,等.动物园珍稀野生动物弓形虫感染的血清学调查[J].中国兽医学报,2001(01).
[69]崔君兆,吕元聪.广西恒河猴弓形虫感染检测[J].河南畜牧兽医,1995(01).
[70]孙岩松,李砚忠.恒河猴肝囊原虫带虫情况调查[J].兽医大学学报,1993,13(2)：190-191.
[71]崔伟,匡德宣,李春花,等.恒河猴常见体外寄生虫的初步调查[J].中国预防兽医学报,2007,29(12)：969-971.
[72]金石军,饶军华,刘晓明,等.一例实验猕猴猴虱感染的诊治[J].中国比较医学杂志,2006,16(07)：424-425.
[73]Vogel P, Zaucha G, Goodwin S D, et al. Rapid postmortem invasion of cecal mucosa of macaques by nonpathogenic Entamoeba chattoni[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1996,55(6):595-602.
[74]Beaver P C, Blanchard J L, Seibold H R. Invasive amebiasis in natu-rally infected New World and Old World monkeys with and without clinical disease[J]. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,1988,39:343-352.
[75]Jackson T F, Sargeaunt P G, Visser P S, et al.Entamoeba histolytica:naturally occurring infections in baboons[J].Arch Invest Med (Mex),1990,21 Suppl 1:153-156.
[76]Ghandour A M, Zahid N Z, Banaja A A, et al. Zoonotic intestinal parasites of hamadryas baboons Papio hamadryas in the western and northern regions of Saudi Arabia.[J].J Trop Med Hyg,1995,98(6):431-439.
[77]Marquez-Monter H, Fuentes-Orozco R, Correa-Lemus I, et al. Invasive amebiasis in a spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Case report and a short review of the literature of amebiasis in non-human primates.[J].Arch Invest Med (Mex),1991, 22(1):75-78.
[78]Verweij J J, Vermeer J, Brienen E A, et al.Entamoeba histolytica infections in captive primates[J].Parasitol Res,2003,90(2):100-103.
[79]Sleeman J M, Meader L L, Mudakikwa A B, et al. Gastrointestinal parasites of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.[J].J Zoo Wildl Med,2000,31(3):322-328.
[80]郭建华,胡泽民,叶永孟.口服百毒杀治疗黑猩猩阿米巴、小袋纤毛虫的疗效观察[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,2005,13(1)：59-60.
[81]Munene E, Otsyula M, Mbaabu D A N, et al.Helminth and protozoan gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) parasites in captive and wild-trapped African non-human primates[J].Vet. Parasitol,1998,78:195-201.
[82]Karere G M, Munene E. Some gastro-intestinal tract parasites in wild De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) in Kenya.[J].Vet Parasitol,2002, 110(1-2):153-157.
[83]Gillespie T R, Greiner E C,Chapman C A.Gastrointestinal parasites of the colobus monkeys of Uganda.[J]. J Parasitol,2005,91(3):569-573.
[84]Wang T, Yang G Y, Yan H J, et al. Comparison of efficacy of selamectin, ivermectin and mebendazole for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in rhesus macaques,China[J].Vet Parasitol,2008,153(1-2):121-125.
[85]Tachibana H, Cheng X, Kobayashi S, et al. High prevalence of infection with Entamoeba dispar, but not E. histolytica, in captive macaques[J].Parasitol Res, 2001,87(1):14-17.
[86]Tachibana H, Matsumoto N, Cheng X J, et al. Improved affinity of a human anti-Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin Fab fragment by a single amino acid modification of the light chain[J].Clin Diagn Lab Immunol,2004,11(6): 1085-1088.
[87]Takano J, Narita T, Tachibana H, et al.Comparison of Entamoeba histolytica DNA isolated from a cynomolgus monkey with human isolates[J].Parasitol Res, 2007,101(3):539-546.
[88]Jiang B, Yang G Y, Yu X M, et al.A case report:Entamoeba histolytica infections in the rhesus macaque, China[J].Parasitol Res,2008,103(4):915-917.
[89]Rivera W L, Yason J A, Adao D E. Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar infections in captive macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in the Philippines.[J]. Primates,2010,51(1):69-74.
[90]Smith J M, Meerovitch E. Primates as a source of Entamoeba histolytica, their zymodeme status and zoonotic potential.[J].J Parasitol,1985,71(6):751-756.
[91]Rivera W L, Kanbara H.Detection of Entamoeba dispar DNA in macaque feces by polymerase chain reaction.[J].Parasitol Res,1999,85(6):493-495.
[92]Tachibana H, Cheng X J, Kobayashi S, et al. Entamoeba dispar, but not E. histolytica, detected in a colony of chimpanzees in Japan.[J].Parasitol Res,2000, 86(7):537-541.
[93]Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Kato Y, et al.Identification of a pathogenic isolate-specific 30,000-Mr antigen of Entamoeba histolytica by using a monoclonal antibody.[J].Infect Immun,1990,58(4):955-960.
[94]Takano J, Narita T, Tachibana H,et al.Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections in cynomolgus monkeys imported into Japan for research.[J]. Parasitol Res,2005,97(3):255-257.
[95]Diamond L S, Clark C G. A redescription of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 (Emended Walker,1911) separating it from Entamoeba dispar Brumpt, 1925.[J].J Eukaryot Microbiol,1993,40(3):340-344.
[96]Nakauchi K. The prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species.[J].J Vet Med Sci,1999,61(1):63-65.
[97]钱开明.河池、南平.屯溪地区恒河猴的寄生虫感染[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,1982,2(1)：6-8.
[98]Teare J A, Loomis M R. Epizootic of balantidiasis in lowland gorillas.[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1982,181(11):1345-1347.
[99]Collet J Y, Galdikas B M, Sugarjito J, et al.A coprological study of parasitism in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Indonesia[J].J Med Primatol,1986,15(2): 121-129.
[100]Lee R V, Prowten A W, Anthone S, et al.Typhlitis due to Balantidium coli in captive lowland gorillas.[J].Rev Infect Dis,1990,12(6):1052-1059.
[101]Mul I F, Paembonan W, Singleton I, et al.Intestinal parasites of free-ranging, semicaptive, and captive Pongo abelii in Sumatra, Indonesia[J].Int. J.Primatol, 2007,28(2):407-420.
[102]Lankester F, Matz-Rensing K, Kiyang J, et al.Fatal ulcerative colitis in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).[J].J Med Primatol,2008,37(6):297-302.
[103]Lim Y A, Ngui R, Shukri J, et al.Intestinal parasites in various animals at a zoo in Malaysia.[J].Vet Parasitol,2008,157(1-2):154-159.
[104]Villers L M, Jang S S, Lent C L, et al.Survey and comparison of major intestinal flora in captive and wild ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) populations.[J].Am J Primatol,2008,70(2):175-184.
[105]Soledad G M, Gracenea M, Montoliu I, et al.Intestinal parasitism--protozoa and helminths--in primates at the Barcelona Zoo.[J].J Med Primatol,1996,25(6): 419-423.
[106]Hinde K.Milk composition varies in relation to the presence and abundance of Balantidium coli in the mother in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).[J]. Am J Primatol,2007,69(6):625-634.
[107]吴观陵.人体寄生虫学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004.104-110.
[108]谢毅,郭兰英,宋琳.贾第虫病的实验室诊断[J].中国人兽共患病杂志,2002,18(6)：101-103.
[109]詹希美.人体寄生虫学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2001.61.
[110]卢思奇,田喜凤.蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的细胞骨架[J].世界华人消化杂志,2005,13(12)：1434-1436.
[111]Weber R, Bryan R T, Bishop H S, et al. Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens:evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods[J].J Clin Microbiol,1991,29(7):1323-1327.
[112]Danciger M, Lopez M. Numbers of Giardia in the feces of infected children[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,1975,24(2):237-242.
[113]Thompson R C.Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential[J].Int J Parasitol,2000,30(12-13):1259-1267.
[114]Graczyk T K, Bosco-Nizeyi J, Ssebide B, et al.Anthropozoonotic Giardia duodenalis genotype (assemblage) a infections in habitats of free-ranging human-habituated gorillas, Uganda.[J].J Parasitol,2002,88(5):905-909.
[115]Nizeyi J B, Cranfield M R, Graczyk T K. Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas.[J].Parasitol Res,2002, 88(4):380-385.
[116]Vitazkova S K, Wade S E. Parasites of free-ranging black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) from Belize and Mexico.[J].Am J Primatol,2006,68(11): 1089-1097.
[117]Berrilli F,Di Cave D, De Liberato C, et al.Genotype characterisation of Giardia duodenalis isolates from domestic and farm animals by SSU-rRNA gene sequencing[J].Vet Parasitol,2004,122(3):193-199.
[118]Peisert W, Taborski A, Pawlowski Z, et al.Giardia infection in animals in Poznan Zoo.[J].Vet Parasitol,1983,13(2):183-186.
[119]Hope K, Goldsmith M L, Graczyk T. Parasitic health of olive baboons in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda.[J].Vet Parasitol,2004,122(2):165-170.
[120]Itagaki T, Kinoshita S, Aoki M, et al. Genotyping of Giardia intestinalis from domestic and wild animals in Japan using glutamete dehydrogenase gene sequencing[J].Vet Parasitol,2005,133(4):283-287.
[121]Salzer J S, Rwego I B, Goldberg T L, et al.Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in primates in fragmented and undisturbed forest in western Uganda[J]. J Parasitol,2007,93(2):439-440.
[122]Kramer J A, Hachey A M, Wachtman L M, et al. Treatment of giardiasis in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with tinidazole.[J].Comp Med,2009, 59(2):174-179.
[123]O'Donoghue P J.Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals[J]. Int J Parasitol,1995,25(2):139-195.
[124]Muriuki S M, Farah I O, Kagwiria R M, et al. The presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stools of clinically diarrhoeic and normal nonhuman primates in Kenya.[J].Vet Parasitol,1997,72(2):141-147.
[125]Gomez M, Torres J, Gracenea M, et al.Further report on Cryptosporidium in Barcelona zoo mammals[J].Parasitol Res,2000,86(4):318-323.
[126]Nizeyi J B, Sebunya D, Dasilva A J, et al.Cryptosporidiosis in people sharing habitats with free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), Uganda.[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2002,66(4):442-444.
[127]Da Silva A J, Caccio S, Williams C, et al.Molecular and morphologic characteriza-tion of a Cryptosporidium genotype identified in lemurs[J].Vet. Parasitol,2003,111:297-307.
[128]Scimeca J M, Brady A G. Neonatal mortality in a captive breeding squirrel monkey colony associated with an invasive Escherichia coli[[J].Lab Anim Sci, 1990,40:546-547.
[129]Potkay S.Diseases of the Callitrichidae:a review.[J].J Med Primatol,1992, 21(4):189-236.
[130]陈西宁,麻秀珍.猕猴大肠杆菌病的诊断[J].中国兽医科技,1996,26(12)： 43-44.
[131]汪民权,郭定宗.金丝猴肺炎克雷伯氏菌及埃希氏大肠杆菌败血症的病理学观察[J].华中农业大学学报,2001,20(1)：60-62.
[132]马萍,张伶莉.几种野生动物疫病的诊断报告[J].贵州畜牧兽医,2001,25(6)：15.
[133]Mansfield K G, Lin K C, Newman J, et al. Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected infant and adult rhesus macaques.[J].J Clin Microbiol,2001,39(3):971-976.
[134]徐海滨,郭维植,陈建辉,等.实验猕猴肠道病原菌检测分析[J].中国比较医学杂志,2004(02)：84.
[135]杨云飞,赵沁坤,杨玉钊,等.一例白眉长臂猿慢性腹泻的诊治及病原分离鉴定[J].云南畜牧兽医,2004(3)：5-6.
[136]Kadhum H J, Finlay D, Rowe M T, et al.Occurrence and characteristics of cytotoxic necrotizing factors, cytolethal distending toxins and other virulence factors in Escherichia coli from human blood and faecal samples.[J].Epidemiol Infect,2008,136(6):752-760.
[137]张莉平,王春民,张西雷,等.规模化鸡场大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性监测[J].家畜生态学报,2006(01).
[138]朱力军.动物大肠杆菌耐药性的变化趋势[J].中国兽药杂志,2001(02).
[139]Mcclure H M, Strozier L M, Keeling M E. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in anthropoid apes.[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1972,161(6):687-689.
[140]Scimeca J M, Brady A G. Neonatal mortality in a captive breeding squirrel monkey colony associated with an invasive Escherichia coli[J].Lab Anim Sci,1990,40:546-547.
[141]Potkay S.Diseases of the Callitrichidae:a review.[J].J Med Primatol,1992, 21(4):189-236.
[142]Mansfield K G, Lin K C, Newman J, et al.Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected infant and adult rhesus macaques.[J].J Clin Microbiol,2001,39(3):971-976.
[143]Schiff L J,Barbera P W, Port C D, et al.Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections:increasing awareness of a problem in laboratory animals.[J].Lab Anim Sci,1972,22(5):705-708.
[144]Carvalho V M, Irino K, Onuma D, et al. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA reveals clonal relationships among enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from non-human primates and humans[J],Braz J Med Biol Res,2007, 40(2):237-241.
[145]洪凌仙,黄印尧.福建野生猕猴疫病调查[J].中国进出境动植检,1996(4)：18-19.
[146]Roest H I, Liebana E, Wannet W, et al.[Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli 0157 isolated between 1998 and 2003 in The Netherlands][J].Tijdschr Diergeneeskd,2007,132(24):954-958.
[147]赵远,杨亮宇,张士跃,等.腹泻猕猴肠道致病菌感染状况及药物敏感性调查[J].云南畜牧兽医,2008(3)：40-41.
[148]Martin H R, Taylor N S, Buckley E M, et al.Characterization of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1-producing Escherichia coli strains from faeces of healthy macaques.[J].J Med Microbiol,2009,58(Pt 10):1354-1358.
[149]Muller-Graf C D, Collins D A, Woolhouse M E. Intestinal parasite burden in five troops of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.[J].Parasitology,1996,112 (Pt 5):489-497.
[150]Muriuki S M, Murugu R K, Munene E, et al.Some gastro-intestinal parasites of zoonotic (public health) importance commonly observed in old world non-human primates in Kenya[J].Acta Trop,1998,71(1):73-82.
[151]Munene E, Otsyula M, Mbaabu D A, et al.Helminth and protozoan gastrointestinal tract parasites in captive and wild-trapped African non-human primates[J].Vet Parasitol,1998,78(3):195-201.
[152]Murray S,Stem C, Boudreau B, et al.Intestinal parasites of baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Gombe National Park.[J].J Zoo Wildl Med,2000,31(2):176-178.
[153]Chitwood M. Comparative relationships of some parasites of man and Old and New World subhuman primates.[J].Lab Anim Care,1970,20(2):389-394.
[154]Orihel T C. The helminth parasites of nonhuman primates and man.[J].Lab Anim Care,1970,20(2):395-401.
[155]殷佩雲,孔繁瑶.北京动物园野生动物的几种寄生线虫[J].畜牧兽医学报,1958(01).
[156]赖从龙,沙国润,张同富.成都市动物园野生哺乳动物蛔虫感染的调查简报[J].四川动物,1983(01).
[157]宁长申,菅复春,张庆涛,等.郑州市动物园草食动物和灵长类动物寄生虫感染情况及驱虫试验[J].中国农学通报,2008(05).
[158]毕凤均,胡延春,程安春,等。四川绵阳地区野生猕猴肠道寄生虫感染的调查研究[J].四川动物,2008(06).
[159]Vercruysse J, Holdsworth P, Letonja T, et al.International harmonisation of anthelmintic efficacy guidelines.[J].Vet Parasitol,2001,96(3):171-193.
[160]唐仲璋,唐崇惕.人畜线虫学[M].北京：科学出版社,1987.92-103.
[161]Abbott D P, Majeed S K. A survey of parasitic lesions in wild-caught, laboratory-maintained primates:(rhesus, cynomolgus, and baboon).[J].Vet Pathol,1984,21(2):198-207.
[162]Levecke B, Dorny P, Geurden T, et al. Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium.[J].Vet Parasitol,2007,148(3-4): 236-246.
[163]Verweij J J, Vermeer J, Brienen E A, et al.Entamoeba histolytica infections in captive primates.[J].Parasitol Res,2003,90(2):100-103.
[164]Pang V F, Chang C C, Chang W F. Concurrent gastric and hepatic amebiasis in a dusky leaf monkey (Presbytis obscurus)[J].J Zoo Wildl Med,1993,24: 204-207.
[165]Kalishman J, Paul-Murphy J, Scheffler J, et al.Survey of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in a captive population of common marmosets.[J].Lab Anim Sci, 1996,46(1):116-119.
[166]Davies T J, Pedersen A B.Phylogeny and geography predict pathogen community simi-larity in wild primates and humans[J].Proc.R. Soc.B.,2008, 275:1695-1701.
[167]Combes C.Interspecific interactions[M] Parasitism:the ecology and evolution of intimate interactions, London:University of Chicago Press,2001.
[168]Beaver P C, Blanchard J L, Seibold H R. Invasive amebiasis in naturally infected New World and Old World monkeys with and without clinical disease[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1988,39(4):343-352.
[169]Gillespie T. Noninvasive assessment of gastrointestinal parasite infection in free-ranging primates[J].Int J Primatol,2006,27:1129-1143.
[170]Verweij J J, Vermeer J, Brienen E A, et al.Entamoeba histolytica infections in captive primates.[J].Parasitol Res,2003,90(2):100-103.
[171]Bruce J, Bernacky, Susan V, et al. Nonhuman Primates[M].Laboratory Animal Medicine(Second Edition),2002.675-791.
[172]Deem S,Karesh W, Weisman W. Putting theory into practice:wildlife health in conservation[J].Conservation Biology,2001,15(5):1224-1233.
[173]Woodford M, Butynski T, Karesh W. Habituating the great apes:the disease risks[J]. Oryx,2002,36:153-160.
[174]Glaser C, Angulo F, Rooney J.Animal-associated opportunistic infections among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus[J].Clin Infect Dis, 1994,18(1):14-24.
[175]Legesse M, Erko B. Zoonotic intestinal parasites in Papio anubis (baboon) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) from four localities in Ethiopia[J].Acta Trop, 2004,90(3):231-236.
[176]李影林.培养基手册[M].长春：吉林科学技术出版社,1991.156-157.
[177]孙长贵,成军.2007年CLSI文件MI00-S17主要更新内容介绍[J].国际检验医学杂志,2007,28(12)：1148-1150.
[178]熊焰,李德生.大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷白氏菌的药敏试验[J].中国兽医科技,1999,29(3)：35-36.
[179]Fox J G, Handt L, Xu S,et al.Novel Helicobacter species isolated from rhesus monkeys with chronic idiopathic colitis.[J].J Med Microbiol,2001,50(5): 421-429.