基于亚洲象保护的我国野生动物损害补偿机制研究
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摘要
随着人口的日益增长、野生动物栖息地的不断丧失、土地利用方式的改变、野生动物保护措施的有效实施等因素,野生动物与人类争夺生存空间的矛盾不断升级。矛盾直接表现为人与野生动物之间的冲突,冲突的结果即造成野生动物对人类的损害。野生动物损害除了造成当地居民身体上的伤害和财产上的损失以外,更加重了人们对野生动物的厌恶感和排斥感,这对野生动物保护是极为不利的。如何缓解野生动物与人类冲突的矛盾,是研究者和管理者面临的难题。
有效保护策略的实施是和当地人的保护态度分不开的。为了缓和当地人与野生动物的冲突,获得当地人对野生动物保护的支持,多数国家的政府采取建立补偿制度,对当地居民受到的损失进行补偿。总体上说,补偿在缓解人与野生动物冲突中的作用,得到许多学者的认同,特别对缓解人对野生动物的不满情绪上,作用极大。我国目前尚未建立一个科学、完善的野生动物损害补偿机制。本文尝试以受野生动物损害的保护区及其周边地区为研究平台,以国家重点保护的旗舰物种—亚洲象为研究突破口,通过科学评价野生动物损害对社区居民造成的影响,社区居民对野生动物损害的容忍程度,以及社区居民对损害补偿措施的期望,尝试建立一个考虑到多重相关因素的野生动物损害补偿机制。
本论文包括理论研究和应用研究、政策研究三方面的内容。
理论研究方面：
界定了与本研究相关的野生动物、野生动物保护、损害、补偿的概念和范围；从生态补偿、野生动物价值、外部性、公共物品理论的角度,解析了野生动物损害补偿的理论依据。
构建了我国野生动物损害补偿机制的框架,详细的分析了野生动物损害补偿机制的各构成要素：包括补偿主体、补偿方式、补偿手段、补偿计量、补偿标准、补偿流程等。
应用研究方面：
通过实地调研我国亚洲象的生存现状、保护管理措施、损害及补偿现状,得出结论：目前我国亚洲象的不足250头,数量非常稀少；为了保护亚洲象国家采取各种方式和手段,取得了一些成绩；在保护亚洲象的同时,亚洲象造成的损害也十分巨大,危害当地居民的财产和人身安全,使得人象冲突日益激烈；针对以上存在的问题,提出了具体的建议。
应用条件价值法,从保护区周边居民受偿意愿的角度,分析了当地居民对亚洲象损害的认知、对亚洲象的保护态度、对补偿政策的期望以及对损害的受偿意愿。研究结果显示：亚洲象对当地损害十分严重,有30.04%的当地居民对亚洲象保护持反对态度；反对保护亚洲象的主要原因是亚洲象损害造成收入减少以及对损害补偿不足：持反对态度的受访者如果得到满意的补偿,他们当中80.26%会转变态度,对亚洲象保护持支持态度；受访者期望从国家的层面对损害进行补偿；通过建立受偿意愿的多元线性回归模型,受偿意愿同被调查者家庭人口数以及亚洲象的损害额度成正相关,同被调查者居住地状况以及被调查者家庭种植橡胶数目成负相关；计算得出不同居住状况下农户的受偿意愿,其中：居住在保护区内的1337.30元/a.人、居住在保护区边缘的1129.20元/a.人、居住在保护区外的921.11元/a.人。
应用条件价值法,从城市居民支付意愿的角度,分析了居民对亚洲象保护的支付意愿和对亚洲象损害补偿的支付意愿,及支付态度和与其相关的影响因素。研究表明：有55%的受访者愿意为了亚洲象的保护支付一定资金,计算得出,人均保护支付意愿为9.81元/a,云南省总的保护支付意愿为1.056×108元/a；人均损害补偿支付意愿为2.30元/a,云南省总的损害补偿支付意愿为2.47×107元/a；通过构建支付意愿的多元线性回归模型,亚洲象保护支付意愿同受访者对亚洲象的了解程度、经济收入状况以及支付态度成正相关；通过Logit和Probit模型检验影响支付态度的因素,支付态度受被调查者的收入、对亚洲象了解程度、受教育程度3种社会经济因素影响,并成正相关关系,这点与预期结果相同,这3种因素中被调查者对亚洲象的了解程度对支付态度的影响最大。
政策研究方面：
本文从完善法律法规、确立多元化的补偿主体、实现生态补偿方式的损害计量、考虑各利益相关者的补偿意愿、实施多种补偿方式、建立政府和市场并行的补偿手段、建立补偿资金的监管制度、建立保险机制、大力发展社区共管九个方面提出了我国建设和实施野生动物损害补偿机制具体的对策。
With the growing population, constant loss of wildlif's habitat, changes in land utilization and the implementation effectiveness of wildlife protection measures, the contradiction between wildlife and humans for living space have been escalating continuously. The direct manifestation of this contradiction is the human-wildlife conflict, and the result of which is the damage caused by wildlife for humans. The damage caused by wildlife leads to not only physical injuries and property losses to local residents, but also the animosity and rejection feeling of local people to the wildlife, it is extremely detrimental to the wildlife conservation. How to ease human-wildlife conflict is a challenge for the researchers and administrators.
The implementation of effective protection strategy is inseparable from the attitudes of the local people. In order to alleviate the conflict between local people and wildlife and get support of wildlife conservation from local people, most countries'governments established compensation system to compensate for the lost of the local residents. Overall, the effect of compensation system on easing human-wildlife conflict was well acknowledged by many scholars, especially on mitigating the discontent with wildlife. A scientific and thorough wildlife damage compensation mechanism has not been set up in China. In this paper, taking wildlife nature reserve and the surrounding areas suffering wildlife damage as a research platform and Asian elephant, a national key protected flagship species, as a breakthrough of reserch, it established a wildlife damage compensation mechanism by considering multiple correlation factors through the scientific evaluation of the wildlife damage impact to the community residents, the tolerance of community residents to wildlife damage, and the expectations of community residents to damage compensation measures.
This paper includes three aspects of content which are theory research, application research and policy research.
Theory research:
The concept and scope of certain terms, including wildlife, wildlife conservation, damage and compensation, related to this research were defined; The theoretical basis for wildlife damage compensation was analyzed from different theoretical angles including eco-compensation, wildlife value, externality and public goods.
The framework of wildlife damage compensation mechanism for China was established, the various inscapes of wildlife damage compensation mechanism, including compensation subject, compensation methods, compensation means, compensation measure, compensation standard and process of compensation, were analyzed in detail.
Application research:
Through the on-the-spot investigation of the present living situation of Asian elephant, protection and management measures, current situation of damage caused by Asian elephant and compensation in China, it was concluded that the number of Asian elephant in China is less than250, which is very rare; Kinds of ways and means for Asian elephant protection made some achievements in China; Meanwhile, the damage caused by the Asian elephants was enormous, the harm of the local residents property and personal safety lead to an increasingly fierce human-elephant conflict. According to the existing problems, some specific suggestions were proposed.
By using contingent value method (CVM), and from the point of view of the willingness to accept compensation of the residents coming from the conservation, we analyzed the cognition of the local residents to the damage caused by Asian elephant, their attitudes towards the Asian elephant conservation, the expectation of compensation and willingness to accept the compensation for damage. The results showed that Asian elephants caused damage was severe and30.04%of the local residents were against the Asian elephant protection; The main reasons against Asian elephant protection were incomes reduced by Asian elephant damages and insufficient damage compensation; If the compensation was satisfied,80.26%of the residents who was against the protection will change attitudes to support the Asian elephant protection; The respondents expected damage compensation by national level; By establishing multiple linear regression model of willingness to compensation, the willingness to compensation was positively correlated with the number of the household members and the damage level, and was negatively correlated with the living condition and number of rubber trees; Willingness to compensation of different living conditions were calculated, which were1337.30yuan/person for residents living in the nature reserve,1129.20yuan/person for residents living in the edge area of the reserve, and921.11yuan/person for those living outside of the reserve.
Using contingent valuation method (CVM), and by willingness to pay (WTP), we analyzed the willingness to pay for Asian elephant protection and Asian elephant damage compensation to the urban residents, and the attitude towards payment and its related factors. Research showed that55%of the respondents are willing to pay a certain funds for elephant protection, which was calculated was9.81yuan/person in a year. The overall WTP for protection in Yunnan Province was1.056×10yuan/a; The average WTP for damage compensation was2.30yuan/person in a year. The total WTP for damage compensation in Yunnan Province was2.47×107yuan/a.By establishing multiple linear regression model of WTP, the WTP for Asian elephants protection was positively correlated with the respondents' understanding level to Asian elephant, income condition and attitude towards pay; The factors affecting pay attitude were tested by Logit and Probit model. It was found that pay attitude was influenced by income condition, understanding level of Asian elephant, and education level of the respondents and has positive correlation, which was same as expectation. Of all three factors, the understanding level of Asian elephant had the greatest influence on pay attitude.
Policy research:
In this paper, countermeasures for establishment and implementation of wildlife damage compensation mechanism in China were proposed from nine aspects, which are to improve laws and regulations, establish diversifying compensation subjects, realize the measurement for ecological compensation, consider the willingness to pay of all stakeholders, implement a variety of compensation methods, set up parallel compensation means of government and market, develop a supervision system for the compensation funds, establish insurance mechanism, and develop the community co-management.
有效保护策略的实施是和当地人的保护态度分不开的。为了缓和当地人与野生动物的冲突,获得当地人对野生动物保护的支持,多数国家的政府采取建立补偿制度,对当地居民受到的损失进行补偿。总体上说,补偿在缓解人与野生动物冲突中的作用,得到许多学者的认同,特别对缓解人对野生动物的不满情绪上,作用极大。我国目前尚未建立一个科学、完善的野生动物损害补偿机制。本文尝试以受野生动物损害的保护区及其周边地区为研究平台,以国家重点保护的旗舰物种—亚洲象为研究突破口,通过科学评价野生动物损害对社区居民造成的影响,社区居民对野生动物损害的容忍程度,以及社区居民对损害补偿措施的期望,尝试建立一个考虑到多重相关因素的野生动物损害补偿机制。
本论文包括理论研究和应用研究、政策研究三方面的内容。
理论研究方面：
界定了与本研究相关的野生动物、野生动物保护、损害、补偿的概念和范围；从生态补偿、野生动物价值、外部性、公共物品理论的角度,解析了野生动物损害补偿的理论依据。
构建了我国野生动物损害补偿机制的框架,详细的分析了野生动物损害补偿机制的各构成要素：包括补偿主体、补偿方式、补偿手段、补偿计量、补偿标准、补偿流程等。
应用研究方面：
通过实地调研我国亚洲象的生存现状、保护管理措施、损害及补偿现状,得出结论：目前我国亚洲象的不足250头,数量非常稀少；为了保护亚洲象国家采取各种方式和手段,取得了一些成绩；在保护亚洲象的同时,亚洲象造成的损害也十分巨大,危害当地居民的财产和人身安全,使得人象冲突日益激烈；针对以上存在的问题,提出了具体的建议。
应用条件价值法,从保护区周边居民受偿意愿的角度,分析了当地居民对亚洲象损害的认知、对亚洲象的保护态度、对补偿政策的期望以及对损害的受偿意愿。研究结果显示：亚洲象对当地损害十分严重,有30.04%的当地居民对亚洲象保护持反对态度；反对保护亚洲象的主要原因是亚洲象损害造成收入减少以及对损害补偿不足：持反对态度的受访者如果得到满意的补偿,他们当中80.26%会转变态度,对亚洲象保护持支持态度；受访者期望从国家的层面对损害进行补偿；通过建立受偿意愿的多元线性回归模型,受偿意愿同被调查者家庭人口数以及亚洲象的损害额度成正相关,同被调查者居住地状况以及被调查者家庭种植橡胶数目成负相关；计算得出不同居住状况下农户的受偿意愿,其中：居住在保护区内的1337.30元/a.人、居住在保护区边缘的1129.20元/a.人、居住在保护区外的921.11元/a.人。
应用条件价值法,从城市居民支付意愿的角度,分析了居民对亚洲象保护的支付意愿和对亚洲象损害补偿的支付意愿,及支付态度和与其相关的影响因素。研究表明：有55%的受访者愿意为了亚洲象的保护支付一定资金,计算得出,人均保护支付意愿为9.81元/a,云南省总的保护支付意愿为1.056×108元/a；人均损害补偿支付意愿为2.30元/a,云南省总的损害补偿支付意愿为2.47×107元/a；通过构建支付意愿的多元线性回归模型,亚洲象保护支付意愿同受访者对亚洲象的了解程度、经济收入状况以及支付态度成正相关；通过Logit和Probit模型检验影响支付态度的因素,支付态度受被调查者的收入、对亚洲象了解程度、受教育程度3种社会经济因素影响,并成正相关关系,这点与预期结果相同,这3种因素中被调查者对亚洲象的了解程度对支付态度的影响最大。
政策研究方面：
本文从完善法律法规、确立多元化的补偿主体、实现生态补偿方式的损害计量、考虑各利益相关者的补偿意愿、实施多种补偿方式、建立政府和市场并行的补偿手段、建立补偿资金的监管制度、建立保险机制、大力发展社区共管九个方面提出了我国建设和实施野生动物损害补偿机制具体的对策。
With the growing population, constant loss of wildlif's habitat, changes in land utilization and the implementation effectiveness of wildlife protection measures, the contradiction between wildlife and humans for living space have been escalating continuously. The direct manifestation of this contradiction is the human-wildlife conflict, and the result of which is the damage caused by wildlife for humans. The damage caused by wildlife leads to not only physical injuries and property losses to local residents, but also the animosity and rejection feeling of local people to the wildlife, it is extremely detrimental to the wildlife conservation. How to ease human-wildlife conflict is a challenge for the researchers and administrators.
The implementation of effective protection strategy is inseparable from the attitudes of the local people. In order to alleviate the conflict between local people and wildlife and get support of wildlife conservation from local people, most countries'governments established compensation system to compensate for the lost of the local residents. Overall, the effect of compensation system on easing human-wildlife conflict was well acknowledged by many scholars, especially on mitigating the discontent with wildlife. A scientific and thorough wildlife damage compensation mechanism has not been set up in China. In this paper, taking wildlife nature reserve and the surrounding areas suffering wildlife damage as a research platform and Asian elephant, a national key protected flagship species, as a breakthrough of reserch, it established a wildlife damage compensation mechanism by considering multiple correlation factors through the scientific evaluation of the wildlife damage impact to the community residents, the tolerance of community residents to wildlife damage, and the expectations of community residents to damage compensation measures.
This paper includes three aspects of content which are theory research, application research and policy research.
Theory research:
The concept and scope of certain terms, including wildlife, wildlife conservation, damage and compensation, related to this research were defined; The theoretical basis for wildlife damage compensation was analyzed from different theoretical angles including eco-compensation, wildlife value, externality and public goods.
The framework of wildlife damage compensation mechanism for China was established, the various inscapes of wildlife damage compensation mechanism, including compensation subject, compensation methods, compensation means, compensation measure, compensation standard and process of compensation, were analyzed in detail.
Application research:
Through the on-the-spot investigation of the present living situation of Asian elephant, protection and management measures, current situation of damage caused by Asian elephant and compensation in China, it was concluded that the number of Asian elephant in China is less than250, which is very rare; Kinds of ways and means for Asian elephant protection made some achievements in China; Meanwhile, the damage caused by the Asian elephants was enormous, the harm of the local residents property and personal safety lead to an increasingly fierce human-elephant conflict. According to the existing problems, some specific suggestions were proposed.
By using contingent value method (CVM), and from the point of view of the willingness to accept compensation of the residents coming from the conservation, we analyzed the cognition of the local residents to the damage caused by Asian elephant, their attitudes towards the Asian elephant conservation, the expectation of compensation and willingness to accept the compensation for damage. The results showed that Asian elephants caused damage was severe and30.04%of the local residents were against the Asian elephant protection; The main reasons against Asian elephant protection were incomes reduced by Asian elephant damages and insufficient damage compensation; If the compensation was satisfied,80.26%of the residents who was against the protection will change attitudes to support the Asian elephant protection; The respondents expected damage compensation by national level; By establishing multiple linear regression model of willingness to compensation, the willingness to compensation was positively correlated with the number of the household members and the damage level, and was negatively correlated with the living condition and number of rubber trees; Willingness to compensation of different living conditions were calculated, which were1337.30yuan/person for residents living in the nature reserve,1129.20yuan/person for residents living in the edge area of the reserve, and921.11yuan/person for those living outside of the reserve.
Using contingent valuation method (CVM), and by willingness to pay (WTP), we analyzed the willingness to pay for Asian elephant protection and Asian elephant damage compensation to the urban residents, and the attitude towards payment and its related factors. Research showed that55%of the respondents are willing to pay a certain funds for elephant protection, which was calculated was9.81yuan/person in a year. The overall WTP for protection in Yunnan Province was1.056×10yuan/a; The average WTP for damage compensation was2.30yuan/person in a year. The total WTP for damage compensation in Yunnan Province was2.47×107yuan/a.By establishing multiple linear regression model of WTP, the WTP for Asian elephants protection was positively correlated with the respondents' understanding level to Asian elephant, income condition and attitude towards pay; The factors affecting pay attitude were tested by Logit and Probit model. It was found that pay attitude was influenced by income condition, understanding level of Asian elephant, and education level of the respondents and has positive correlation, which was same as expectation. Of all three factors, the understanding level of Asian elephant had the greatest influence on pay attitude.
Policy research:
In this paper, countermeasures for establishment and implementation of wildlife damage compensation mechanism in China were proposed from nine aspects, which are to improve laws and regulations, establish diversifying compensation subjects, realize the measurement for ecological compensation, consider the willingness to pay of all stakeholders, implement a variety of compensation methods, set up parallel compensation means of government and market, develop a supervision system for the compensation funds, establish insurance mechanism, and develop the community co-management.
引文
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