黑龙江省张广才岭西麓野猪危害研究
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摘要
2007年12月至2009年1月,对黑龙江省张广才岭西麓尚志、五常两市野猪危害农作物情况和野猪种群数量进行了调查。调查野猪危害农作物的主要方法是问卷调查、走访调查以及实地调查；野猪种群数量的调查则采用相对数量调查法。根据对调查结果的统计和分析,得出以下主要结论：
大部分农户(81.32%)种植了玉米、南瓜、黄豆等作物中的一种或几种。而且,大部分农户(73.14%)的农田过去曾遭受或者正在遭受野猪的破坏。野猪危害农作物是造成农户经济损失的最重要原因(82.76%)。
野猪危害农作物的规律：野猪危害农作物一般集中在整个秋季,从玉米打穗、南瓜结瓜的时候开始,到玉米和南瓜成熟的时候达到最高峰,收割之后,破坏趋于消失。野猪危害农作物一般在傍晚或深夜(77.45%),有时也会在清晨(20.24%),其他时间则几乎不会在农田出现。被野猪危害的农田大多数紧靠林缘地或者在林缘地附近(74.26%)。
野猪危害的农田距水源的平均距离为289.36±59.52 m,最大距离为1050 m,最小距离为25 m,范围为1025 m；距林缘的平均距离为29.00±5.67 m,最大距离为82 m,最小距离为0 m,范围为82 m；距人为干扰的平均距离为2452.91±301.12 m,最大距离为5200 m,最小距离为560 m,范围为4640 m。
农作物受野猪危害的面积与各个因子之间的关系：76.66%的受害农田位于距离林缘10 m之内,农作物受害面积与农田距林缘的距离负相关。高达45.97%的受害农田位于距离水源100 m之内,农作物受害面积与农田距水源的距离负相关。农作物受害面积与农田距人为干扰的距离并没有表现出明显的相关性。
野猪危害农作物损失调查结果：本次调查的农田总面积是243900 m2,受害农田的总面积为24159.74 m2,野猪危害农作物给农民造成的经济损失约为76380元。
根据2007年12月-2008年1月的调查得到：五常市野猪的种群密度为0.031995±0.00915头/hm2；五常市野猪实体总数为1313±375头。尚志市野猪的种群密度为0.030744±0.00644头/hm2；尚志市野猪实体总数为1400±293头。
根据2008年12月-2009年1月的调查得到：五常市野猪的种群密度为0.032273±0.00538头/hm2；五常市野猪实体总数为1324±220头。尚志市野猪的种群密度为0.031492±0.00465头/hm2；尚志市野猪实体总数为1434±211头。
五常、尚志两市在两次调查中得到的野猪种群密度和数量的差异较小,说明该地区野猪种群数量比较稳定。而且两市的野猪数量并没有达到过多的状态,可见该地区野猪频繁危害农作物并不是由野猪数量过多造成的。
此外,野猪的分布会随着农作物生长季节的变化而发生变化。秋季农作物生长期,野猪会迁移到离农田较近的浅山区,对农作物造成一定的危害；进入冬季以后,农作物收割完毕,野猪会退缩到人迹罕至的深山区。在没有农作物引诱的季节,野猪还是偏向于选择远离人为干扰源的深山老林。
From December 2007 to January 2009, there were surveys about the population and the harm of wild boar in the western slope of Zhangguangcai Mountain, Heilongjiang Province. The methods to investigate the harm of wild boar are visit surveys, questionnaire surveys and field surveys; the measure to investigate population of wild boar is the relative-number survey. After analysis of the results of the survey, the main conclusions are as follows:
Most farmers (81.32%) planted one or several crops in corn, pumpkins and soybeans. Moreover, most (73.14%) of their crops have suffered or are suffering from the destruction of wild boar. Farmers believed that wild boar harming crops caused significant economic losses.
The damage almost happened in the whole autumn. Every day wild boars come to the field to eat crop almost in the evening or at night (77.45%); at times in the morning (20.24%). The crops that closer to the edge of mountain forest are prone to be damaged (74.26%).
Average distance from the water of wild boar harming crops is 289.36±59.52 m, with maximum distance of 1050 m and minimum distance of 25 m and the range is 1025 m; average distance from the forest edge is 29.00±5.67 m, with maximum distance of 82 m and minimum distance of 0 m and the range is 82 m; average distance from human disturbance is 2452.91±301.12 m with maximum distance of 5200 m and minimum distance of 560 m and the range is 4640 m.
The relationship between damaged farmland and various factors are discussed in this thesis. The damaged farmland, which located less than 10 m to the forest edge had reached 76.66%. The relationship between the acreage of farmland which damaged by wild boar and the distance from farmland to the forest edge is negative correlation. Up to 45.97% of the damaged farmland located within 100 m away from water sources. The relationship between the acreage of damaged farmland and the distance from farmland to water is negative correlation. The relationship between the acreage of damaged farmland and the distance from farmland to human disturbance do not show significant correlation.
Total farmland of this survey is 243900 m2, acreage of farmland which damaged by wild boar is 24159.74 m2. Economic loss of crops damaged by wild boar is￥76,380.
On the basis of the survey from December 2007 to January 2008, density of wild boar in Wuchang is (0.031995±0.00915)/hm2 and the population is 1313±375. The density of wild boar in Shangzhi is (0.030744±0.00644)/hm2 and the population is 1400±293.
According to the survey from December 2008 to January 2009, the density of wild boar in Wuchang is (0.032273±0.00538)/hm2 and the population is 1324±220. The density of wild boar in Shangzhi is (0.031492±0.00465)/hm2 and the population is 1434±211.
The density and size of wild boar indicated that wild boar population was stable in Wuchang and Shangzhi. Moreover, the number of wild boar was not excessive in two cities, showing the excessive number of wild boars in the region was not the reason of frequent crops damage caused by wild boar.
In addition, the distribution of wild boar will vary with the crop growing season. In autumn, the crop growing period, wild boar will move to the mountains closer to the farmland, causing damage to crops; during the winter, after the crop harvest completed, the wild boar will retreat to inaccessible mountain areas. In the absence of crop temptation season, wild boar is inclined to the remote mountains keeping off man-made interference sources.
大部分农户(81.32%)种植了玉米、南瓜、黄豆等作物中的一种或几种。而且,大部分农户(73.14%)的农田过去曾遭受或者正在遭受野猪的破坏。野猪危害农作物是造成农户经济损失的最重要原因(82.76%)。
野猪危害农作物的规律：野猪危害农作物一般集中在整个秋季,从玉米打穗、南瓜结瓜的时候开始,到玉米和南瓜成熟的时候达到最高峰,收割之后,破坏趋于消失。野猪危害农作物一般在傍晚或深夜(77.45%),有时也会在清晨(20.24%),其他时间则几乎不会在农田出现。被野猪危害的农田大多数紧靠林缘地或者在林缘地附近(74.26%)。
野猪危害的农田距水源的平均距离为289.36±59.52 m,最大距离为1050 m,最小距离为25 m,范围为1025 m；距林缘的平均距离为29.00±5.67 m,最大距离为82 m,最小距离为0 m,范围为82 m；距人为干扰的平均距离为2452.91±301.12 m,最大距离为5200 m,最小距离为560 m,范围为4640 m。
农作物受野猪危害的面积与各个因子之间的关系：76.66%的受害农田位于距离林缘10 m之内,农作物受害面积与农田距林缘的距离负相关。高达45.97%的受害农田位于距离水源100 m之内,农作物受害面积与农田距水源的距离负相关。农作物受害面积与农田距人为干扰的距离并没有表现出明显的相关性。
野猪危害农作物损失调查结果：本次调查的农田总面积是243900 m2,受害农田的总面积为24159.74 m2,野猪危害农作物给农民造成的经济损失约为76380元。
根据2007年12月-2008年1月的调查得到：五常市野猪的种群密度为0.031995±0.00915头/hm2；五常市野猪实体总数为1313±375头。尚志市野猪的种群密度为0.030744±0.00644头/hm2；尚志市野猪实体总数为1400±293头。
根据2008年12月-2009年1月的调查得到：五常市野猪的种群密度为0.032273±0.00538头/hm2；五常市野猪实体总数为1324±220头。尚志市野猪的种群密度为0.031492±0.00465头/hm2；尚志市野猪实体总数为1434±211头。
五常、尚志两市在两次调查中得到的野猪种群密度和数量的差异较小,说明该地区野猪种群数量比较稳定。而且两市的野猪数量并没有达到过多的状态,可见该地区野猪频繁危害农作物并不是由野猪数量过多造成的。
此外,野猪的分布会随着农作物生长季节的变化而发生变化。秋季农作物生长期,野猪会迁移到离农田较近的浅山区,对农作物造成一定的危害；进入冬季以后,农作物收割完毕,野猪会退缩到人迹罕至的深山区。在没有农作物引诱的季节,野猪还是偏向于选择远离人为干扰源的深山老林。
From December 2007 to January 2009, there were surveys about the population and the harm of wild boar in the western slope of Zhangguangcai Mountain, Heilongjiang Province. The methods to investigate the harm of wild boar are visit surveys, questionnaire surveys and field surveys; the measure to investigate population of wild boar is the relative-number survey. After analysis of the results of the survey, the main conclusions are as follows:
Most farmers (81.32%) planted one or several crops in corn, pumpkins and soybeans. Moreover, most (73.14%) of their crops have suffered or are suffering from the destruction of wild boar. Farmers believed that wild boar harming crops caused significant economic losses.
The damage almost happened in the whole autumn. Every day wild boars come to the field to eat crop almost in the evening or at night (77.45%); at times in the morning (20.24%). The crops that closer to the edge of mountain forest are prone to be damaged (74.26%).
Average distance from the water of wild boar harming crops is 289.36±59.52 m, with maximum distance of 1050 m and minimum distance of 25 m and the range is 1025 m; average distance from the forest edge is 29.00±5.67 m, with maximum distance of 82 m and minimum distance of 0 m and the range is 82 m; average distance from human disturbance is 2452.91±301.12 m with maximum distance of 5200 m and minimum distance of 560 m and the range is 4640 m.
The relationship between damaged farmland and various factors are discussed in this thesis. The damaged farmland, which located less than 10 m to the forest edge had reached 76.66%. The relationship between the acreage of farmland which damaged by wild boar and the distance from farmland to the forest edge is negative correlation. Up to 45.97% of the damaged farmland located within 100 m away from water sources. The relationship between the acreage of damaged farmland and the distance from farmland to water is negative correlation. The relationship between the acreage of damaged farmland and the distance from farmland to human disturbance do not show significant correlation.
Total farmland of this survey is 243900 m2, acreage of farmland which damaged by wild boar is 24159.74 m2. Economic loss of crops damaged by wild boar is￥76,380.
On the basis of the survey from December 2007 to January 2008, density of wild boar in Wuchang is (0.031995±0.00915)/hm2 and the population is 1313±375. The density of wild boar in Shangzhi is (0.030744±0.00644)/hm2 and the population is 1400±293.
According to the survey from December 2008 to January 2009, the density of wild boar in Wuchang is (0.032273±0.00538)/hm2 and the population is 1324±220. The density of wild boar in Shangzhi is (0.031492±0.00465)/hm2 and the population is 1434±211.
The density and size of wild boar indicated that wild boar population was stable in Wuchang and Shangzhi. Moreover, the number of wild boar was not excessive in two cities, showing the excessive number of wild boars in the region was not the reason of frequent crops damage caused by wild boar.
In addition, the distribution of wild boar will vary with the crop growing season. In autumn, the crop growing period, wild boar will move to the mountains closer to the farmland, causing damage to crops; during the winter, after the crop harvest completed, the wild boar will retreat to inaccessible mountain areas. In the absence of crop temptation season, wild boar is inclined to the remote mountains keeping off man-made interference sources.
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