杜鹃属植物亲缘关系及遗传多样性研究
|
摘要
本研究以分布于四川西南山地(海拔2020～3435m)的数十种杜鹃属植物(Rhododendron sp.)为材料进行杜鹃属植物亲缘关系和遗传多样性研究,主要方法和结果如下:
表型性状数量分类研究。在全面衡量杜鹃属植物性状特征的基础上,选择44个性状用SPSS10.0进行分析,其中二元性状18个、多元性状13个、数量性状13个。O聚类采用平均欧氏距离平方系数(squared Euclidean distance coefficient),R聚类采用相关系数距离(Pearson correlation),聚类方法采用类间平均链锁法(within-groupslinkage)。Q聚类结果将46种杜鹃属植物分为特征明显的2大类群,即有鳞类杜鹃和无鳞的常绿类杜鹃,在2大类群下的聚类结果与传统的形态分类基本吻合,但美容杜鹃和汶川星毛杜鹃的亚组归属值得商榷。R聚类表明性状被分为明显不同的组,鳞片出现部位、花器构造、外部器官尺寸等性状群内有较强的相关关系。主成分分析中,到第5个主成分累计贡献率才达70%,而前3个主成分累积贡献率达60.39%,表明杜鹃分类中存在重要性状,主要是鳞片有无、腺体和毛被的有无和叶、花、果的大小等;对分类贡献不大的性状主要有雄蕊数、萼片是否具毛、萼裂片长短、花冠颜色、花丝基部毛、花冠毛等。主成分分析结果与Q聚类结果基本一致,揭示在杜鹃分类时应选择重要性状,避免过多次要性状的干扰。
利用电子显微镜对26种野生杜鹃花粉进行观察和比较研究。26种杜鹃分属杜鹃亚属(Subgonus Rhododendron)杜鹃组(10种),常绿杜鹃亚属(Subgenus Hymenanthes)常绿杜鹃组(14种),糙叶杜鹃亚属(Subgenus Pseudorhodorastrum)(2种)。结果表明:1)本属花粉均为四合体花粉,呈正四面体排列,单粒花粉球形或近球形,具三孔沟,极少数为四孔沟,表面粘丝多少不等。花粉粒外壁呈现大小颗粒、裂纹等不同纹饰,沟界区和极区与其他部位的纹饰并无明显差异。2)单粒花粉形状、外壁颗粒大小与形状、裂纹形状与数量、四合体间缝深浅等在种内不同居群间表现一致,但四合体直径和萌发孔长宽有一些变异。3)外壁纹饰和萌发孔长宽在各亚属间未能呈现有规律的变化,不宜作为亚属划分的依据;四合体平均直径以常绿杜鹃亚属最大,杜鹃亚属次之,糙叶杜鹃亚属最小,可作为划分亚属的参考指标。4)在同一亚属内,花粉形态特征可作为划分组或亚组的辅助手段。花粉形态特征在种间既有差异也有相似之处,不宜单独用于种的鉴定,但结合组或亚组的划分,孢粉学特征对种的确定具有一定意义。
探索杜鹃RAPD反应体系和反应程序,并利用RAPD标记分析43种杜鹃属野生植物49个样品的遗传多样性、亲缘关系和系统关系。总DNA提取采用核沉淀法,最佳扩增反应体系为:4μL模板DNA(20ng/μL),2μL 10×PCR缓冲液,0.3μL随机引物(0.50D)、1.1μL dNTPs(2.5mmol/L)、2.5μL MgCl_2(25mmol/L),1.2μL Taq-DNA聚合酶(2.5U/μL),8.9μL双蒸水,总反应体系20μL。优化扩增程序为:94℃预变性3min,94℃变性1min,34℃退火39s,72℃延伸1min,共45个循环,最后72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存。按Sleumer分类系统,参试材料中常绿杜鹃亚属23种25个样品,杜鹃亚属18种18个样品,糙叶杜鹃亚属2种6个样品。用遗传相似系数按非加权成对算术平均法(UPGMA)进行遗传相似性聚类,结果显示:1)24条引物共扩增出407条谱带,其中多态谱带399条,多态率达98.03%,揭示出杜鹃属内高度的遗传多样性。2)各参试样品间的遗传相似系数(GS)变化范围为0.2623-0.9059,样本间平均GS值为0.4631。3)49个样品在GS值0.59附近聚为3大类群。第一类群为常绿杜鹃亚属的25个样品,第二类群为杜鹃亚属的18个样品,第三类群为属糙叶杜鹃亚属的6个样品,聚类结果与以形态区分的3个亚属完全吻合,且第一、二类群先聚类后再与第三类群聚类,说明杜鹃亚属与糙叶杜鹃亚属的亲缘关系远于与常绿杜鹃亚属的亲缘关系,因此支持将糙叶类杜鹃单独划分为一个亚属。
In this study,the relationship and genetic diversity were investigated using Rhododendron materials from the southwest mountainous region of Sichuan where the altitude is 2020-3435m and the major methods and results are as follows.
The mathematic classification of morphologic character was studied.44 morphologic characters including 18 dualistic characters,13 multi-characters and 13 quantitative characters,were selected and analyzed using SPSS10.0.Squared Euclidean distance coefficient was used in case clustering and Pearson correlation was used in variable clustering by within-groups linkage.The 46 species of Rhododendron were divided into two caboodles:one was lepidote and the other was evergreen by case clustering.The different groups were formed under two caboodles and the groups were similar to the traditional classification except R.calophytum and R.asterochnoum.The results of variable clustering showed that the characters were decided in different groups.In principal component analyses(PCA),the accumulative contribution of the fifth principal component just up to 70%while the first three principal components was up to 60.9%, which showed that some important characters can be used in classification of Rhododendron,such as squama,gland,hair and the size of leaves,flowers and fruits. However,the number of stamen,hair on sepal,size of sepal,color of crown,hair on lower silk and hair on crown etc have a small contribution on classification.The results of PCA was in according with that in case clustering,which reflected that we should pay more attention to choose character in classifying.
Pollen grains of 26 wild Rhododendron in southwest mountain region of Sichuan were observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM),in which 21 species were reported for the first time.They belonged to 3 subgenera(Subgonus Rhododendron,Subgenus Hymenanthes,Subgenus Pseudorhodorastrum),4 sections and 12 subsections.All of them are tetrahedron with tetrad construction.Pollen grains of Rhododendron were spherical or subspherical with tricolporate and few of them with four colporates.There was unequal visein thread on the surface.The size of tetrad and the pollen exine sculpture of them were different in SEM,but no conspicuous difference by the colpus and proximal exine.The diference of pollen exine sculptur and length and width of germinal apertures did not fit for sorting the subgenera,while the diameter of tetrahedron could provide proof for further taxonomy.In the same subgenera,the morphological data of pollen could assist to identify the section and subsect.It was not suitable to identify some certain species in Rhododendron only by morphological data of pollen,however,it might be used for identification of some species in certain section and subsection.
Essential factors affecting the result of Rhododendron RAPD-PCR were studied with orthogonal design.And the optimal RAPD-PCR were built as follow:DNA4μL (20ng/μL);10×PCR buffer 2μL;Taq E 1.2μL(2.5U/μL);primer 0.3μL(0.5OD)、dNTPs1.1μL(2.5mmol/L)、MGCl_22.5μL(25mmol/L),in 20μL reaction solution. Amplification reactions was performed in a 96-well thermocycler(Eppendorf Authorized Thermal Cycler PCR) programmed as follows:an initial denaturizing at 94℃for 3min followed by 45 cycles of 1min at 94℃,39s at 34℃,1min at 72℃,and finally extended at 72℃for 10 min.
49 samples of 43 wild Rhododendron species from the southwest mountainous region in Sichuan were studied by using RAPD,including 25 samples of 23 species in Subgenus Hymenanthes,18 samples of 18 species in Subgenus Rhododendron and 6 samples of 2 species in Subgenus Pseudorhodorastru,according to Sleumer's classification system. Their genetic diversity,relationship and phylogeny were analyzed.They were clustered by UPGMA.The results showed that:1) 407 DNA fragments were amplified by 24 primers, among which 399 DNA fragments were polymorphic,up to 98.03%.Dendrogram obtained by UPGMA implied the genetic diversity of Rhododendron;2) Their coefficient of genetic similarity(GS) was ranging 0.25～0.82,the average GS was 0.4631;3) The division by RAPD was consistent with the 3 subgenus classification system by morphological characters.49 samples were divided into 3 groups by cluster analysis based on the GS:the first group contained 25 samples belonging to Subgenus Hymenanthes;the second group contained 18 samples belonging to Subgenus Rhododendron,and the third group consisted of 6 samples of Subgenus Pseudorhodorastrum.The first two groups were clustered at GS 0.40 then gathered with the third group at GS 0.37.Subgenus Hymenanthes had a closer relationship with Subgenus Rhododendron than with Subgenus Pseudorhodorastru,so Subgenus Pseudorhodorastru should not be mergered into Subgenus Rhododendron.
表型性状数量分类研究。在全面衡量杜鹃属植物性状特征的基础上,选择44个性状用SPSS10.0进行分析,其中二元性状18个、多元性状13个、数量性状13个。O聚类采用平均欧氏距离平方系数(squared Euclidean distance coefficient),R聚类采用相关系数距离(Pearson correlation),聚类方法采用类间平均链锁法(within-groupslinkage)。Q聚类结果将46种杜鹃属植物分为特征明显的2大类群,即有鳞类杜鹃和无鳞的常绿类杜鹃,在2大类群下的聚类结果与传统的形态分类基本吻合,但美容杜鹃和汶川星毛杜鹃的亚组归属值得商榷。R聚类表明性状被分为明显不同的组,鳞片出现部位、花器构造、外部器官尺寸等性状群内有较强的相关关系。主成分分析中,到第5个主成分累计贡献率才达70%,而前3个主成分累积贡献率达60.39%,表明杜鹃分类中存在重要性状,主要是鳞片有无、腺体和毛被的有无和叶、花、果的大小等;对分类贡献不大的性状主要有雄蕊数、萼片是否具毛、萼裂片长短、花冠颜色、花丝基部毛、花冠毛等。主成分分析结果与Q聚类结果基本一致,揭示在杜鹃分类时应选择重要性状,避免过多次要性状的干扰。
利用电子显微镜对26种野生杜鹃花粉进行观察和比较研究。26种杜鹃分属杜鹃亚属(Subgonus Rhododendron)杜鹃组(10种),常绿杜鹃亚属(Subgenus Hymenanthes)常绿杜鹃组(14种),糙叶杜鹃亚属(Subgenus Pseudorhodorastrum)(2种)。结果表明:1)本属花粉均为四合体花粉,呈正四面体排列,单粒花粉球形或近球形,具三孔沟,极少数为四孔沟,表面粘丝多少不等。花粉粒外壁呈现大小颗粒、裂纹等不同纹饰,沟界区和极区与其他部位的纹饰并无明显差异。2)单粒花粉形状、外壁颗粒大小与形状、裂纹形状与数量、四合体间缝深浅等在种内不同居群间表现一致,但四合体直径和萌发孔长宽有一些变异。3)外壁纹饰和萌发孔长宽在各亚属间未能呈现有规律的变化,不宜作为亚属划分的依据;四合体平均直径以常绿杜鹃亚属最大,杜鹃亚属次之,糙叶杜鹃亚属最小,可作为划分亚属的参考指标。4)在同一亚属内,花粉形态特征可作为划分组或亚组的辅助手段。花粉形态特征在种间既有差异也有相似之处,不宜单独用于种的鉴定,但结合组或亚组的划分,孢粉学特征对种的确定具有一定意义。
探索杜鹃RAPD反应体系和反应程序,并利用RAPD标记分析43种杜鹃属野生植物49个样品的遗传多样性、亲缘关系和系统关系。总DNA提取采用核沉淀法,最佳扩增反应体系为:4μL模板DNA(20ng/μL),2μL 10×PCR缓冲液,0.3μL随机引物(0.50D)、1.1μL dNTPs(2.5mmol/L)、2.5μL MgCl_2(25mmol/L),1.2μL Taq-DNA聚合酶(2.5U/μL),8.9μL双蒸水,总反应体系20μL。优化扩增程序为:94℃预变性3min,94℃变性1min,34℃退火39s,72℃延伸1min,共45个循环,最后72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存。按Sleumer分类系统,参试材料中常绿杜鹃亚属23种25个样品,杜鹃亚属18种18个样品,糙叶杜鹃亚属2种6个样品。用遗传相似系数按非加权成对算术平均法(UPGMA)进行遗传相似性聚类,结果显示:1)24条引物共扩增出407条谱带,其中多态谱带399条,多态率达98.03%,揭示出杜鹃属内高度的遗传多样性。2)各参试样品间的遗传相似系数(GS)变化范围为0.2623-0.9059,样本间平均GS值为0.4631。3)49个样品在GS值0.59附近聚为3大类群。第一类群为常绿杜鹃亚属的25个样品,第二类群为杜鹃亚属的18个样品,第三类群为属糙叶杜鹃亚属的6个样品,聚类结果与以形态区分的3个亚属完全吻合,且第一、二类群先聚类后再与第三类群聚类,说明杜鹃亚属与糙叶杜鹃亚属的亲缘关系远于与常绿杜鹃亚属的亲缘关系,因此支持将糙叶类杜鹃单独划分为一个亚属。
In this study,the relationship and genetic diversity were investigated using Rhododendron materials from the southwest mountainous region of Sichuan where the altitude is 2020-3435m and the major methods and results are as follows.
The mathematic classification of morphologic character was studied.44 morphologic characters including 18 dualistic characters,13 multi-characters and 13 quantitative characters,were selected and analyzed using SPSS10.0.Squared Euclidean distance coefficient was used in case clustering and Pearson correlation was used in variable clustering by within-groups linkage.The 46 species of Rhododendron were divided into two caboodles:one was lepidote and the other was evergreen by case clustering.The different groups were formed under two caboodles and the groups were similar to the traditional classification except R.calophytum and R.asterochnoum.The results of variable clustering showed that the characters were decided in different groups.In principal component analyses(PCA),the accumulative contribution of the fifth principal component just up to 70%while the first three principal components was up to 60.9%, which showed that some important characters can be used in classification of Rhododendron,such as squama,gland,hair and the size of leaves,flowers and fruits. However,the number of stamen,hair on sepal,size of sepal,color of crown,hair on lower silk and hair on crown etc have a small contribution on classification.The results of PCA was in according with that in case clustering,which reflected that we should pay more attention to choose character in classifying.
Pollen grains of 26 wild Rhododendron in southwest mountain region of Sichuan were observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM),in which 21 species were reported for the first time.They belonged to 3 subgenera(Subgonus Rhododendron,Subgenus Hymenanthes,Subgenus Pseudorhodorastrum),4 sections and 12 subsections.All of them are tetrahedron with tetrad construction.Pollen grains of Rhododendron were spherical or subspherical with tricolporate and few of them with four colporates.There was unequal visein thread on the surface.The size of tetrad and the pollen exine sculpture of them were different in SEM,but no conspicuous difference by the colpus and proximal exine.The diference of pollen exine sculptur and length and width of germinal apertures did not fit for sorting the subgenera,while the diameter of tetrahedron could provide proof for further taxonomy.In the same subgenera,the morphological data of pollen could assist to identify the section and subsect.It was not suitable to identify some certain species in Rhododendron only by morphological data of pollen,however,it might be used for identification of some species in certain section and subsection.
Essential factors affecting the result of Rhododendron RAPD-PCR were studied with orthogonal design.And the optimal RAPD-PCR were built as follow:DNA4μL (20ng/μL);10×PCR buffer 2μL;Taq E 1.2μL(2.5U/μL);primer 0.3μL(0.5OD)、dNTPs1.1μL(2.5mmol/L)、MGCl_22.5μL(25mmol/L),in 20μL reaction solution. Amplification reactions was performed in a 96-well thermocycler(Eppendorf Authorized Thermal Cycler PCR) programmed as follows:an initial denaturizing at 94℃for 3min followed by 45 cycles of 1min at 94℃,39s at 34℃,1min at 72℃,and finally extended at 72℃for 10 min.
49 samples of 43 wild Rhododendron species from the southwest mountainous region in Sichuan were studied by using RAPD,including 25 samples of 23 species in Subgenus Hymenanthes,18 samples of 18 species in Subgenus Rhododendron and 6 samples of 2 species in Subgenus Pseudorhodorastru,according to Sleumer's classification system. Their genetic diversity,relationship and phylogeny were analyzed.They were clustered by UPGMA.The results showed that:1) 407 DNA fragments were amplified by 24 primers, among which 399 DNA fragments were polymorphic,up to 98.03%.Dendrogram obtained by UPGMA implied the genetic diversity of Rhododendron;2) Their coefficient of genetic similarity(GS) was ranging 0.25～0.82,the average GS was 0.4631;3) The division by RAPD was consistent with the 3 subgenus classification system by morphological characters.49 samples were divided into 3 groups by cluster analysis based on the GS:the first group contained 25 samples belonging to Subgenus Hymenanthes;the second group contained 18 samples belonging to Subgenus Rhododendron,and the third group consisted of 6 samples of Subgenus Pseudorhodorastrum.The first two groups were clustered at GS 0.40 then gathered with the third group at GS 0.37.Subgenus Hymenanthes had a closer relationship with Subgenus Rhododendron than with Subgenus Pseudorhodorastru,so Subgenus Pseudorhodorastru should not be mergered into Subgenus Rhododendron.
引文
1 黄茂如.杜鹃花.上海,上海科学出版社,1998,3-6
2 汪源,鞠波.中国野生杜鹃资源开发利用探讨.生物学杂志,2006,23(1):43-44
3 钟国华,胡美英.杜鹃花科植物活性成分及作用机制研究进展.武汉植物学研究,2000,18(6):509-514
4 Yoshiki K,Kimihisa Y,Yasumasa I,at al.Isolation of rhododaurichromanic acid B and the anti-HIV principles rhododaurichromanic acid A and rhododaurichromenic acid from Rhododendron dauricum.Tetrahedron,2001,57:1559-1563
5 张长芹.杜鹃花.北京,中国建筑工业出版社,2003,216-220
6 植物源杀虫剂--闹羊花素Ⅲ.山东农药信息,2004,12:13
7 杨汉碧,方瑞征,金存礼.中国植物志,第57卷(1分册).北京,科学出版社,1999,14
8 冯志坚,吴志敏,李镇魁.广东杜鹃花科一新种.华南农业大学学报,1996,17(1):59-60
9 何明友,许介眉,胡琳贞.四川杜鹃花属新分类群.植物分类学报,1997,35(1):63-66
10 陈正仁,蓝开敏.贵州杜鹃花属一新种--荔波杜鹃.植物分类学报,2003,41(6):563-565
11 杨宏增.云南杜鹃花属二新种.植物分类学报,1997,35(2):186-189
12 刘仁林.江西杜鹃杜鹃花属一新种.植物分类学报,2001,39(3):272-274
13 赵振鐻.杜鹃花属一新种.四川大学学报:自然科学版,2004,41(6):1298-1299
14 陈翔,谢华,陈训.贵州杜鹃属一新亚种和新记录种.贵州科学,2005,23(3):54-55
15 杨汉碧,方瑞征,金存礼.中国植物志,第57卷(1分册).北京,科学出版社,1999,117
16 Salisbury R A.Prodromus stirpium in hortoad Chapel Allerton vigentium.London,1796
17 Don G.A general history of dichlamydious Plants.Vol.3,Calyciflorae.London,1834
18 Hooker J D & Bentham.Genera Plantarum.London,1876
19 Stevenson J B.The Species of Rhododendron.London,The Rbodondron Societyt,1930,1-841
20 Copeland H F.Amer Midl Nat,1943,30:533-625
21 Sleumer H.Ein system der gattung Rhododendron L.Bot Jahrb syst,1949,74:511-553
22 Cullen J and Chamberlain D F.A preliminary synopsis of the genus Rhododendron.Notes Roy.Bot.Gard.Edinburgh,1978,36(1):105-126
23 Philipson W R.Problems in the Classification of the Azalea Complex Contributions Townrd a Classification of Rhododendron.New York Botanical Garden,1980,53-62
24 Philipson M N,Philipson W R.A preliminary synopsis of the genus Rhododendron.Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh,1982,40(1):225-227
25 Chamberlain D F,Hyam R,Argent G et al.The Genus Rhododendron,its classification and symposium.Roy Bot Gard Edinb,1996
26 Goetsch L,Eckert A J,Hall B D.The molecular systematics of Rhododendron(Erecaceae):a phylogeny based upon rpb2 gene sequences.Systematic Botany,2005,30:616-626
27 Seithe A.Rhododendron Hairs and Taxonomy Contributions Toward a Classification of Rhododendron.New York Botanical Garden,1980,89-115
28 熊子仙,王启德.中国有鳞杜鹃叶背鳞片显微形态研究.西北植物学报,1997,17(1):65-77
29 王玉国,李光照,张文驹等.中国杜鹃花属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义.植物分类学报,2007,45(1):1-20
30 熊子仙.糙叶杜鹃亚属叶解剖特征与组的划分.云南师范大学学报,1996,16(4):62-63
31 熊子仙.马银花亚属5种杜鹃叶的解剖研究.云南师范大学学报,1996,16(2):64-65
32 熊子仙,杜青,王启德.国产杜鹃花叶解剖与分类群.广西植物,2000,20(4):335-338
33 Kingdon-Ward F.Rhododendron Year Book,1947,2:99-114
34 丁炳扬,吴欢笑等.浙江杜鹃花属植物种子形态及其分类学意义.西北植物学报,1995,15(6):36-40
35 张长芹.杜鹃花属的子叶形态分类.广西植物,1993,13(1):12-25
36 王玉国,李光照,张文驹等.果皮和种皮微形态特征在杜鹃花属系统学研究中的应用.植物分类学报,2007,45(1):21-38
37 Philipson W R,Philipson M N.Diverse Nodal Types in Rhododendron.Journ Arm Arb,1968,49:193-224
38 Pracash S,Lewontin R C,Hubby J L.A molecular approach to the study of genetic heterozygosity in natural populations.Genetics,1969,61:841-858
39 Loose R De.Characterization of Rhododendron simsii Planch.Cultivars by flavonoid and isoenzyme markers.Scientia Horticulturae,1979,11(2):175-182
40 高连明,张长芹,王中仁.9种杜鹃属植物的遗传分化研究.广西植物,2000,20(4):377-382
41 Ammal E K J,Enoch I C,Bridgwater M.Chromosome Numbers in Species of Rhododendron.The Rhododendron Year Book,1950,(5):78-91
42 Atkinson R,Jong K,G.ChiDmosolne number of tropical Rhododendrons(section Vireya).EDBG J Bot,2000,57(1):1-7
43 高连明,张长芹,李德铢等.杜鹃花属马银花亚属一些种类染色体数目报道.云南植物研究,2005,27(4):433-436
44 Harborne J B,Williams C A.Leaf survey of flavonoid and simple phenols in the Rhododendron.Phytochemistry,1971,10:2727-2744
45 Chadwick M,Chamberlain D,Knights B,et al.Analysis of leaf waxes as a taxonomic guide to Rhododendron subsection taliensia.Annals of Botany,2000,86(2):371-384
46 Adam Swiderski,Piotr Muras,Henryk Koloczek.Flavonoid composition in frost-resistant Rhododendron cultivars grown in Poland.Scientia Horticulturae,2004,100:139-151
47 胡梅,肖培根.杜鹃属植物的化学分类学研究.植物分类学报,1992,30(3):226-238
48 Salih TERZUOULU,Nesime MEREV,Rahim ANDUN.A Study on Turkish Rhododendron L (Ericaceae).Turk J Agric,2001.25:311-317
49 毛子军,杨永富,侯丽君.东北杜鹃花属植物花粉形态的研究.植物研究,2000,20(1):58-62
50 高连明,张长芹,李德铢等.杜鹃属马银花亚属花粉形态的研究.武汉植物学研究,2002,20(3):177-181
51 高连明,张长芹,李德铢等.杜鹃花族花粉形态及其系统学意义.云南植物研究,2002,24(4):471-482
52 王玉国,李光照,漆小雪等.杜鹃花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义.广西植物,2006,26(2):113-119
53 蓝盛银,徐珍秀.植物花粉剥离观察扫描电镜图解.北京,科学出版社,1996,32
54 毛加宁.杜鹃花属4种植物花粉形态特点研究.西南农业大学学报,2000,22(6):525-529
55 杨瑞林,魏学智,毕润成.杜鹃花属照山白叶表皮及花粉形态的研究.西北植物学报,2003,23(5):806-810
56 贾继增.分子标记种质资源鉴定和分子标记育种.中国农业科学,1996,29(4):1-10
57 黎裕,贾继增等.分子标记的种类及其发展.生物技术通报,1999,15(4):1-5
58 Kron K A.Phylogenetic relationships of Rhododendroideae(Ericaceae).Amer J Bot,1997,84(7):973-980
59 Kurashige Y,Mime M,Kobayashi N,et al.Investigation of Sectional relatioships in the genus Rhododendroideae(Ericaceae) based on matK sequences.Plant J Jpn Bot,1998,73:143-15457
60 Scheiber S M,Jarret R L,Carol D et al.Genetic relationships within Rhododendron section Pentanthera based on Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region.Scientia Horticulture,2000,85:123-135
61 Tsal C C,Huang S C,Chen C H,et al.Genetic relationships of Rhododendron(Ericaceae) in Taiwan based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA.The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology,2003,78(2):234-240
62 高连明,李德铢,张长芹等.基于ITS序列探讨杜鹃属的亚属和组间系统关系.植物学报,2002,44(11):1351-1356
63 高连明,李德铢,张长芹.基于ITS序列探讨杜鹃花属马银花组的系统发育.植物学分类学报,2003,41(2):173-179
64 Richard I M.Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhododendron subsection pontica,a group with a tertiary relict distribution.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2004,(33) 389-401
65 Dunemann F,Kahnau R,Stange I.Analysis of complex leaf and flower characters in Rhododendron using a molecular linkage map.Theoretical and applied genetics,1999,98(6):114-115
66 WolfP G,Doche B,Gielly L,et al.Genetic Structure of Rhododendron ferrugineum at a Wide Range of Spatial Scales.Journal of Heredity,2004,95(4):301-308
67 赵喜华,张乐华,王曼莹.11种杜鹃花RAPD分类学初步研究.江西农业大学学报,2006,28(4):544-547
68 Halchinson J.Rhododendron Year Book.1946,1:42-47
69 Back C B,张芝玉译.被子植物的起源和早期演化.北京,科学出版杜,1981,206-217
70 闵天禄,方瑞征.杜鹃属的系统发育与进化.云南植物研究,1990,12(4):353-365
71 熊子仙,王启德.中国有鳞杜鹃叶背鳞片显微形态研究.西北植物学报,1997,17(1):65-77
72 熊子仙,杜青,王启德.国产杜鹃花叶解剖与分类群.广东植物,2000,20(4):335-338
73 丁炳扬,缪晶,盛束军等.浙江12种杜鹃花属植物的果实形态、种子数及其相关性研究.林业科学,2000,36(4):102-105
74 管志涛,刘艺平,孔德政.碗莲品种形态学性状聚类分析的研究.安徽农业科学,2007,35(28):8858,8899
75 戴思兰,钟杨,晓艳.中国菊属植物部分种的数量分类研究.北京林业大学学报,1995,17(4):9-14
76 赵冰,雒新艳,张启翔.蜡梅品种的数量分类研究.园艺学报,2007,34(4):947-954
77 闫双喜,赵勇.中国黄杨属植物数量分类的研究.生物数学学报,2002,17(3):380-383
78 彭焱松,陈丽,李建强等.中国栎属植物的数量分类研究.武汉植物学研究,2007,25(2): 149-157
79 张汉尧,刘小珍,孙茂胜等.竹子形态标记聚类分析研究.竹子研究汇刊,2005,24(1):25-28
80 任珺,陶玲.甘肃省白刺属植物的数量分类研究.西北植物学报,2003,23(4):572-576
81 胡仁勇,丁炳扬.国产菱属植物数量分类学研究.浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2001,27(4):419-423
82 闫双喜,杨秋生,王鹏飞等.中国部分地区种子植物区系亲缘关系的研究.武汉植物学研究,2004,22(3):226-230
83 Eduardo L,Borb A,Gerorge J et al.Floral and Vegetative Morphometrics of Five Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) Species:Correlation with Taxonomy,Phylogeny,Genetic Variability and Pollination Systems.Annals of Botany,2002,90:219-230
84 徐克学.生物数学.北京,科学出版社,1999,51-70
85 李景国.重庆三峡库区生态经济区农业和农村经济状况评价.安徽农业科学,2007,35(26):8390-8392
86 巫锡柱,晏路明.脆弱生态环境的综合评判物元模型研究.中国生态农业学报,2007,15(3):138-141
87 赵冰,雒新艳,张启翔.蜡梅品种的数量分类研究.园艺学报,2007,34(4):947-954
88 胡剑峰,张铮,史刚荣.五味子属14种植物的数量分类学研究.淮北煤炭师范学院学报:自然科学版,2006,27(4):36-41
89 王沛政,陈爱民,阿不来提等.不同来源陆地棉数量性状主成分及聚类分析.西北农业学报,1999,8(4)50-52
90 陈沁滨,侯喜,林张波等.洋葱种质资源数量性状的主成分分析和聚类分析.江苏农业学报,2007,23(4):376-378
91 刘春迎,王莲英.菊花品种的数量分类研究.北京林业大学学报,1995,17(2):79-87
92 Yoshioka Y,Iwatah H,Ohsawar R.Analysis of Petal Shape Variation of Primula sieboldii by Elliptic Fourier Descriptors and Principal Component Analysis.Annals of Botany,2004,94:657-664
93 邢世岩,倪国详,张运吉等.银杏叶数量性状的遗传分析.林业科学,2000,36(5):47-53
94 李周岐,王章荣.鹅掌揪属种间杂种F_1与亲本花果数量性状的遗传变异分析.林业科学研究,2000,13(3)290-294
95 钟伟华,何昭珩.主成分聚类在火炬松种子园疏伐中的运用.福建林学院学报,1999,19(1):33-36
96 赵亮,陶红军.湖北省林业综合生产能力研究.林业经济问题,2007,27(3):272-275
97 何尧启.主成分分析在喀斯特土壤环境退化研究中的初步应用.贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,1999,17(1):12-19
98 傅湘,纪昌明.区域水资源承载能力综合评价:主成分分析法的应用.长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(2):168-173
99 曾波,苏晓燕,李传平.我国能源消费与环境质量变化的关联分析.中国环保产业,2007,5:29-33
100 李朝锋,杨中宝.SPSS主成分分析中的特征向量计算问题.统计教育,2007,3:10-11
101 张文霖.主成分分析在SPSS中的操作应用.理论与方法,2005,12:31-34
102 何明友,方明渊,胡文光等,中国植物志第57卷(2分册),北京,科学出版社,1994,2-3
103 刘捷平.植物形态解剖学.北京,北京师范大学出版社,1991
104 蔡秀珍,刘克明,丛义艳等.凤仙花属(Impatiens L.)10种植物花粉形态的扫描电镜观察.植物研究,2007,27(3):279-283
105 王伟,赵南先.中国天南星科花粉形态的研究.植物分类学报,2002,40(6):517-529
106 王莲英,袁涛.4种野生芍药的花粉形态研究.林业科学,2005,41(5):184-188
107 孙京田.松属花粉形态研究及其分类学意义.山东科学,2002,15(4):35-40
108 孙京田等.山东锦葵科植物花粉亚显微形态结构研究及其在分类上的意义.山东科学,2002,15(1):41-44
109 张元明.中国柽柳科植物花粉形态特征聚类分析.西北植物学报,2004,24(9):1702-1707
110 胡嘉琪,崔鸿宾,张玉龙.国产爵床科芦莉花族植物的花粉形态.植物分类学报,2005,43(2):123-150
111 南京农业大学主编.田间试验和统计方法.北京:农业出版社,1991,104-106
112 Walker J W.中国科学院植物研究所古植物研究室孢粉组译.原始被子植物花粉外壁进化的意义.孢粉学译丛(第一集),北京:科学出版社,1980,91-134
113 张超良,孙世盂.RAPD技术在12个玉米骨干自交系快速鉴定中的应用.作物学报,1998,24(6):718-722
114 Collins G C,symons R H.Polymorphises in grapevine DNA detected by the RAPD-PCR technique.Plant Mol Biol Rep,1993,11(2):105-112
115 Koller B,Lehmann A,MeDemott J M.Identification of apple cultivars using RAPD markers.Theor Appl Genet,1993,85:901-904
116 林同香,陈振光,戴思兰.RAPD技术在龙眼品种分类中的应用研究.植物学报,1998,40(12):1159-1165
117 吴树敬,陈学森.杏品种的RAPD分析.果树学报,2003,20(2):107-112
118 Hu J,Quiros C F.Identification of broccoli and cauliflower cultivars with RAPD markers.Plant Cell Reporter,1991,10:505-511
119 Yang X,Quiros C.Identification and classification of celery cultivars with RAPD markers.Theor Appl Genet,1993,86:205-212
120 芦建国,杜灵娟.蜡梅品种的RAPD分析 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2007,31(5):109-112
121 林郑和,陈常颂,陈荣冰.我国39个茶树品种的RAPD分析.分子植物育种,2006,4(5):695-701
122 Shaw P C,But P H.Authentication of panax species and their adnlterants by random primed polymorphic chain reaction.Plant Med,1995,61:466-469
123 Wang X Q,Zou Y P,Zhang D M.Cenetic diversity analysis by RAPD in Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang.Science in China(series C),1997,40(2):145-151
124 黎星辉,章传政,刘春林等.中国茶组植物种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD分析.园艺学报,2007,34(2):507-508
125 盛红梅,陈拓,安黎哲等.锦鸡儿属植物的遗传多样性及其种间关系.中国沙漠,2005,25(5):697-701
126 吴玉香,孙玉强,陈崇乾等.利用RAPD检测棉属种间亲缘关系的研究.作物学报,2007,33(6):909-913
127 孟祥栋,马红等.利用RAPD技术对葱属品种遗传关系的分析.生物多样性,1998,6(1):37-41
128 左志锐,穆鼎,高俊平等.百合遗传多样性及亲缘关系的RAPD分析.园艺学报,2005,32(3):468-472
129 杨英军,张开春,林珂.常见桃属植物RAPD多态性及亲缘关系分析.河南农业大学学报,2002,36(2):187-190
130 张吉宇,袁庆华,王彦荣等.胡枝子属植物野生居群遗传多样性RAPD分析.草地学报,2006,14(3):214-218
131 李宽钰,黄敏仁等.用RAPD探讨毛白杨起源 植物分类学报,1997,35(1):24-31
132 张俊卫,包满珠,陈龙清.梅、桃、李、杏、樱的RAPD分析.北京林业大学学报,1998,20(2): 90-95
133 戴思兰,陈俊愉,李文彬等.菊花起源的RAPD分析.植物学报,1998,40(11):1053-1059
134 王晓武,方智远,孙培田等.一个与甘蓝显性雄性不育基因连锁的RAPD标记.园艺学报,1998,25(2):197-198
135 Tartarini S.RAPD markers linked to the Vf gene for scab resistance in apple.TAQ,1996,92:803-810
136 Hemmat M,Weeden N F,Manganatis A G,et.al.Molecular marker linkage mapfor apple.Journal of Heredity,1994,85(1):4-11
137 Woeste K,McGanahan,Bernateky R.Random amplified polymorphic DNA map from a walnut backcross J.Amer.Soc Hort Sci.1996,12(3):358-361
138 Sondur S N,Manshardt R M,Stiles J I.A genetic linkage map of papaya based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker.TAQ,1996,93:547-553
139 Demeke T,Adams R P,Chibbar R.Potential taxonomic use rasomamplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD):a case study in Brassica.Theor Appl Genet,1992,84:990-994
140 黄久香,张寿洲,庄雪影等.12种夹竹桃科植物的RAPD分析.福建林业科技,2007,34(3)14-18
141 谭忠奇,冷艳,周涵韬等.10种棕榈科植物的RAPD分析.厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2003,42(6):805-809
142 陈鹭真,李振基.福建省桫椤科植物的分子分类学研究.厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2002,41(4):481-486
143 张建勇,袁佐清,刘涛.石斛属植物遗传多样性RAPD分析.北方园艺,2007,7:134-136
144 余艳,崔国华,李忠超等.广东省十种卷柏属植物RAPD初步分析.广西植物,2007,27(1):48-52
145 邓白罗,谭晓风,漆龙霖等.山茶属红山茶组植物的RAPD分析及分类研究.林业科学,2006,42(5):36-41
146 周永红,郑有良.鹅观草属、披碱草属、猬草属和仲彬草属植物的RAPD分析及其系统学意义.四川农业大学学报,2001,19(1):14-20
147 Rogers S O,Bendich A J.Extraction of DNA from plant tissues.Plant Mel Biol Manual,1988,6:1-10
148 邹喻苹,葛颂,王晓东.系统与进化植物学中的分子标记.北京,科学出版社,2001,18-19
149 Guillemaut P,Droiard L M. Isolation of plant DNA: A fast, inexpsive, and reliable method. Plant Mol Bio Rep. 1992,10(1): 60-65
150 Wang X D, Wang Z P. An improved procedure for nuclear DNA isolation from silica-gel dried leaves of wild grapevine. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 1996, 14(4): 369-373
2 汪源,鞠波.中国野生杜鹃资源开发利用探讨.生物学杂志,2006,23(1):43-44
3 钟国华,胡美英.杜鹃花科植物活性成分及作用机制研究进展.武汉植物学研究,2000,18(6):509-514
4 Yoshiki K,Kimihisa Y,Yasumasa I,at al.Isolation of rhododaurichromanic acid B and the anti-HIV principles rhododaurichromanic acid A and rhododaurichromenic acid from Rhododendron dauricum.Tetrahedron,2001,57:1559-1563
5 张长芹.杜鹃花.北京,中国建筑工业出版社,2003,216-220
6 植物源杀虫剂--闹羊花素Ⅲ.山东农药信息,2004,12:13
7 杨汉碧,方瑞征,金存礼.中国植物志,第57卷(1分册).北京,科学出版社,1999,14
8 冯志坚,吴志敏,李镇魁.广东杜鹃花科一新种.华南农业大学学报,1996,17(1):59-60
9 何明友,许介眉,胡琳贞.四川杜鹃花属新分类群.植物分类学报,1997,35(1):63-66
10 陈正仁,蓝开敏.贵州杜鹃花属一新种--荔波杜鹃.植物分类学报,2003,41(6):563-565
11 杨宏增.云南杜鹃花属二新种.植物分类学报,1997,35(2):186-189
12 刘仁林.江西杜鹃杜鹃花属一新种.植物分类学报,2001,39(3):272-274
13 赵振鐻.杜鹃花属一新种.四川大学学报:自然科学版,2004,41(6):1298-1299
14 陈翔,谢华,陈训.贵州杜鹃属一新亚种和新记录种.贵州科学,2005,23(3):54-55
15 杨汉碧,方瑞征,金存礼.中国植物志,第57卷(1分册).北京,科学出版社,1999,117
16 Salisbury R A.Prodromus stirpium in hortoad Chapel Allerton vigentium.London,1796
17 Don G.A general history of dichlamydious Plants.Vol.3,Calyciflorae.London,1834
18 Hooker J D & Bentham.Genera Plantarum.London,1876
19 Stevenson J B.The Species of Rhododendron.London,The Rbodondron Societyt,1930,1-841
20 Copeland H F.Amer Midl Nat,1943,30:533-625
21 Sleumer H.Ein system der gattung Rhododendron L.Bot Jahrb syst,1949,74:511-553
22 Cullen J and Chamberlain D F.A preliminary synopsis of the genus Rhododendron.Notes Roy.Bot.Gard.Edinburgh,1978,36(1):105-126
23 Philipson W R.Problems in the Classification of the Azalea Complex Contributions Townrd a Classification of Rhododendron.New York Botanical Garden,1980,53-62
24 Philipson M N,Philipson W R.A preliminary synopsis of the genus Rhododendron.Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh,1982,40(1):225-227
25 Chamberlain D F,Hyam R,Argent G et al.The Genus Rhododendron,its classification and symposium.Roy Bot Gard Edinb,1996
26 Goetsch L,Eckert A J,Hall B D.The molecular systematics of Rhododendron(Erecaceae):a phylogeny based upon rpb2 gene sequences.Systematic Botany,2005,30:616-626
27 Seithe A.Rhododendron Hairs and Taxonomy Contributions Toward a Classification of Rhododendron.New York Botanical Garden,1980,89-115
28 熊子仙,王启德.中国有鳞杜鹃叶背鳞片显微形态研究.西北植物学报,1997,17(1):65-77
29 王玉国,李光照,张文驹等.中国杜鹃花属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义.植物分类学报,2007,45(1):1-20
30 熊子仙.糙叶杜鹃亚属叶解剖特征与组的划分.云南师范大学学报,1996,16(4):62-63
31 熊子仙.马银花亚属5种杜鹃叶的解剖研究.云南师范大学学报,1996,16(2):64-65
32 熊子仙,杜青,王启德.国产杜鹃花叶解剖与分类群.广西植物,2000,20(4):335-338
33 Kingdon-Ward F.Rhododendron Year Book,1947,2:99-114
34 丁炳扬,吴欢笑等.浙江杜鹃花属植物种子形态及其分类学意义.西北植物学报,1995,15(6):36-40
35 张长芹.杜鹃花属的子叶形态分类.广西植物,1993,13(1):12-25
36 王玉国,李光照,张文驹等.果皮和种皮微形态特征在杜鹃花属系统学研究中的应用.植物分类学报,2007,45(1):21-38
37 Philipson W R,Philipson M N.Diverse Nodal Types in Rhododendron.Journ Arm Arb,1968,49:193-224
38 Pracash S,Lewontin R C,Hubby J L.A molecular approach to the study of genetic heterozygosity in natural populations.Genetics,1969,61:841-858
39 Loose R De.Characterization of Rhododendron simsii Planch.Cultivars by flavonoid and isoenzyme markers.Scientia Horticulturae,1979,11(2):175-182
40 高连明,张长芹,王中仁.9种杜鹃属植物的遗传分化研究.广西植物,2000,20(4):377-382
41 Ammal E K J,Enoch I C,Bridgwater M.Chromosome Numbers in Species of Rhododendron.The Rhododendron Year Book,1950,(5):78-91
42 Atkinson R,Jong K,G.ChiDmosolne number of tropical Rhododendrons(section Vireya).EDBG J Bot,2000,57(1):1-7
43 高连明,张长芹,李德铢等.杜鹃花属马银花亚属一些种类染色体数目报道.云南植物研究,2005,27(4):433-436
44 Harborne J B,Williams C A.Leaf survey of flavonoid and simple phenols in the Rhododendron.Phytochemistry,1971,10:2727-2744
45 Chadwick M,Chamberlain D,Knights B,et al.Analysis of leaf waxes as a taxonomic guide to Rhododendron subsection taliensia.Annals of Botany,2000,86(2):371-384
46 Adam Swiderski,Piotr Muras,Henryk Koloczek.Flavonoid composition in frost-resistant Rhododendron cultivars grown in Poland.Scientia Horticulturae,2004,100:139-151
47 胡梅,肖培根.杜鹃属植物的化学分类学研究.植物分类学报,1992,30(3):226-238
48 Salih TERZUOULU,Nesime MEREV,Rahim ANDUN.A Study on Turkish Rhododendron L (Ericaceae).Turk J Agric,2001.25:311-317
49 毛子军,杨永富,侯丽君.东北杜鹃花属植物花粉形态的研究.植物研究,2000,20(1):58-62
50 高连明,张长芹,李德铢等.杜鹃属马银花亚属花粉形态的研究.武汉植物学研究,2002,20(3):177-181
51 高连明,张长芹,李德铢等.杜鹃花族花粉形态及其系统学意义.云南植物研究,2002,24(4):471-482
52 王玉国,李光照,漆小雪等.杜鹃花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义.广西植物,2006,26(2):113-119
53 蓝盛银,徐珍秀.植物花粉剥离观察扫描电镜图解.北京,科学出版社,1996,32
54 毛加宁.杜鹃花属4种植物花粉形态特点研究.西南农业大学学报,2000,22(6):525-529
55 杨瑞林,魏学智,毕润成.杜鹃花属照山白叶表皮及花粉形态的研究.西北植物学报,2003,23(5):806-810
56 贾继增.分子标记种质资源鉴定和分子标记育种.中国农业科学,1996,29(4):1-10
57 黎裕,贾继增等.分子标记的种类及其发展.生物技术通报,1999,15(4):1-5
58 Kron K A.Phylogenetic relationships of Rhododendroideae(Ericaceae).Amer J Bot,1997,84(7):973-980
59 Kurashige Y,Mime M,Kobayashi N,et al.Investigation of Sectional relatioships in the genus Rhododendroideae(Ericaceae) based on matK sequences.Plant J Jpn Bot,1998,73:143-15457
60 Scheiber S M,Jarret R L,Carol D et al.Genetic relationships within Rhododendron section Pentanthera based on Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region.Scientia Horticulture,2000,85:123-135
61 Tsal C C,Huang S C,Chen C H,et al.Genetic relationships of Rhododendron(Ericaceae) in Taiwan based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA.The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology,2003,78(2):234-240
62 高连明,李德铢,张长芹等.基于ITS序列探讨杜鹃属的亚属和组间系统关系.植物学报,2002,44(11):1351-1356
63 高连明,李德铢,张长芹.基于ITS序列探讨杜鹃花属马银花组的系统发育.植物学分类学报,2003,41(2):173-179
64 Richard I M.Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhododendron subsection pontica,a group with a tertiary relict distribution.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2004,(33) 389-401
65 Dunemann F,Kahnau R,Stange I.Analysis of complex leaf and flower characters in Rhododendron using a molecular linkage map.Theoretical and applied genetics,1999,98(6):114-115
66 WolfP G,Doche B,Gielly L,et al.Genetic Structure of Rhododendron ferrugineum at a Wide Range of Spatial Scales.Journal of Heredity,2004,95(4):301-308
67 赵喜华,张乐华,王曼莹.11种杜鹃花RAPD分类学初步研究.江西农业大学学报,2006,28(4):544-547
68 Halchinson J.Rhododendron Year Book.1946,1:42-47
69 Back C B,张芝玉译.被子植物的起源和早期演化.北京,科学出版杜,1981,206-217
70 闵天禄,方瑞征.杜鹃属的系统发育与进化.云南植物研究,1990,12(4):353-365
71 熊子仙,王启德.中国有鳞杜鹃叶背鳞片显微形态研究.西北植物学报,1997,17(1):65-77
72 熊子仙,杜青,王启德.国产杜鹃花叶解剖与分类群.广东植物,2000,20(4):335-338
73 丁炳扬,缪晶,盛束军等.浙江12种杜鹃花属植物的果实形态、种子数及其相关性研究.林业科学,2000,36(4):102-105
74 管志涛,刘艺平,孔德政.碗莲品种形态学性状聚类分析的研究.安徽农业科学,2007,35(28):8858,8899
75 戴思兰,钟杨,晓艳.中国菊属植物部分种的数量分类研究.北京林业大学学报,1995,17(4):9-14
76 赵冰,雒新艳,张启翔.蜡梅品种的数量分类研究.园艺学报,2007,34(4):947-954
77 闫双喜,赵勇.中国黄杨属植物数量分类的研究.生物数学学报,2002,17(3):380-383
78 彭焱松,陈丽,李建强等.中国栎属植物的数量分类研究.武汉植物学研究,2007,25(2): 149-157
79 张汉尧,刘小珍,孙茂胜等.竹子形态标记聚类分析研究.竹子研究汇刊,2005,24(1):25-28
80 任珺,陶玲.甘肃省白刺属植物的数量分类研究.西北植物学报,2003,23(4):572-576
81 胡仁勇,丁炳扬.国产菱属植物数量分类学研究.浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2001,27(4):419-423
82 闫双喜,杨秋生,王鹏飞等.中国部分地区种子植物区系亲缘关系的研究.武汉植物学研究,2004,22(3):226-230
83 Eduardo L,Borb A,Gerorge J et al.Floral and Vegetative Morphometrics of Five Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) Species:Correlation with Taxonomy,Phylogeny,Genetic Variability and Pollination Systems.Annals of Botany,2002,90:219-230
84 徐克学.生物数学.北京,科学出版社,1999,51-70
85 李景国.重庆三峡库区生态经济区农业和农村经济状况评价.安徽农业科学,2007,35(26):8390-8392
86 巫锡柱,晏路明.脆弱生态环境的综合评判物元模型研究.中国生态农业学报,2007,15(3):138-141
87 赵冰,雒新艳,张启翔.蜡梅品种的数量分类研究.园艺学报,2007,34(4):947-954
88 胡剑峰,张铮,史刚荣.五味子属14种植物的数量分类学研究.淮北煤炭师范学院学报:自然科学版,2006,27(4):36-41
89 王沛政,陈爱民,阿不来提等.不同来源陆地棉数量性状主成分及聚类分析.西北农业学报,1999,8(4)50-52
90 陈沁滨,侯喜,林张波等.洋葱种质资源数量性状的主成分分析和聚类分析.江苏农业学报,2007,23(4):376-378
91 刘春迎,王莲英.菊花品种的数量分类研究.北京林业大学学报,1995,17(2):79-87
92 Yoshioka Y,Iwatah H,Ohsawar R.Analysis of Petal Shape Variation of Primula sieboldii by Elliptic Fourier Descriptors and Principal Component Analysis.Annals of Botany,2004,94:657-664
93 邢世岩,倪国详,张运吉等.银杏叶数量性状的遗传分析.林业科学,2000,36(5):47-53
94 李周岐,王章荣.鹅掌揪属种间杂种F_1与亲本花果数量性状的遗传变异分析.林业科学研究,2000,13(3)290-294
95 钟伟华,何昭珩.主成分聚类在火炬松种子园疏伐中的运用.福建林学院学报,1999,19(1):33-36
96 赵亮,陶红军.湖北省林业综合生产能力研究.林业经济问题,2007,27(3):272-275
97 何尧启.主成分分析在喀斯特土壤环境退化研究中的初步应用.贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,1999,17(1):12-19
98 傅湘,纪昌明.区域水资源承载能力综合评价:主成分分析法的应用.长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(2):168-173
99 曾波,苏晓燕,李传平.我国能源消费与环境质量变化的关联分析.中国环保产业,2007,5:29-33
100 李朝锋,杨中宝.SPSS主成分分析中的特征向量计算问题.统计教育,2007,3:10-11
101 张文霖.主成分分析在SPSS中的操作应用.理论与方法,2005,12:31-34
102 何明友,方明渊,胡文光等,中国植物志第57卷(2分册),北京,科学出版社,1994,2-3
103 刘捷平.植物形态解剖学.北京,北京师范大学出版社,1991
104 蔡秀珍,刘克明,丛义艳等.凤仙花属(Impatiens L.)10种植物花粉形态的扫描电镜观察.植物研究,2007,27(3):279-283
105 王伟,赵南先.中国天南星科花粉形态的研究.植物分类学报,2002,40(6):517-529
106 王莲英,袁涛.4种野生芍药的花粉形态研究.林业科学,2005,41(5):184-188
107 孙京田.松属花粉形态研究及其分类学意义.山东科学,2002,15(4):35-40
108 孙京田等.山东锦葵科植物花粉亚显微形态结构研究及其在分类上的意义.山东科学,2002,15(1):41-44
109 张元明.中国柽柳科植物花粉形态特征聚类分析.西北植物学报,2004,24(9):1702-1707
110 胡嘉琪,崔鸿宾,张玉龙.国产爵床科芦莉花族植物的花粉形态.植物分类学报,2005,43(2):123-150
111 南京农业大学主编.田间试验和统计方法.北京:农业出版社,1991,104-106
112 Walker J W.中国科学院植物研究所古植物研究室孢粉组译.原始被子植物花粉外壁进化的意义.孢粉学译丛(第一集),北京:科学出版社,1980,91-134
113 张超良,孙世盂.RAPD技术在12个玉米骨干自交系快速鉴定中的应用.作物学报,1998,24(6):718-722
114 Collins G C,symons R H.Polymorphises in grapevine DNA detected by the RAPD-PCR technique.Plant Mol Biol Rep,1993,11(2):105-112
115 Koller B,Lehmann A,MeDemott J M.Identification of apple cultivars using RAPD markers.Theor Appl Genet,1993,85:901-904
116 林同香,陈振光,戴思兰.RAPD技术在龙眼品种分类中的应用研究.植物学报,1998,40(12):1159-1165
117 吴树敬,陈学森.杏品种的RAPD分析.果树学报,2003,20(2):107-112
118 Hu J,Quiros C F.Identification of broccoli and cauliflower cultivars with RAPD markers.Plant Cell Reporter,1991,10:505-511
119 Yang X,Quiros C.Identification and classification of celery cultivars with RAPD markers.Theor Appl Genet,1993,86:205-212
120 芦建国,杜灵娟.蜡梅品种的RAPD分析 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2007,31(5):109-112
121 林郑和,陈常颂,陈荣冰.我国39个茶树品种的RAPD分析.分子植物育种,2006,4(5):695-701
122 Shaw P C,But P H.Authentication of panax species and their adnlterants by random primed polymorphic chain reaction.Plant Med,1995,61:466-469
123 Wang X Q,Zou Y P,Zhang D M.Cenetic diversity analysis by RAPD in Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang.Science in China(series C),1997,40(2):145-151
124 黎星辉,章传政,刘春林等.中国茶组植物种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD分析.园艺学报,2007,34(2):507-508
125 盛红梅,陈拓,安黎哲等.锦鸡儿属植物的遗传多样性及其种间关系.中国沙漠,2005,25(5):697-701
126 吴玉香,孙玉强,陈崇乾等.利用RAPD检测棉属种间亲缘关系的研究.作物学报,2007,33(6):909-913
127 孟祥栋,马红等.利用RAPD技术对葱属品种遗传关系的分析.生物多样性,1998,6(1):37-41
128 左志锐,穆鼎,高俊平等.百合遗传多样性及亲缘关系的RAPD分析.园艺学报,2005,32(3):468-472
129 杨英军,张开春,林珂.常见桃属植物RAPD多态性及亲缘关系分析.河南农业大学学报,2002,36(2):187-190
130 张吉宇,袁庆华,王彦荣等.胡枝子属植物野生居群遗传多样性RAPD分析.草地学报,2006,14(3):214-218
131 李宽钰,黄敏仁等.用RAPD探讨毛白杨起源 植物分类学报,1997,35(1):24-31
132 张俊卫,包满珠,陈龙清.梅、桃、李、杏、樱的RAPD分析.北京林业大学学报,1998,20(2): 90-95
133 戴思兰,陈俊愉,李文彬等.菊花起源的RAPD分析.植物学报,1998,40(11):1053-1059
134 王晓武,方智远,孙培田等.一个与甘蓝显性雄性不育基因连锁的RAPD标记.园艺学报,1998,25(2):197-198
135 Tartarini S.RAPD markers linked to the Vf gene for scab resistance in apple.TAQ,1996,92:803-810
136 Hemmat M,Weeden N F,Manganatis A G,et.al.Molecular marker linkage mapfor apple.Journal of Heredity,1994,85(1):4-11
137 Woeste K,McGanahan,Bernateky R.Random amplified polymorphic DNA map from a walnut backcross J.Amer.Soc Hort Sci.1996,12(3):358-361
138 Sondur S N,Manshardt R M,Stiles J I.A genetic linkage map of papaya based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker.TAQ,1996,93:547-553
139 Demeke T,Adams R P,Chibbar R.Potential taxonomic use rasomamplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD):a case study in Brassica.Theor Appl Genet,1992,84:990-994
140 黄久香,张寿洲,庄雪影等.12种夹竹桃科植物的RAPD分析.福建林业科技,2007,34(3)14-18
141 谭忠奇,冷艳,周涵韬等.10种棕榈科植物的RAPD分析.厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2003,42(6):805-809
142 陈鹭真,李振基.福建省桫椤科植物的分子分类学研究.厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2002,41(4):481-486
143 张建勇,袁佐清,刘涛.石斛属植物遗传多样性RAPD分析.北方园艺,2007,7:134-136
144 余艳,崔国华,李忠超等.广东省十种卷柏属植物RAPD初步分析.广西植物,2007,27(1):48-52
145 邓白罗,谭晓风,漆龙霖等.山茶属红山茶组植物的RAPD分析及分类研究.林业科学,2006,42(5):36-41
146 周永红,郑有良.鹅观草属、披碱草属、猬草属和仲彬草属植物的RAPD分析及其系统学意义.四川农业大学学报,2001,19(1):14-20
147 Rogers S O,Bendich A J.Extraction of DNA from plant tissues.Plant Mel Biol Manual,1988,6:1-10
148 邹喻苹,葛颂,王晓东.系统与进化植物学中的分子标记.北京,科学出版社,2001,18-19
149 Guillemaut P,Droiard L M. Isolation of plant DNA: A fast, inexpsive, and reliable method. Plant Mol Bio Rep. 1992,10(1): 60-65
150 Wang X D, Wang Z P. An improved procedure for nuclear DNA isolation from silica-gel dried leaves of wild grapevine. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 1996, 14(4): 369-373