入侵浙江丽水的外来杂草及其在蔬菜地发生规律的研究
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摘要
外来物种入侵是一个全球性的大问题。外来物种通过自然侵入、人为有意引种、无意引入等方式侵入。在入侵地定居后,这些外来物种便对当地的生物多样性、生态环境造成严重破坏,从而使经济遭受重创。随着人们对生态环境的日益重视,近年来外来物种入侵问题倍受各类媒体的关注,国内有不少单位开展了外来物种入侵的研究工作。据有关文献,入侵我国的外来有害杂草有108种,隶属23科76属。为搞清浙江丽水地区有哪些外来入侵植物,主要外来入侵植物的生物学特性如何,它们对当地蔬菜生产有什么影响等问题,本论文对此进行了较为深入的调查研究,以便为当地的蔬菜等农田有效防控这些外来入侵杂草服务。
     (1)采用定点调查和目测普查,发现入侵丽水的外来杂草共有50种,隶属22个科。其中菊科(Composite)外来植物居首位,共13种;其次是苋科(Amaranthaceae)植物,有5种;另外,大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)植物为4种,十字花科(Cruciferae)和茄科(Solanaceae)各为3种;柳叶菜科(Onagraceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)、伞形科(Umbelliferae)植物各为2种;莎草科(Cyperaceae)、酢浆草科(Oxalidaceae)、雨久花科(Pontederiaceae)、商陆科(Phytolaccaceae)、石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)、旋花科(Convolvulaceae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、牻牛儿苗科(Geraniaceae)、锦葵科(Malvaceae)、落葵科(Basellaceae)、紫茉莉科(Nyctaginaceae)、荨麻科(Urticaceae)各为1种。在这些外来杂草中,土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioids)、小繁缕(Stellaria apetala)、水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、铜锤草(Chenopodium ambrosioids)、香附子(Cyperus rotundus)、波斯婆婆纳(Veronica persica)、反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)、空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、胜红蓟(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)、加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron canadensis)、苏门白酒草(Conyza sumatrensis)、小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、大狼把草(Bidens frondose)、钻形紫苑(Aster subulatus)发生较为严重,加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)、牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)、刺花莲子草(Alternanthera pungens)、邹果苋(Amaranthus viridis)、飞扬草(Euphorbia hirta)、蓖麻(Ricinus communis)、刺茄(Solanum aculeatissimum)、曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)、月见草(Denthera steraptera)、裂叶月见草(Oenothera laciniata)、野胡萝卜(Daucus carota)、草胡椒(Peperomia pellucida)、紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa)、小叶冷水花(Pilea microphylla)和野西瓜苗(Hibiscus trionum)发生量较小,加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)、裂叶月见草(Oenothera laciniata)、月见草(Denthera steraptera)等仅零星可见。裂叶月见草是调查过程中发现的一种新外来杂草,为柳叶菜科(Onagraceae)月见草属植物,这种杂草为浙江新发现,中
    
     摘要
    国大陆未见报道。裂叶月见草生长旺盛,种子数量巨大,几年后很可能大规模发生。
     (2)对5种(胜红蓟、心叶落葵薯、裸柱菊、野老鹤草和裂叶月见草)有代表性的外来杂草
    进行了生物学特性观察和蔬菜地发生规律的调查。研究表明,胜红蓟的苗期长达6 ld,出苗极不
    整齐,给防除_工作带来了一定的难度。6月和7月是胜红蓟的生长高峰期,自8月份开始,胜红
    蓟进入生殖生长阶段,分枝时期十分不一致,最终导致种子成熟不一致。土壤深度对心叶落葵薯
     (Anrederaco改句乙lia)珠芽出苗有很大影响,播种深度较浅或露于地表,珠芽仍保持一定的发芽
    力,只有达到一定浓度时,才会完全抑制珠芽的生长。将珠芽进行切块,对心叶落葵薯的繁殖有
    一定的影响,但影响并不大,在农事操作中,被机械切开的珠芽绝大部分能够成活’卜来。带叶断
    枝和不带时一断枝均能保持一定的成活率,带叶断枝的成活率比相同节数的不带叶断枝成活率高。
    珠芽晾晒对珠芽的成活率有一定的影响,随着晾晒犬数的增加,成活率呈下降趋势,但是,短时
    间晾晒对珠芽成活率的影响并不大说明珠芽的抗逆性很强,在农事允许的前提下,可适当延长晒
    田时间,这可在一定程度上减少心叶落葵薯的发生。气温对裸柱菊(Soliva anthem如lia)的生长
    影响较大,在低温条件下,生长相对缓慢。对裸柱菊的分枝特性研究发现,在丽水,裸柱菊的分
    枝数平均可达9.1个;裸柱菊的叶片数平均可达33.3枚。裸柱菊的出苗有2个高峰,一个在5月
    份,另一个在12月份在较低温度,裸柱菊仍能出一苗;裸柱菊的年出苗量十分惊人,在1 mZ样点
    中,全年出苗达到179.1棵。野老鹤草(Geranium caroliniamum)种子存在一定的休眠期,休眠
    时间为18Od左右,野老鹤草的发芽率较高,最高可达72.7%。野老鹤草自10月份开始出苗,苗
    期长,出苗很不整齐。裂叶月见草为柳叶菜科月见草属一年生或多年生草本植物,原产北美洲,
    为浙江新发现,裂叶月见草的株丛盖度大,儿乎没有伴生植物,可能是化学他感作用较强,小植
    株分枝数少或无,周围伴生植物数量较大,可?
Alien species invasion is a global problem, alien species make its pitch via invasion, intentional introduction and unintentional inrtoduction, alien invansive species damages local biodiversity, entironment and leads to economic loss. In recent years, people pay more attention to their living environment, so alien species invasion gets hot in recent years. Many kinds of medias regard this as highlight. Few universities and research institutes launch on the studies on alien species invasion. According to some document, there are 108 alien invansive weeds in china, belonging to 23 families and 76 genus. In order to know how many invansive species in Lishui, what are their biological character like and what effects will be about the vegetable production, detailed investigation was conducted.
    (l)There are 50 alien invasive weeds in Lishui by immobility investigation and eyeballing investigaton, these weeds blong to 22 families. There are 13 species of composite weeds, ranking first; amaranthaceae, 5 species, ranking second; euphorbiaceae, 4 species; cruciferae and solanaceae, 3 species every; onagraceae, gramineae, scrophulariaceae and umbelliferae, 2 species every, cyperaceae, oxalidaceae, pontederiaceae, phytolaccaceae, caryophyllaceae, convolvulaceae, chenopodiaceae geraniaceae, malvaceae, basellaceae, nyctaginaceae and urticaceae, 1 species every. In these alien weeds, Aster subulatus, Bidens frondose, Bidens pilosa, Conyza canadensis, Conyza sumatrensis, Erigeron canadensis, Erigeron annum, Ageratum conyzoides, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Alternanthera retroflexus, Veronica persica, Cyperus rotundus, Oxalis corymbosa, Eichhornia crassipes, Stellaria apetala, Ipomoea purpurea and Chenopodium ambrosioids are often found in the crop fields and of heavy damage to the crops, Anredera cordifolia
     Geranium caroliniamum Pharbitis nil Phytolacca americana Veronica polita Avena fatua Eleusine indica and Euphorbia hetioscopia are of medium damage to the crops, Galinsoga parviflora, Alternanthera pungens, Amaranthus viridis, Euphorbia hirta, Ricinus communis, Nasturtium officinale, Coronopus didymus, Physalis pubescens, Solanum aculeatissimum, Datura stramonium, Denthera steraptera, Oenothera laciniata, Daucus carota, Hibiscus trionum, Peperomia pellucida, Mirabilis jalapa, Pilea microphylla and Amaranthus spinosusare seldem found in the fields and of slight damage to the crops. Solidago canadensis, Denthera steraptera and Oenothera laciniata are only of small population. Oenothera laciniata is a newly-found weed in Zhejiang Province, and has not reported in China mainland.
    (2) Five species of weeds are selected for biological character investigation and for occurance
    
    
    investigation in vegetable fields. The five weeds are Ageratum conyzoides, Anredera cordifolia Steenis, Soliva anthemfolia, Geranium caroliniamum and Oenothera laciniata. Studies show that the seedling period of Ageratum conyzoides is as long as 61 days, the growth of little grass are not trim, so it is hard for farmers to prevent them from damaging. June and July are two growth peaks of Ageratum conyzoides. From August Ageratum conyzoides enters procreation growth period, its branches are not uniform and it may lead seed maturation untidy. Soil depth is of great effects on Anredera cordifolia seeding. If the soil coverage is narrow or the beads are exposed on the air, in a way, the beads keep relevant germination ability. Only the coverage is deep enough the beads would lose their ability. Cut the bead into pieces will affect their germination, but not so great. Branches with leaves or without leaves are both of definite livability, branches with leaves are of higher livability than those without leaves. Air temperature is of great effects on the growth of Soliva anthemfolia, under lower temperature Soliva anthemfolia grows slowly. In Lishui, the average branch number is 9.1, the average leaf number reaches 33.3, Soliva anthemfolia has two seedling peaks, one is in May, the other is in December, the later means under lower temperature seedlings
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