多用户量子通信方案及协议研究
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摘要
根据量子不确定原理、量子态叠加原理和量子不可克隆定理，建立在量子力学基础之上的量子通信具有经典通信不可比拟的安全保密性和高效性，因而成为当前的研究热点。量子通信主要包括量子密钥分发（QKD）、量子安全直接通信（QSDC）、量子秘密共享（QSS）等。Bennett等人在1993年提出了一种量子态隐形传态方案：将某个粒子的未知量子态（即未知量子比特）传送到另一个地方，把另一个粒子制备到这个量子态上，而原来的粒子仍留在原处。从通信的角度看，量子隐形传态完成了对量子信号的传输、调制与解调的过程，实际上就是点到点的量子通信，而纠缠粒子传输所建立的通道就是量子信道。随着量子通信的发展，点到点量子通信必然要过渡到多个用户的量子通信网络。一个完整的量子通信系统由经典通信网络和量子传送网络两部分组成。
本文主要对多用户量子密钥分发、量子路由方案、量子无线通信和量子时分复用通信网络进行研究。论文的主要研究成果及创新点如下：
在纠缠交换技术的基础上，提出一种基于量子交换中心的多用户量子密钥分发方案及其协议，由该方案所构成的n用户系统只需n个量子信道，就可实现两两用户之间的密钥分发。起初用户之间不存在直接的量子信道，在量子交换中心进行纠缠交换后，系统中的任意两个用户之间就建立了量子纠缠信道，量子纠缠信道建立后才进行密钥分发。为了使多个用户可同时进行量子密钥分发，量子交换中心配置有多个量子Bell基测量单元。最后，还探讨了系统容量的问题，结合话务量的概念，给出了量子Bell基测量单元的数目m与用户数n的关系式。由于量子交换中心是通过纠缠交换将用户的量子态转换成新的纠缠态，一旦用户间的量子信道建立，量子交换中心就不再介入，因此量子交换中心也无法干预或窃听用户之间的密钥信息，从而保证了通信的安全性。
将量子隐形传态和纠缠交换有机结合，提出了一种量子交换路由方案，该方案可在两个移动节点之间传输量子态，即使这两个节点之间没有互相共用EPR纠缠对。量子交换路由方案可以被用来构建量子无线通信网络，因此，一个两层数据库的量子无线通信网络结构和相关通信协议同时被提出。性能分析表明，量子无线通信网络能够与现有的经典无线通信网络较好的融合，并且在数据传输时间和安全性方面，本方案优于量子中继路由方案，具有很高的适用性和可扩展性。
提出了一种基于多阶量子隐形传态的量子路由方案。该量子路由方案可以被用来构建量子无线广域网，其传输时延与所经过的链路距离和基站数目无关，传输一个量子态所用时间与量子隐形传态所用时间几乎一样，因此，从数据传输速率的观点来看，该方案是最优的。在此量子路由方案的基础的上，给出了一个基于卫星的量子无线广域网网络结构，同时介绍了量子路由的建立过程。分析表明，本研究对于构建未来大规模量子无线通信网具有重要的意义。
在经典时分多路通信的基础上，提出了量子时分多路通信方案，同时提出了量子时分交换机模型并给出了量子时分交换协议，分析了量子比特传输错误概率，并且进行了仿真模拟测试。研究结果表明，该交换机不仅能够实现多用户按时隙交换，从而实现量子信道的多用户传输，而且误码率能够满足通信可靠性的要求，协议具有广泛的应用价值。本量子交换机方案对于多用户量子通信系统的构建具有重要的研究价值。
According to the quantum indeterminate principle, superposition principle of quantumstates and quantum no-cloning theorem, quantum communication based on quantummechanics has incomparable characteristics on high security and highly efficient incomparison with classical communication theory, so it becomes a highlight area studied atpresent. Quantum communication includes the quantum key distribution, quantum securedirect communication, quantum secret sharing, quantum identification and quantumteleportation etc. In1993, Bennett et al. presented a scheme of quantum teleportation. Duringthe teleportation, an initial photon which carries the polarization is transferred and one of apair of entangled photons is subjected to a measurement such that the second photon of theentangled pair acquires the polarization of the initial photon. From the point of view ofcommunication, quantum teleportation actually carries out the process of quantum signaltransmission, signal modulation and demodulation and is point to-point communication. Withthe development of quantum communication, Quantum Communication Network (QCN) will come intobeing. An integrated system of quantum communication consists of two parts, namely classicalcommunication network and quantum transmission network.
This dissertation is focused on multi-user quantum key distribution protocol, quantumrouting scheme, quantum wireless communication and quantum time-division multi-channelcommunication. The main contributions and innovation of this work can be summarized asfollows:
A Multi-user Quantum Key Distribution (MQKD) protocol is proposed. It only needs nquantum channels for a communication system of n users to realize the protocol withentangled states and entanglement swapping. By the quantum mediator, any two among nusers of the system can communicate with each other, even though there is no direct quantumchannel between them. Furthermore, the quantum mediator, who performs entanglementswapping, has many Bell state measurement units and makes it possible that several userscommunicate with each other at the same time. Based on the traffic theory, we present arelationship formula of the number of user n and the number of Bell state measurement unit m.Because entanglement swapping entangles the quantum states of the two users, the quantummediator has no way to fraudulently intervene in or eavesdrop on the communication.
A quantum swapping routing scheme, based on quantum teleportation and entanglementswapping, is proposed to teleports a quantum state from one quantum device to anotherwirelessly even though the two devices which do not share EPR pairs mutually. By thequantum swapping routing scheme, the model of quantum wireless communication network is presented. In order to be compatible with the present conventional wireless communicationnetwork, the network architecture of a two-tier database structure and correlativecommunication protocol are proposed. Performance analysis results show that the proposedscheme is superior to quantum relay routing scheme in qubit transmission time and security.The scheme has high practicability and scalability.
Based on multistage quantum teleportation, a quantum routing scheme is propose. By thequantum routing scheme, the model of quantum wireless wide-area networks is presented. Interms of time complexity, the proposed scheme transports a quantum bit in time almost thesame as the quantum teleportation does regardless of the number of hops between the sourceand destination node. From this point of view, the quantum routing scheme is close to optimalin data transmission time. The characteristics of scheme and the correlative routing processare proposed. The scheme may play an important role in establishment of quantum wirelesscommunication networks in a large scale in the future.
Based on the classical time division multi-channel communication theory, a scheme ofquantum time division multi-channel communication (QTDMC) is presented. Moreover, themodel of quantum time division switch (QTDS) and correlative protocol of QTDMC areproposed. The quantum bit error rate (QBER) is analyzed and the QBER simulation test isperformed. The scheme shows that the QTDS can carry out multi-user communicationthrough quantum channel, the QBER can also reach the reliability requirement ofcommunication, and the protocol of QTDMC has high practicability and transplantable. Thescheme of QTDS may play an important role in establishment of quantum communication ina large scale in the future.
本文主要对多用户量子密钥分发、量子路由方案、量子无线通信和量子时分复用通信网络进行研究。论文的主要研究成果及创新点如下：
在纠缠交换技术的基础上，提出一种基于量子交换中心的多用户量子密钥分发方案及其协议，由该方案所构成的n用户系统只需n个量子信道，就可实现两两用户之间的密钥分发。起初用户之间不存在直接的量子信道，在量子交换中心进行纠缠交换后，系统中的任意两个用户之间就建立了量子纠缠信道，量子纠缠信道建立后才进行密钥分发。为了使多个用户可同时进行量子密钥分发，量子交换中心配置有多个量子Bell基测量单元。最后，还探讨了系统容量的问题，结合话务量的概念，给出了量子Bell基测量单元的数目m与用户数n的关系式。由于量子交换中心是通过纠缠交换将用户的量子态转换成新的纠缠态，一旦用户间的量子信道建立，量子交换中心就不再介入，因此量子交换中心也无法干预或窃听用户之间的密钥信息，从而保证了通信的安全性。
将量子隐形传态和纠缠交换有机结合，提出了一种量子交换路由方案，该方案可在两个移动节点之间传输量子态，即使这两个节点之间没有互相共用EPR纠缠对。量子交换路由方案可以被用来构建量子无线通信网络，因此，一个两层数据库的量子无线通信网络结构和相关通信协议同时被提出。性能分析表明，量子无线通信网络能够与现有的经典无线通信网络较好的融合，并且在数据传输时间和安全性方面，本方案优于量子中继路由方案，具有很高的适用性和可扩展性。
提出了一种基于多阶量子隐形传态的量子路由方案。该量子路由方案可以被用来构建量子无线广域网，其传输时延与所经过的链路距离和基站数目无关，传输一个量子态所用时间与量子隐形传态所用时间几乎一样，因此，从数据传输速率的观点来看，该方案是最优的。在此量子路由方案的基础的上，给出了一个基于卫星的量子无线广域网网络结构，同时介绍了量子路由的建立过程。分析表明，本研究对于构建未来大规模量子无线通信网具有重要的意义。
在经典时分多路通信的基础上，提出了量子时分多路通信方案，同时提出了量子时分交换机模型并给出了量子时分交换协议，分析了量子比特传输错误概率，并且进行了仿真模拟测试。研究结果表明，该交换机不仅能够实现多用户按时隙交换，从而实现量子信道的多用户传输，而且误码率能够满足通信可靠性的要求，协议具有广泛的应用价值。本量子交换机方案对于多用户量子通信系统的构建具有重要的研究价值。
According to the quantum indeterminate principle, superposition principle of quantumstates and quantum no-cloning theorem, quantum communication based on quantummechanics has incomparable characteristics on high security and highly efficient incomparison with classical communication theory, so it becomes a highlight area studied atpresent. Quantum communication includes the quantum key distribution, quantum securedirect communication, quantum secret sharing, quantum identification and quantumteleportation etc. In1993, Bennett et al. presented a scheme of quantum teleportation. Duringthe teleportation, an initial photon which carries the polarization is transferred and one of apair of entangled photons is subjected to a measurement such that the second photon of theentangled pair acquires the polarization of the initial photon. From the point of view ofcommunication, quantum teleportation actually carries out the process of quantum signaltransmission, signal modulation and demodulation and is point to-point communication. Withthe development of quantum communication, Quantum Communication Network (QCN) will come intobeing. An integrated system of quantum communication consists of two parts, namely classicalcommunication network and quantum transmission network.
This dissertation is focused on multi-user quantum key distribution protocol, quantumrouting scheme, quantum wireless communication and quantum time-division multi-channelcommunication. The main contributions and innovation of this work can be summarized asfollows:
A Multi-user Quantum Key Distribution (MQKD) protocol is proposed. It only needs nquantum channels for a communication system of n users to realize the protocol withentangled states and entanglement swapping. By the quantum mediator, any two among nusers of the system can communicate with each other, even though there is no direct quantumchannel between them. Furthermore, the quantum mediator, who performs entanglementswapping, has many Bell state measurement units and makes it possible that several userscommunicate with each other at the same time. Based on the traffic theory, we present arelationship formula of the number of user n and the number of Bell state measurement unit m.Because entanglement swapping entangles the quantum states of the two users, the quantummediator has no way to fraudulently intervene in or eavesdrop on the communication.
A quantum swapping routing scheme, based on quantum teleportation and entanglementswapping, is proposed to teleports a quantum state from one quantum device to anotherwirelessly even though the two devices which do not share EPR pairs mutually. By thequantum swapping routing scheme, the model of quantum wireless communication network is presented. In order to be compatible with the present conventional wireless communicationnetwork, the network architecture of a two-tier database structure and correlativecommunication protocol are proposed. Performance analysis results show that the proposedscheme is superior to quantum relay routing scheme in qubit transmission time and security.The scheme has high practicability and scalability.
Based on multistage quantum teleportation, a quantum routing scheme is propose. By thequantum routing scheme, the model of quantum wireless wide-area networks is presented. Interms of time complexity, the proposed scheme transports a quantum bit in time almost thesame as the quantum teleportation does regardless of the number of hops between the sourceand destination node. From this point of view, the quantum routing scheme is close to optimalin data transmission time. The characteristics of scheme and the correlative routing processare proposed. The scheme may play an important role in establishment of quantum wirelesscommunication networks in a large scale in the future.
Based on the classical time division multi-channel communication theory, a scheme ofquantum time division multi-channel communication (QTDMC) is presented. Moreover, themodel of quantum time division switch (QTDS) and correlative protocol of QTDMC areproposed. The quantum bit error rate (QBER) is analyzed and the QBER simulation test isperformed. The scheme shows that the QTDS can carry out multi-user communicationthrough quantum channel, the QBER can also reach the reliability requirement ofcommunication, and the protocol of QTDMC has high practicability and transplantable. Thescheme of QTDS may play an important role in establishment of quantum communication ina large scale in the future.
引文
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