少耕留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米的水分利用特征及其主要影响因素
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摘要
针对河西绿洲灌区间套种植耗水量多与水资源日益紧缺的矛盾,通过大田试验,在不同供水水平下,研究了间作小麦高茬收割覆盖对间作群体产量和水分利用效率的影响,解析了间作结合留茬影响作物产量和水分利用效率的基本机理,得到了如下主要结论：
1.留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米可显著提高土地利用率和作物产量。低、中、高供水水平下,高留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米土地当量比(LER)分别为1.52、1.62、1.60,不留茬的LER分别为1.48、1.56、1.58,小麦高留茬具有提高间作LER的作用；在相同占地面积上与单作相比,留茬覆盖间作小麦产量分别提高了50.2%、67.0%、68.4%,不留茬覆盖间作小麦分别提高了35.3%、57.6%、67.5%,留茬覆盖间作玉米分别提高了51.8%、57.7%、52.2%,不留茬覆盖间作玉米分别提高了61.2%、54.6%、48.5%。留茬覆盖间作作物的增产作用显著。
2.间作增大了小麦、玉米的耗水量,小麦留茬覆盖可显著降低间作耗水量,随灌水水平的增大间作群体的耗水量显著增大。在低、中、高三个供水水平下,留茬覆盖间作耗水量较单作加权平均分别增加34.6%、28.7%、29.8%,不留茬覆盖间作耗水量较单作加权平均分别增加40.8%、38.9%、31.8%,留茬覆盖间作比不留茬覆盖间作耗水量分别低7.8%、12.8%、3.8%,留茬覆盖降低间作耗水量的作用显著。在留茬覆盖间作中,高灌水较低、中水平耗水量分别高21.9%、11.5%,在不留茬覆盖间作中,高灌水较低、中水平耗水量分别高16.4%、7.7%。
3.间作具有提高小麦、玉米WUE的作用,小麦高留茬覆盖可提高间作作物的WUE,但高灌水水平不利于间作WUE的提高。与单作小麦和玉米WUE加权平均比较,在低、中、高三个灌水水平下,留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米的WUE分别提高了6.5%、15.0%、13.2%,不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米的WUE分别提高了3.0%、11.1%、15.6%,留茬覆盖间作比不留茬覆盖间作WUE分别高8.0%、4.3%、-1.5%,小麦高留茬具有在较低供水水平下提高间作WUE的作用。在留茬覆盖间作中,高灌水较低、中水平WUE分别高6.3%、-8.6%,在不留茬覆盖间作中,高灌水较低、中水平WUE分别高16.6%、-3.3%,中灌水水平下,采用留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米可有效提高作物WUE。
4.留茬覆盖间作提高作物水分利用效率的主要原因是,提高了叶日积(LAID)和土壤含水量,降低了作物棵间蒸发量占耗水量比例(E/ET)和地温。在低、中、高三个供水水平下,留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均LAID分别提高28.7%、26.5%、26.0%,不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均LAID分别提高26.0%、25.7%、26.8%；留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均土壤含水量分别提高4.9%、3·3%、2.7%,不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均土壤含水量分别提高3.3%、1.6%、3.2%：留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均E/ET分别降低25.4%、21.0%、20.8%,不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均E/ET分别降低29.6%、27.1%、23.1%；留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米地温分别低0.4℃、0.9℃、0.6℃。
Aiming at solving the contraction between excessive water consumption of intercropping systems in the oasis area and increasing scarcity of water resouce. A field experiment was cconducted at a typical oasis research station, in order to investigating the effects of intercropping and reduced tillage combined with wheat straw mulching on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat corn intercropping, and the mechanism of intercropping can improve the yield and WUE of wheat and corn was analyzed. The main results as following:
1. Intercropping combined with reduced tillage and wheat straw mulching can significantly increase the land use efficiency (LER) and yield of wheat and corn. The LER of wheat corn intercropping system with straw mulching was 1.52,1.62,1.60 at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively, and that of the without mulching intercropping system was 1.48,1.56,1.58 respectively at three different irrigation level.Compared to mono-cropping crops, the economic yield of intercropping wheat with straw mulching was increased by 50.2%, 67.0%,68.4%, and the yield of intercropping wheat without straw mulching was increased by 35.3%,57.6%, 67.5% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively; the yield of corn in intercropping system with and without straw mulching was increased by 51.8%,57.7%,52.2% and 61.2%,54.6%,48.5% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Intercropping with straw mulching can significantly increase crop economic yield.
2. The water use of wheat corn intercropping was increaed, and was significantly decreased in the intercropping systems with wheat straw mulching. The water use of intercropping increased with increasing amount of irrigation quota. Compared to mono-cropping crops the weighted average water use, the intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 34.6%,28.7%,29.8%, and the water use of intercropping without straw mulching was increased by 40.8%,38.9%,31.8% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to the intercropping without straw mulching, the water use of intercropping with straw mulching was decreased by 7.8%,12.8%,3.8% at low, medium, high water irrigation level respectively. The intercropping with straw mulching can significantly decrease water use. In the intercropping systems with straw mulching and without straw mulching, the water use of high irrigation level increased 21.9%,11.5% and 16.4%,7.7% than low, medium irrigation level respectively.
3. The WUE of wheat corn intercropping with straw mulching was significantly improved except the high irrigation rate. Compared to mono-cropping wheat and corn the weighted average WUE, the intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 6.5%,15.0%,13.2% and the intercropping without straw mulching was increased by 3.0%,11.1%,15.6% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to the intercropping without straw mulching, the WUE of intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 8.0%, 4.3%,-1.5% at low, medium, high water irrigation level respectively, straw mulching can significantly increased the WUE of intercropping with lower irrigation level. In the intercropping systems with straw mulching and without straw mulching, the WUE of high irrigation level increased by 6.3%,-8.6% and by 16.6%,-3.3% than low, medium irrigation level respectively. The wheat corn intercropping with straw mulching can significantly improve WUE at the medium irrigation level.
4. The mechanism which the intercropping with reduced tillage combined with straw mulching can increased significantly WUE was caused by increasing LAID and soil water content, decreasing E/ET and soil temperature. Compared to mono-cropping wheat and corn the weighted average LAID, the intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 28.7%,26.5%,26.0% and the intercropping without straw mulching was increased by 26.0%,25.7%,26.8% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to mono-cropping wheat and corn the weighted average soil water content, the intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 4.9%、3.3%、2.7% and the intercropping without straw mulching was increased by 3.3%,1.6%,3.2% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to mono-cropping wheat and corn the weighted average soil E/ET, the intercropping with straw mulching was decreased by 25.4%,21.0%, 20.8% and the intercropping without straw mulching was decreased by 29.6%,27.1%,23.1% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to the intercropping without straw mulching, soil temperature of intercropping with straw mulching was decreased 0.4℃,0.9℃,0.6℃.
1.留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米可显著提高土地利用率和作物产量。低、中、高供水水平下,高留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米土地当量比(LER)分别为1.52、1.62、1.60,不留茬的LER分别为1.48、1.56、1.58,小麦高留茬具有提高间作LER的作用；在相同占地面积上与单作相比,留茬覆盖间作小麦产量分别提高了50.2%、67.0%、68.4%,不留茬覆盖间作小麦分别提高了35.3%、57.6%、67.5%,留茬覆盖间作玉米分别提高了51.8%、57.7%、52.2%,不留茬覆盖间作玉米分别提高了61.2%、54.6%、48.5%。留茬覆盖间作作物的增产作用显著。
2.间作增大了小麦、玉米的耗水量,小麦留茬覆盖可显著降低间作耗水量,随灌水水平的增大间作群体的耗水量显著增大。在低、中、高三个供水水平下,留茬覆盖间作耗水量较单作加权平均分别增加34.6%、28.7%、29.8%,不留茬覆盖间作耗水量较单作加权平均分别增加40.8%、38.9%、31.8%,留茬覆盖间作比不留茬覆盖间作耗水量分别低7.8%、12.8%、3.8%,留茬覆盖降低间作耗水量的作用显著。在留茬覆盖间作中,高灌水较低、中水平耗水量分别高21.9%、11.5%,在不留茬覆盖间作中,高灌水较低、中水平耗水量分别高16.4%、7.7%。
3.间作具有提高小麦、玉米WUE的作用,小麦高留茬覆盖可提高间作作物的WUE,但高灌水水平不利于间作WUE的提高。与单作小麦和玉米WUE加权平均比较,在低、中、高三个灌水水平下,留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米的WUE分别提高了6.5%、15.0%、13.2%,不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米的WUE分别提高了3.0%、11.1%、15.6%,留茬覆盖间作比不留茬覆盖间作WUE分别高8.0%、4.3%、-1.5%,小麦高留茬具有在较低供水水平下提高间作WUE的作用。在留茬覆盖间作中,高灌水较低、中水平WUE分别高6.3%、-8.6%,在不留茬覆盖间作中,高灌水较低、中水平WUE分别高16.6%、-3.3%,中灌水水平下,采用留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米可有效提高作物WUE。
4.留茬覆盖间作提高作物水分利用效率的主要原因是,提高了叶日积(LAID)和土壤含水量,降低了作物棵间蒸发量占耗水量比例(E/ET)和地温。在低、中、高三个供水水平下,留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均LAID分别提高28.7%、26.5%、26.0%,不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均LAID分别提高26.0%、25.7%、26.8%；留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均土壤含水量分别提高4.9%、3·3%、2.7%,不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均土壤含水量分别提高3.3%、1.6%、3.2%：留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均E/ET分别降低25.4%、21.0%、20.8%,不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比单作加权平均E/ET分别降低29.6%、27.1%、23.1%；留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米比不留茬覆盖小麦间作玉米地温分别低0.4℃、0.9℃、0.6℃。
Aiming at solving the contraction between excessive water consumption of intercropping systems in the oasis area and increasing scarcity of water resouce. A field experiment was cconducted at a typical oasis research station, in order to investigating the effects of intercropping and reduced tillage combined with wheat straw mulching on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat corn intercropping, and the mechanism of intercropping can improve the yield and WUE of wheat and corn was analyzed. The main results as following:
1. Intercropping combined with reduced tillage and wheat straw mulching can significantly increase the land use efficiency (LER) and yield of wheat and corn. The LER of wheat corn intercropping system with straw mulching was 1.52,1.62,1.60 at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively, and that of the without mulching intercropping system was 1.48,1.56,1.58 respectively at three different irrigation level.Compared to mono-cropping crops, the economic yield of intercropping wheat with straw mulching was increased by 50.2%, 67.0%,68.4%, and the yield of intercropping wheat without straw mulching was increased by 35.3%,57.6%, 67.5% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively; the yield of corn in intercropping system with and without straw mulching was increased by 51.8%,57.7%,52.2% and 61.2%,54.6%,48.5% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Intercropping with straw mulching can significantly increase crop economic yield.
2. The water use of wheat corn intercropping was increaed, and was significantly decreased in the intercropping systems with wheat straw mulching. The water use of intercropping increased with increasing amount of irrigation quota. Compared to mono-cropping crops the weighted average water use, the intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 34.6%,28.7%,29.8%, and the water use of intercropping without straw mulching was increased by 40.8%,38.9%,31.8% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to the intercropping without straw mulching, the water use of intercropping with straw mulching was decreased by 7.8%,12.8%,3.8% at low, medium, high water irrigation level respectively. The intercropping with straw mulching can significantly decrease water use. In the intercropping systems with straw mulching and without straw mulching, the water use of high irrigation level increased 21.9%,11.5% and 16.4%,7.7% than low, medium irrigation level respectively.
3. The WUE of wheat corn intercropping with straw mulching was significantly improved except the high irrigation rate. Compared to mono-cropping wheat and corn the weighted average WUE, the intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 6.5%,15.0%,13.2% and the intercropping without straw mulching was increased by 3.0%,11.1%,15.6% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to the intercropping without straw mulching, the WUE of intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 8.0%, 4.3%,-1.5% at low, medium, high water irrigation level respectively, straw mulching can significantly increased the WUE of intercropping with lower irrigation level. In the intercropping systems with straw mulching and without straw mulching, the WUE of high irrigation level increased by 6.3%,-8.6% and by 16.6%,-3.3% than low, medium irrigation level respectively. The wheat corn intercropping with straw mulching can significantly improve WUE at the medium irrigation level.
4. The mechanism which the intercropping with reduced tillage combined with straw mulching can increased significantly WUE was caused by increasing LAID and soil water content, decreasing E/ET and soil temperature. Compared to mono-cropping wheat and corn the weighted average LAID, the intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 28.7%,26.5%,26.0% and the intercropping without straw mulching was increased by 26.0%,25.7%,26.8% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to mono-cropping wheat and corn the weighted average soil water content, the intercropping with straw mulching was increased by 4.9%、3.3%、2.7% and the intercropping without straw mulching was increased by 3.3%,1.6%,3.2% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to mono-cropping wheat and corn the weighted average soil E/ET, the intercropping with straw mulching was decreased by 25.4%,21.0%, 20.8% and the intercropping without straw mulching was decreased by 29.6%,27.1%,23.1% at low, medium, high irrigation level respectively. Compared to the intercropping without straw mulching, soil temperature of intercropping with straw mulching was decreased 0.4℃,0.9℃,0.6℃.
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