《东医宝鉴》方剂引文与主要中医原著比较研究
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摘要
《东医宝鉴》采用大量中国古代医籍文献编撰而成,对后来朝鲜传统医学影响很大,形成所谓的“宝鉴派”。但它不同于《医方类聚》“述而不作”,而是尝试着对中医古籍的内容和形式进行不同程度的改编,是朝鲜引进中医学发展本土化的代表性著书。作者是朝鲜宣祖及光海君时代的许浚,于光海君2年(公元1610年)撰成,三年后(公元1613年)正式刊行。
《东医宝鉴》25卷,包括内景篇4卷、外形篇4卷、杂病篇11卷、汤液篇3卷及针灸篇1卷,目录2卷。该书因朝鲜在中国的东方而自称为“东医”,“即病者虽千百其候而补泻缓急,泛应曲当,盖不必远稽古籍,近搜旁门,惟当按类寻方,层见叠出,对证投剂如符左契信,医家之宝鉴,济世之良法也”,故名《东医宝鉴》。《东医宝鉴》是引用了大量的中国古籍编撰而成的。
《东医宝鉴》自1613年初刊以来,先后在朝鲜、中国、日本等国已有了30余种不同刊本,广泛流传于亚洲各地,经久不衰,被人们誉为朝鲜经典医著,到现在仍然有许多医家参考《东医宝鉴》收录的理论和方剂内容。
本文主要应用方剂学、中药学、文献学、历史学、比较学方法,选取汉代至明代在《东医宝鉴》中引用频数最多的医书,如汉代仲景方、唐代《千金方》、宋代《太平惠民和剂局方》、元代《世医得效方》、明代《医学入门》方剂内容与原文进行比较,考察方剂的方名、主治、药名、方剂中药味增加或减少、药物次序、药物初加工、炮制、药量、复方剂量、剂型煎服用法等的变化以及补充、删除内容,并对相关史料和文献进行综合、归纳、比较、分析,探讨《东医宝鉴》在编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化的历史面貌。
一.本选题主要研究内容包括:
(1)《东医宝鉴》与汉代仲景方剂内容比较
(2)《东医宝鉴》与唐代《千金方》方剂内容比较
(3)《东医宝鉴》与宋代《太平惠民和剂局方》方剂内容比较
(4)《东医宝鉴》与元代《世医得效方》方剂内容比较
(5)《东医宝鉴》与明代《医学入门》方剂内容比较
二.讨论
本研究认为《东医宝鉴》引用方剂与原文比较过程中,发现了5种情况,即佚文;引文与原文基本内容相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化;出处不同;剪裁编辑;删除、补充内容。
9.1佚文
《东医宝鉴》中佚文在现在中国通行本上未见,这些方剂对于以后辑复中医古籍具有重要的文献价值。其中《千金方》、《世医得效方》在国外也有其他版本,如《千金方》在日本有《新雕本孙真人千金方》,《世医得效方》在朝鲜有古活字版本,但这些内容在国外的版本上也未见到。这些未见的方剂可能是在《千金方》、《世医得效方》的另外版本中的记录。
9.2引文与原文基本内容相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化
9.2.1基本相同
主要见于《世医得效方》、《医学入门》。这些基本相同的原因,有两种原因,一种是作者按自己经验所见,用原文的方剂也没什么问题,所以直接引用,另一种是治怪疾方的原文几乎都是直接引用,《东医宝鉴》中引用《世医得效方》治怪疾的方剂有16首方剂,其内容基本相同,这可能是当时朝鲜很少见这种怪疾,但编纂者认为很需要治疗怪疾的方剂,所以直接引用。
还有,《东医宝鉴》方剂描述是主治在前,方药在后,与《医学入门》相反,只调整主治、方药的位置,方剂的基本内容是相同。
9.2.2主治变化
主治表述的变化主要表现为内容扼要、或简略,或删除、或完全不一。原因可能是按照自己的编撰体例和要求,一般主要选择符合有关篇章的主题,删除或省略其他附属因素,所以方剂中的主治内容要比原文扼要。另外,可能与许浚在临床上应用这些方剂时得到的方剂效果有关,有时出现其他效果,有时未出现原文上记载的效果,他就按自己的经验而改用。
9.2.3方名变化
仔细查看原文的方剂名称,有的方名太长,有的没有方名,有的方名为“又方”,编纂者在《东医宝鉴》上自己命名方剂,避免重复,更为简洁。
另外有的方名是一样,这有两种情况。第一是编纂者引用同一出处的原文,而将原文的内容分别记载几个相应的篇章,所以存在一样的方名,而其方剂组成也一样。第二是方名一样,但它们引用的书不一样,这种情况在《东医宝鉴》上很少见,原因可能是成书过程几经变故,作者年迈,心力交瘁等诸多因素,以致未能落实。
还有,《东医宝鉴》记载的方名中,原文上的“丸”字改称“元”字,但有的方名中也用“丸”字,从丸药的大小,制药方法来看,没发现特殊规律,这可以推测当时朝鲜记载丸药的一种习惯。
9.2.4药物变化
主要变化有三种情况,第一是明确分类药物的名称,在原文上,特别是宋代以前的原文上未见芍药、茯苓的赤白之分,但《东医宝鉴》中有明确的赤白之分,这可以说明当时朝鲜已经有药材更细的分类。
第二是《东医宝鉴》中有的药物的名称记载变化,这些变化只是用词上有变化,其实是相同的药。这可能是《东医宝鉴》编纂者在编写过程中将原文的药名改称当时朝鲜常用的药名。
第三是选药材的变化,《东医宝鉴》引用方剂中有的比原文增加了药味,有的减少了药味,有的改变了药物,这种变化可能是为了临床上应用方剂时能得到更理想的效果,或考虑采药的方便性以及药物的价格而有所改变。
9.2.5药物初加工、炮制
《东医宝鉴》中引用仲景方、《千金方》、《太平惠民和剂局方》、《世医得效方》的方剂几乎删除药物初加工、炮制的内容,但查当时朝鲜医书中也不见这种情况,《东医宝鉴》以后刊行的朝鲜医书上也未见,出现这种原因可能是《东医宝鉴》编纂时除许浚以外,几位医家一起参加而编纂,引用时可能跟每个医家的趋向而变化。
另外,在《医学入门》上有的方剂中出现增加药物初加工、炮制的内容,这可能是与原文的药物初加工、炮制方法不一样,或基本加工法变化时编纂者按自己的经验而变化。
9.2.6药量变化
《东医宝鉴》药量变化在每个时代都不同。按变化率来看,变化最多的医书是仲景方,考虑到古代各时期衡制的变化,如汉晋一两折合13.92克,唐宋元明一两折合为37.30克,汉代与明代重量比例为1:2.7。由于当时朝鲜用的度量与明代的度量一样,那么汉代张仲景用一两与朝鲜时代许浚用一两的比例为1:2.7,可见《东医宝鉴》上记载的药量比仲景方减少了。
还有,许浚指出元代医著如《世医得效方》每方总量只有五钱,平均到每味药就显得用量太轻,以致难以奏效,因为“二三十种之药,则一材仅入一二分,性味微小,焉能责效”。实际上,在上述有关《世医得效方》的例子中,剂量也没有被增加。
另外,有的原文上没有具体药物剂量的记载,如原文上记载“各等分”,这种问题在《东医宝鉴》中因为编纂者记载了具体的药物剂量而得以解决。
总体上,有的增加药量,有的减少药量,有的按比例,有的没有比例变化,这可能是编纂者按当时朝鲜人的体质而改变的。
9.2.7制药法、制药量、服用量、服用法、加减法的变化
通过比较《东医宝鉴》与原文制药法、制药量的变化,我们可以意识到《东医宝鉴》的剂量比仲景方减少,有的减1/10,有的甚至减1/25。这样的变化是《东医宝鉴》记载制药方法有关,《东医宝鉴》上记载了“作一贴”,这是指一剂的量,但仲景方中记载的药量是总量,制好药后分几服的形式来描述,这样看,当然是《东医宝鉴》中的药物剂量随之减少,而且还要考虑古代各时期的重量问题。
关于服用量、服用法、加减法的变化,目前只能考虑当时朝鲜人的体质有关,还有当时朝鲜的情况是刚结束战争,社会的经济情况不良,一般百姓的饭食情况也不妙,因此,许浚认为仲景方上的方剂药量较大,所以减少药量。
9.3出处不同
出处不同在仲景方、《千金方》中均见。因为仲景方包括《伤寒论》、《金匮要略方论》、《金匮玉函经》3部著书,《千金方》包括《千金翼方》、《备急千金要方》2部著书。
仲景方中如小建中汤在《伤寒论·辨太阳病脉证并治中》、《金匮要略方论·卷上·血痹虚劳病脉证并治第六》、《金匮要略方论·卷中·黄疸病脉证并治第十五》、《金匮要略方论·卷下·妇人杂病脉证并治第二十二》中出现,据《宝鉴》中“治虚劳里急腹中痛梦寐失精四肢酸疼手足烦热咽干口燥”,这首方剂可以认为《金匮要略方论·卷上·血痹虚劳病脉证并治第六》中引用。
如猪苓汤在《伤寒论·辨阳明病脉证并治》、《伤寒论·辨少阴病脉证并治》、《金匮要略方论·卷中·消渴小便利淋病脉证并治第十三》中出现。据《宝鉴》有“治阳明证”,这首方剂可以认为《伤寒论·辨阳明病脉证并治》中引用。
如通脉四逆汤在《伤寒论·辨少阴病脉证并治》、《伤寒论·辨厥阴病脉证并治》、《金匮要略方论·卷中·呕吐哕下利病脉证治第十七》中出现,据《宝鉴》“治少阴病”,这首方剂可以认为《宝鉴》引用《伤寒论·辨少阴病脉证并治》中引用。
《千金方》也有《千金翼方》与《备急千金要方》中记载了一样的方剂,但有些药物组成是不一样,如十疰丸、龙胆汤2首方剂在《千金翼方》和《备急千金要方》上均见,但十疰丸,《宝鉴》用“细辛”,《备急千金要方》用“细辛(一作蒿本)”,《千金翼方》用“藁本”;龙胆汤,《宝鉴》用“赤茯苓”,《备急千金要方》用“茯苓(一作茯神)”,《千金翼方》用“茯神”,可知这2首方剂《宝鉴》引用的是《备急千金要方》。
9.4剪裁编辑
9.4.1药物排列次序变化
调整药物排列次序主要是以“各”来表述,并按剂量由大而小的规律进行排序。如秘传降气汤,《宝鉴》“桑白皮一錢,陳皮、枳殼、柴胡、甘草炙各五分,地骨皮、五加皮、骨碎補、訶子皮、草果、桔梗、半夏麴各三分”,《局方》“桑白皮二两,骨碎补、草果仁、五加皮、半夏、桔梗、诃子各半两,甘草、枳壳、陈皮、柴胡、地骨皮各一两。
这样一来,避免了相同剂量的重复描述,药量由大而小的排列也显得整齐了许多,从形式上更简洁些,但这些变化中似乎不顾方剂的“君臣佐使”,这种记载的习惯是在《东医宝鉴》中开始出现,这种方法在以后的朝鲜编纂医书中常出现。
另外,《东医宝鉴》一般规律是按剂量由大而小的规律进行排序,但有的方剂虽然以“各”来表达,剂量变化上按有小而大的,与其他方剂中的药物排序调整不一。
9.4.2调整文字的位置
这些变化主要在《千金方》、《太平惠民和剂局方》中出现。《东医宝鉴》对原文进行剪裁,并在不同的两篇中分开记载。另外原文的内容太长或复杂的话,通过重新调整文字的位置使得更简洁,而且能突出每个分段的主题,分开记载。
9.5删除、补充内容
主要变化在药物的随证加减法、服药禁忌、服药后疗效的补充、删除,《东医宝鉴》几乎都删除随证加减法,有的增加随证加减法,这可能是编撰者根据当时朝鲜亲历的临床诊治经验和体会而进行的修改。
三.结论
(1)《东医宝鉴》引文与仲景方原著比较,我们可知《东医宝鉴》总体上忠于仲景方原著,但也有一些改动,主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为83.5%,其中药量变化占25.2%,药物初加工、炮制占16.6%,主治变化占11.7%,其3种变化最多。
(2)通过上述《东医宝鉴》引文与《千金方》原著比较,我们可知《宝鉴》总体上忠于《千金方》原著,但也有一些改动。主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为57%,其中药量变化占14.2%,服用法变化、主治变化各11.9%、药物排序变化占11.9%,其4种变化最多。
(3)《东医宝鉴》引文与《太平惠民和剂局方》原著比较,我们可知《东医宝鉴》总体上忠于《太平惠民和剂局方》原著,但也有一些改动,主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为80.8%,其中,主治变化占18.2%,药量变化占14.6%,药物初加工、炮制、服用量变化各占13.7%,药物排列次序变化占12.7%,其5种变化最多。
(4)《东医宝鉴》引文与《世医得效方》原著比较,我们可知《东医宝鉴》总体上忠于《世医得效方》原著,但也有一些改动,主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为81.3%,其中,药量变化占18.4%,主治变化占17.2%,药物初加工、炮制占13.1%,剪裁编辑占10.2%,其5种变化最多。
(5)《东医宝鉴》引文与《医学入门》原著比较,我们可知《东医宝鉴》总体上忠于《医学入门》原著,但也有一些改动,主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为56.44%,其中,主治变化占15.56%,药量变化占13.16%,制药法变化占5.89%,服用法变化占5.84%,另外,剪裁编辑占37.35%,其中调整主治、方剂位置占30.92%,此变化是在单项变化中最多。
总之,《东医宝鉴》引用方剂文献的特点表现为:一般是原文照录,即使有少量改动,也不涉及实质内容。对于汉唐以降,明万历之前的历代复方、单方,总体上是忠于原著,但有各种不同的改动。从引文与原文关系比较归纳出的结果可以发现,引文与原文基本内容相同而表述不同占多数,其中又以内容变动、精炼者居多。加上对原著撮其要义,重新表述,甚至补充内容等等变化,说明在肯定《东医宝鉴》源自中国古代医学的同时,也要注意到作者并非完全照搬中国医著,而是按照自己的编辑思路,经过自己的消化,尝试着对原文献做一些必要的加工,为我所用,标志着古代朝鲜迈开了医学本土化的步伐。
本研究的创新之处:
(1)首次应用方剂学、中药学、文献学、历史学、比较学方法,将《东医宝鉴》引用的仲景方、唐代《千金方》、宋代《太平惠民和剂局方》、元代《世医得效方》、明代《医学入门》方剂内容与原文进行比较,佚文、考察方剂的方名、主治、药名、方剂中药味增加或减少、药物次序、药物初加工、炮制、药量、复方剂量、剂型煎服用法等的变化以及补充、删除内容,不含关于方剂学理论的内容,并对相关史料和文献进行综合、归纳、比较、分析。
(2)首次从方剂角度探讨《东医宝鉴》在编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化的历史面貌,提出这是朝鲜尝试将中医本土化的开始。
四.结语
本文是《东医宝鉴》所载方剂与原文的比较研究。对于《东医宝鉴》在编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化形式很清楚,但变化原因还不是很清楚,由于时间所限以及各方面的限制,没有进一步探讨。探讨《东医宝鉴》所载方剂与原文比较,对于《东医宝鉴》在编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化历史面貌的研究很有必要。
总之,本研究只是《东医宝鉴》编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化历史面貌的研究的第一步,还有很多工作要继续,希望在本研究的基础上,向过去和未来延伸,进行研究。
Dongyi Baojian(PreciousMirrorofEasternMedicine) is a representative book reflecting the native development of Chinese Medicine in Korea,which was written by Xujun in 1610 and published in 1613.
There are 25 volumes in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine),among which,the catalogue and normal text occupy 2 and 23 volumes respectively.In normal text, Interior,Form,Miscellaneous Disease,Decoction and Acupuncture Chapters occupy 4,4,11, 3 and 1 volume respectively.As Korea locates in east of China,the book is called Eastern Medicine.And Precious Mirror means this book is useful and records many fine formulas for doctors.Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) quotes profuse ancient literatures of Chinese Medicine.
As published in 1613,more than 30 different editions of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) spread around Asia such as Korea,China and Japan.Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) is a classics and durable medical book.At present,many doctors still consult Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) for theories and formulas.
This article uses the methods of pharmacology of traditional Chinese medical formulae, science of Chinese materia medica,science of history and comparison to compare the contents and original texts in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and other books recorded by Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) such as Zhongjing's Formulas,Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) in Tang Dynasty,Tai-Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas) in Song Dynasty, Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition) in Yuan Dynasty and Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine) in Ming Dynasty.And then the name,indication,nomen proprium,ingredients,succession,processing,dosage,form and direction of compound formulas are investigated to discuss the citation and change in codification of Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) by combination,induction,comparison and analysis on relevant historic materials and literatures.
1.The main study content of this article
a.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Zhongjing's Formulas in Han Dynasty.
b.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) in Tang Dynasty.
c.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Tai-Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas) in Song Dynasty.
d.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition) in Yuan Dynasty
e.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine) in Ming Dynasty.
2.Discussion
This research discovers six kinds of information as followed from comparison on the formulas and original texts quoted by Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine):
Firstly,some formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) can't be seen in its Chinese edition.It is useful for compiling and revising other formula books. These formulas perhaps are recorded in other editions of Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition).
Secondly,there are changes in the indication,nomen proprium,ingredients,succession, processing,dosage,form and direction of compound formulas recorded in Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine).These changes maybe caused by compiling needs and Xujun's medical experiences.
Thirdly,there are changes in the name of some formulas.Xujun named these formulas in order to avoid repetition as their original names were too long even they hadn't names.
Fourthly,the sources of some formulas are different.This change can be seen in Zhongjing's Formulas and Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) mainly. Zhongjing's Formulas consist of Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage),Jingui Yaolue Fanglun (On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer) and Jingui Yuhanjing(The Canon of the Golden Coffer and Jade Sheath).Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) consists of Qianjin Yifang(Wings of the Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary).Such as Small Jianzhong Decoction was recorded in Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage) and Jingui Yaolue Fanglun(On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer) respectively,but it was quoted by Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) from Jingui Yaolue Fanglun(On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer).
Zhuling Decoction and Tongmai Sini Decoction were recorded in Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage) and Jingui Yaolue Fanglun(On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer) respectively,but they were quoted by Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) from Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage).
The composition of some formulas recorded in Qianjin Yifang(wings of the Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary) was different such as Shizhu Pill and Longdan Decoction.Shizhu Pill used Chinese lovage and asiasarum in Qianjin Yifang(Wings of the Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary) respectively.Longdan Decoction used Indian bread with hostwood and hoelen in Qianjin Yifang(Wings of the Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary) respectively.Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) quoted these two formulas from Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary).
Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) quoted 59 formulas from Zhongjing's Formulas,among which 3 formulas were compiled and quoted from Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage) and Jingui Yaolue Fanglun(On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer).
Fifthly,the sort of drugs in formulas was according to the dosage.It is concise but neglecting medicinal rules of sovereign,minister,assistant and envoy.This compiling style started from Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and many medical books in Korea used this style from then on.
Sixthly,the literals position changes in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine).So the subject is outstanding and concise.
3.Conclusion
a.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Zhongjing's Formulas,we found that Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Zhongjing's Formulas except for some changes in presentation. The proportion is 83.5%,among which,change of medicinal dosage is 25.2%,drug processing is 16.6%and indication is 11.7%.
b.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary),we found that Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) except for some changes in presentation.The proportion is 57%,among which,change of medicinal dosage is 14.2%,direction and indication is 11.9%respectively and drug sorting is 11.9%.
c.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Tai-Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas), we found that Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Tai-Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas) except for some changes in presentation.The proportion is 80.8%,among which,change of indication is 18.2%, medicinal dosage is 14.6%,drug processing and direction is 13.7%respectively and drug sorting is 14.6%.
d.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition),we found that Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Shiyi Dexiaofang (Effective Formula from a Family Tradition) except for some changes in presentation.The proportion is 81.3%,among which,change of medicinal dosage is 18.4%,indication is 17.2, drug processing is 13.1%and compiling is 10.2%.
e.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine),we found that Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine) except for some changes in presentation.The proportion is 56.44%,among which,change of indication is 15.56%,medicinal dosage is 13.16%,drug producing is 5.89%,direction is 5.84%and compiling is 37.35%including 30.92%of adjusting the position of indication and formulas.
In a word,the characteristic of quotations in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) is adhering to the original text.Although there are some changes,the essential contents aren't involved in.As to the formulas from Han and Tang Dynasties to Ming Dynasty, Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to the original books as well except for some changes in presentation.These changes reflect that the authors of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) had their own compiling ideas but completely recorded Chinese medical books.It indicated that medical science had native development in ancient Korea.
This article brings new ideas as followed:
a.This article uses the methods of pharmacology of traditional Chinese medical formulae, science of Chinese materia medica,science of history and comparison to compare the contents and original texts in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and other books recorded by Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) such as Zhongjing's Formulas,Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) in Tang Dynasty,Tai- Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas) in Song Dynasty, Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition) in Yuan Dynasty and Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine) in Ming Dynasty.And then the name,indication,nomen proprium,ingredients,succession,processing,dosage,form and direction of compound formulas are investigated to discuss the citation and change in codification of Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) by combination,induction,comparison and analysis on relevant historic materials and literatures.
b.This article discusses the compiling history of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and its changes on quoting Chinese medical literature in China from the view of formula.
4.Summary
This article is a comparative study of formulas and originals recorded in Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine).We grasp the change style during the compiling history of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and its changes on quoting Chinese medical literature.But the reason of change is not clear as the research is limited by time and other factors.It is necessary to study the compiling history of Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and its changes on quoting Chinese medical literature in formula and originals.
In short,this article is reflecting the first stage in study the compiling history of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and its changes on quoting Chinese medical literature in formula and originals.There are still lots of work to be done in the future and we hope our research work can be continued based on this article.
《东医宝鉴》25卷,包括内景篇4卷、外形篇4卷、杂病篇11卷、汤液篇3卷及针灸篇1卷,目录2卷。该书因朝鲜在中国的东方而自称为“东医”,“即病者虽千百其候而补泻缓急,泛应曲当,盖不必远稽古籍,近搜旁门,惟当按类寻方,层见叠出,对证投剂如符左契信,医家之宝鉴,济世之良法也”,故名《东医宝鉴》。《东医宝鉴》是引用了大量的中国古籍编撰而成的。
《东医宝鉴》自1613年初刊以来,先后在朝鲜、中国、日本等国已有了30余种不同刊本,广泛流传于亚洲各地,经久不衰,被人们誉为朝鲜经典医著,到现在仍然有许多医家参考《东医宝鉴》收录的理论和方剂内容。
本文主要应用方剂学、中药学、文献学、历史学、比较学方法,选取汉代至明代在《东医宝鉴》中引用频数最多的医书,如汉代仲景方、唐代《千金方》、宋代《太平惠民和剂局方》、元代《世医得效方》、明代《医学入门》方剂内容与原文进行比较,考察方剂的方名、主治、药名、方剂中药味增加或减少、药物次序、药物初加工、炮制、药量、复方剂量、剂型煎服用法等的变化以及补充、删除内容,并对相关史料和文献进行综合、归纳、比较、分析,探讨《东医宝鉴》在编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化的历史面貌。
一.本选题主要研究内容包括:
(1)《东医宝鉴》与汉代仲景方剂内容比较
(2)《东医宝鉴》与唐代《千金方》方剂内容比较
(3)《东医宝鉴》与宋代《太平惠民和剂局方》方剂内容比较
(4)《东医宝鉴》与元代《世医得效方》方剂内容比较
(5)《东医宝鉴》与明代《医学入门》方剂内容比较
二.讨论
本研究认为《东医宝鉴》引用方剂与原文比较过程中,发现了5种情况,即佚文;引文与原文基本内容相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化;出处不同;剪裁编辑;删除、补充内容。
9.1佚文
《东医宝鉴》中佚文在现在中国通行本上未见,这些方剂对于以后辑复中医古籍具有重要的文献价值。其中《千金方》、《世医得效方》在国外也有其他版本,如《千金方》在日本有《新雕本孙真人千金方》,《世医得效方》在朝鲜有古活字版本,但这些内容在国外的版本上也未见到。这些未见的方剂可能是在《千金方》、《世医得效方》的另外版本中的记录。
9.2引文与原文基本内容相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化
9.2.1基本相同
主要见于《世医得效方》、《医学入门》。这些基本相同的原因,有两种原因,一种是作者按自己经验所见,用原文的方剂也没什么问题,所以直接引用,另一种是治怪疾方的原文几乎都是直接引用,《东医宝鉴》中引用《世医得效方》治怪疾的方剂有16首方剂,其内容基本相同,这可能是当时朝鲜很少见这种怪疾,但编纂者认为很需要治疗怪疾的方剂,所以直接引用。
还有,《东医宝鉴》方剂描述是主治在前,方药在后,与《医学入门》相反,只调整主治、方药的位置,方剂的基本内容是相同。
9.2.2主治变化
主治表述的变化主要表现为内容扼要、或简略,或删除、或完全不一。原因可能是按照自己的编撰体例和要求,一般主要选择符合有关篇章的主题,删除或省略其他附属因素,所以方剂中的主治内容要比原文扼要。另外,可能与许浚在临床上应用这些方剂时得到的方剂效果有关,有时出现其他效果,有时未出现原文上记载的效果,他就按自己的经验而改用。
9.2.3方名变化
仔细查看原文的方剂名称,有的方名太长,有的没有方名,有的方名为“又方”,编纂者在《东医宝鉴》上自己命名方剂,避免重复,更为简洁。
另外有的方名是一样,这有两种情况。第一是编纂者引用同一出处的原文,而将原文的内容分别记载几个相应的篇章,所以存在一样的方名,而其方剂组成也一样。第二是方名一样,但它们引用的书不一样,这种情况在《东医宝鉴》上很少见,原因可能是成书过程几经变故,作者年迈,心力交瘁等诸多因素,以致未能落实。
还有,《东医宝鉴》记载的方名中,原文上的“丸”字改称“元”字,但有的方名中也用“丸”字,从丸药的大小,制药方法来看,没发现特殊规律,这可以推测当时朝鲜记载丸药的一种习惯。
9.2.4药物变化
主要变化有三种情况,第一是明确分类药物的名称,在原文上,特别是宋代以前的原文上未见芍药、茯苓的赤白之分,但《东医宝鉴》中有明确的赤白之分,这可以说明当时朝鲜已经有药材更细的分类。
第二是《东医宝鉴》中有的药物的名称记载变化,这些变化只是用词上有变化,其实是相同的药。这可能是《东医宝鉴》编纂者在编写过程中将原文的药名改称当时朝鲜常用的药名。
第三是选药材的变化,《东医宝鉴》引用方剂中有的比原文增加了药味,有的减少了药味,有的改变了药物,这种变化可能是为了临床上应用方剂时能得到更理想的效果,或考虑采药的方便性以及药物的价格而有所改变。
9.2.5药物初加工、炮制
《东医宝鉴》中引用仲景方、《千金方》、《太平惠民和剂局方》、《世医得效方》的方剂几乎删除药物初加工、炮制的内容,但查当时朝鲜医书中也不见这种情况,《东医宝鉴》以后刊行的朝鲜医书上也未见,出现这种原因可能是《东医宝鉴》编纂时除许浚以外,几位医家一起参加而编纂,引用时可能跟每个医家的趋向而变化。
另外,在《医学入门》上有的方剂中出现增加药物初加工、炮制的内容,这可能是与原文的药物初加工、炮制方法不一样,或基本加工法变化时编纂者按自己的经验而变化。
9.2.6药量变化
《东医宝鉴》药量变化在每个时代都不同。按变化率来看,变化最多的医书是仲景方,考虑到古代各时期衡制的变化,如汉晋一两折合13.92克,唐宋元明一两折合为37.30克,汉代与明代重量比例为1:2.7。由于当时朝鲜用的度量与明代的度量一样,那么汉代张仲景用一两与朝鲜时代许浚用一两的比例为1:2.7,可见《东医宝鉴》上记载的药量比仲景方减少了。
还有,许浚指出元代医著如《世医得效方》每方总量只有五钱,平均到每味药就显得用量太轻,以致难以奏效,因为“二三十种之药,则一材仅入一二分,性味微小,焉能责效”。实际上,在上述有关《世医得效方》的例子中,剂量也没有被增加。
另外,有的原文上没有具体药物剂量的记载,如原文上记载“各等分”,这种问题在《东医宝鉴》中因为编纂者记载了具体的药物剂量而得以解决。
总体上,有的增加药量,有的减少药量,有的按比例,有的没有比例变化,这可能是编纂者按当时朝鲜人的体质而改变的。
9.2.7制药法、制药量、服用量、服用法、加减法的变化
通过比较《东医宝鉴》与原文制药法、制药量的变化,我们可以意识到《东医宝鉴》的剂量比仲景方减少,有的减1/10,有的甚至减1/25。这样的变化是《东医宝鉴》记载制药方法有关,《东医宝鉴》上记载了“作一贴”,这是指一剂的量,但仲景方中记载的药量是总量,制好药后分几服的形式来描述,这样看,当然是《东医宝鉴》中的药物剂量随之减少,而且还要考虑古代各时期的重量问题。
关于服用量、服用法、加减法的变化,目前只能考虑当时朝鲜人的体质有关,还有当时朝鲜的情况是刚结束战争,社会的经济情况不良,一般百姓的饭食情况也不妙,因此,许浚认为仲景方上的方剂药量较大,所以减少药量。
9.3出处不同
出处不同在仲景方、《千金方》中均见。因为仲景方包括《伤寒论》、《金匮要略方论》、《金匮玉函经》3部著书,《千金方》包括《千金翼方》、《备急千金要方》2部著书。
仲景方中如小建中汤在《伤寒论·辨太阳病脉证并治中》、《金匮要略方论·卷上·血痹虚劳病脉证并治第六》、《金匮要略方论·卷中·黄疸病脉证并治第十五》、《金匮要略方论·卷下·妇人杂病脉证并治第二十二》中出现,据《宝鉴》中“治虚劳里急腹中痛梦寐失精四肢酸疼手足烦热咽干口燥”,这首方剂可以认为《金匮要略方论·卷上·血痹虚劳病脉证并治第六》中引用。
如猪苓汤在《伤寒论·辨阳明病脉证并治》、《伤寒论·辨少阴病脉证并治》、《金匮要略方论·卷中·消渴小便利淋病脉证并治第十三》中出现。据《宝鉴》有“治阳明证”,这首方剂可以认为《伤寒论·辨阳明病脉证并治》中引用。
如通脉四逆汤在《伤寒论·辨少阴病脉证并治》、《伤寒论·辨厥阴病脉证并治》、《金匮要略方论·卷中·呕吐哕下利病脉证治第十七》中出现,据《宝鉴》“治少阴病”,这首方剂可以认为《宝鉴》引用《伤寒论·辨少阴病脉证并治》中引用。
《千金方》也有《千金翼方》与《备急千金要方》中记载了一样的方剂,但有些药物组成是不一样,如十疰丸、龙胆汤2首方剂在《千金翼方》和《备急千金要方》上均见,但十疰丸,《宝鉴》用“细辛”,《备急千金要方》用“细辛(一作蒿本)”,《千金翼方》用“藁本”;龙胆汤,《宝鉴》用“赤茯苓”,《备急千金要方》用“茯苓(一作茯神)”,《千金翼方》用“茯神”,可知这2首方剂《宝鉴》引用的是《备急千金要方》。
9.4剪裁编辑
9.4.1药物排列次序变化
调整药物排列次序主要是以“各”来表述,并按剂量由大而小的规律进行排序。如秘传降气汤,《宝鉴》“桑白皮一錢,陳皮、枳殼、柴胡、甘草炙各五分,地骨皮、五加皮、骨碎補、訶子皮、草果、桔梗、半夏麴各三分”,《局方》“桑白皮二两,骨碎补、草果仁、五加皮、半夏、桔梗、诃子各半两,甘草、枳壳、陈皮、柴胡、地骨皮各一两。
这样一来,避免了相同剂量的重复描述,药量由大而小的排列也显得整齐了许多,从形式上更简洁些,但这些变化中似乎不顾方剂的“君臣佐使”,这种记载的习惯是在《东医宝鉴》中开始出现,这种方法在以后的朝鲜编纂医书中常出现。
另外,《东医宝鉴》一般规律是按剂量由大而小的规律进行排序,但有的方剂虽然以“各”来表达,剂量变化上按有小而大的,与其他方剂中的药物排序调整不一。
9.4.2调整文字的位置
这些变化主要在《千金方》、《太平惠民和剂局方》中出现。《东医宝鉴》对原文进行剪裁,并在不同的两篇中分开记载。另外原文的内容太长或复杂的话,通过重新调整文字的位置使得更简洁,而且能突出每个分段的主题,分开记载。
9.5删除、补充内容
主要变化在药物的随证加减法、服药禁忌、服药后疗效的补充、删除,《东医宝鉴》几乎都删除随证加减法,有的增加随证加减法,这可能是编撰者根据当时朝鲜亲历的临床诊治经验和体会而进行的修改。
三.结论
(1)《东医宝鉴》引文与仲景方原著比较,我们可知《东医宝鉴》总体上忠于仲景方原著,但也有一些改动,主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为83.5%,其中药量变化占25.2%,药物初加工、炮制占16.6%,主治变化占11.7%,其3种变化最多。
(2)通过上述《东医宝鉴》引文与《千金方》原著比较,我们可知《宝鉴》总体上忠于《千金方》原著,但也有一些改动。主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为57%,其中药量变化占14.2%,服用法变化、主治变化各11.9%、药物排序变化占11.9%,其4种变化最多。
(3)《东医宝鉴》引文与《太平惠民和剂局方》原著比较,我们可知《东医宝鉴》总体上忠于《太平惠民和剂局方》原著,但也有一些改动,主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为80.8%,其中,主治变化占18.2%,药量变化占14.6%,药物初加工、炮制、服用量变化各占13.7%,药物排列次序变化占12.7%,其5种变化最多。
(4)《东医宝鉴》引文与《世医得效方》原著比较,我们可知《东医宝鉴》总体上忠于《世医得效方》原著,但也有一些改动,主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为81.3%,其中,药量变化占18.4%,主治变化占17.2%,药物初加工、炮制占13.1%,剪裁编辑占10.2%,其5种变化最多。
(5)《东医宝鉴》引文与《医学入门》原著比较,我们可知《东医宝鉴》总体上忠于《医学入门》原著,但也有一些改动,主要变化在引文与原文基本相同,但在表述上有不同程度的变化。此部分占的比率为56.44%,其中,主治变化占15.56%,药量变化占13.16%,制药法变化占5.89%,服用法变化占5.84%,另外,剪裁编辑占37.35%,其中调整主治、方剂位置占30.92%,此变化是在单项变化中最多。
总之,《东医宝鉴》引用方剂文献的特点表现为:一般是原文照录,即使有少量改动,也不涉及实质内容。对于汉唐以降,明万历之前的历代复方、单方,总体上是忠于原著,但有各种不同的改动。从引文与原文关系比较归纳出的结果可以发现,引文与原文基本内容相同而表述不同占多数,其中又以内容变动、精炼者居多。加上对原著撮其要义,重新表述,甚至补充内容等等变化,说明在肯定《东医宝鉴》源自中国古代医学的同时,也要注意到作者并非完全照搬中国医著,而是按照自己的编辑思路,经过自己的消化,尝试着对原文献做一些必要的加工,为我所用,标志着古代朝鲜迈开了医学本土化的步伐。
本研究的创新之处:
(1)首次应用方剂学、中药学、文献学、历史学、比较学方法,将《东医宝鉴》引用的仲景方、唐代《千金方》、宋代《太平惠民和剂局方》、元代《世医得效方》、明代《医学入门》方剂内容与原文进行比较,佚文、考察方剂的方名、主治、药名、方剂中药味增加或减少、药物次序、药物初加工、炮制、药量、复方剂量、剂型煎服用法等的变化以及补充、删除内容,不含关于方剂学理论的内容,并对相关史料和文献进行综合、归纳、比较、分析。
(2)首次从方剂角度探讨《东医宝鉴》在编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化的历史面貌,提出这是朝鲜尝试将中医本土化的开始。
四.结语
本文是《东医宝鉴》所载方剂与原文的比较研究。对于《东医宝鉴》在编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化形式很清楚,但变化原因还不是很清楚,由于时间所限以及各方面的限制,没有进一步探讨。探讨《东医宝鉴》所载方剂与原文比较,对于《东医宝鉴》在编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化历史面貌的研究很有必要。
总之,本研究只是《东医宝鉴》编纂过程中采自中医古籍而又有所变化历史面貌的研究的第一步,还有很多工作要继续,希望在本研究的基础上,向过去和未来延伸,进行研究。
Dongyi Baojian(PreciousMirrorofEasternMedicine) is a representative book reflecting the native development of Chinese Medicine in Korea,which was written by Xujun in 1610 and published in 1613.
There are 25 volumes in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine),among which,the catalogue and normal text occupy 2 and 23 volumes respectively.In normal text, Interior,Form,Miscellaneous Disease,Decoction and Acupuncture Chapters occupy 4,4,11, 3 and 1 volume respectively.As Korea locates in east of China,the book is called Eastern Medicine.And Precious Mirror means this book is useful and records many fine formulas for doctors.Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) quotes profuse ancient literatures of Chinese Medicine.
As published in 1613,more than 30 different editions of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) spread around Asia such as Korea,China and Japan.Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) is a classics and durable medical book.At present,many doctors still consult Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) for theories and formulas.
This article uses the methods of pharmacology of traditional Chinese medical formulae, science of Chinese materia medica,science of history and comparison to compare the contents and original texts in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and other books recorded by Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) such as Zhongjing's Formulas,Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) in Tang Dynasty,Tai-Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas) in Song Dynasty, Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition) in Yuan Dynasty and Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine) in Ming Dynasty.And then the name,indication,nomen proprium,ingredients,succession,processing,dosage,form and direction of compound formulas are investigated to discuss the citation and change in codification of Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) by combination,induction,comparison and analysis on relevant historic materials and literatures.
1.The main study content of this article
a.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Zhongjing's Formulas in Han Dynasty.
b.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) in Tang Dynasty.
c.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Tai-Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas) in Song Dynasty.
d.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition) in Yuan Dynasty
e.The comparison of formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine) in Ming Dynasty.
2.Discussion
This research discovers six kinds of information as followed from comparison on the formulas and original texts quoted by Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine):
Firstly,some formulas in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) can't be seen in its Chinese edition.It is useful for compiling and revising other formula books. These formulas perhaps are recorded in other editions of Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition).
Secondly,there are changes in the indication,nomen proprium,ingredients,succession, processing,dosage,form and direction of compound formulas recorded in Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine).These changes maybe caused by compiling needs and Xujun's medical experiences.
Thirdly,there are changes in the name of some formulas.Xujun named these formulas in order to avoid repetition as their original names were too long even they hadn't names.
Fourthly,the sources of some formulas are different.This change can be seen in Zhongjing's Formulas and Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) mainly. Zhongjing's Formulas consist of Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage),Jingui Yaolue Fanglun (On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer) and Jingui Yuhanjing(The Canon of the Golden Coffer and Jade Sheath).Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) consists of Qianjin Yifang(Wings of the Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary).Such as Small Jianzhong Decoction was recorded in Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage) and Jingui Yaolue Fanglun(On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer) respectively,but it was quoted by Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) from Jingui Yaolue Fanglun(On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer).
Zhuling Decoction and Tongmai Sini Decoction were recorded in Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage) and Jingui Yaolue Fanglun(On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer) respectively,but they were quoted by Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) from Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage).
The composition of some formulas recorded in Qianjin Yifang(wings of the Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary) was different such as Shizhu Pill and Longdan Decoction.Shizhu Pill used Chinese lovage and asiasarum in Qianjin Yifang(Wings of the Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary) respectively.Longdan Decoction used Indian bread with hostwood and hoelen in Qianjin Yifang(Wings of the Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) and Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary) respectively.Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) quoted these two formulas from Qianjin Yaofang(A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary).
Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) quoted 59 formulas from Zhongjing's Formulas,among which 3 formulas were compiled and quoted from Shanghanlun(On Cold Damage) and Jingui Yaolue Fanglun(On the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer).
Fifthly,the sort of drugs in formulas was according to the dosage.It is concise but neglecting medicinal rules of sovereign,minister,assistant and envoy.This compiling style started from Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and many medical books in Korea used this style from then on.
Sixthly,the literals position changes in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine).So the subject is outstanding and concise.
3.Conclusion
a.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Zhongjing's Formulas,we found that Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Zhongjing's Formulas except for some changes in presentation. The proportion is 83.5%,among which,change of medicinal dosage is 25.2%,drug processing is 16.6%and indication is 11.7%.
b.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary),we found that Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) except for some changes in presentation.The proportion is 57%,among which,change of medicinal dosage is 14.2%,direction and indication is 11.9%respectively and drug sorting is 11.9%.
c.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Tai-Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas), we found that Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Tai-Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas) except for some changes in presentation.The proportion is 80.8%,among which,change of indication is 18.2%, medicinal dosage is 14.6%,drug processing and direction is 13.7%respectively and drug sorting is 14.6%.
d.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition),we found that Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Shiyi Dexiaofang (Effective Formula from a Family Tradition) except for some changes in presentation.The proportion is 81.3%,among which,change of medicinal dosage is 18.4%,indication is 17.2, drug processing is 13.1%and compiling is 10.2%.
e.As compared the original text in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine),we found that Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine) except for some changes in presentation.The proportion is 56.44%,among which,change of indication is 15.56%,medicinal dosage is 13.16%,drug producing is 5.89%,direction is 5.84%and compiling is 37.35%including 30.92%of adjusting the position of indication and formulas.
In a word,the characteristic of quotations in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) is adhering to the original text.Although there are some changes,the essential contents aren't involved in.As to the formulas from Han and Tang Dynasties to Ming Dynasty, Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) adhered to the original books as well except for some changes in presentation.These changes reflect that the authors of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) had their own compiling ideas but completely recorded Chinese medical books.It indicated that medical science had native development in ancient Korea.
This article brings new ideas as followed:
a.This article uses the methods of pharmacology of traditional Chinese medical formulae, science of Chinese materia medica,science of history and comparison to compare the contents and original texts in Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and other books recorded by Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) such as Zhongjing's Formulas,Qianjinfang(Thousand Gold Pieces Formulary) in Tang Dynasty,Tai- Ping Huimin Hejijufang(Tai-Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy Formulas) in Song Dynasty, Shiyi Dexiaofang(Effective Formula from a Family Tradition) in Yuan Dynasty and Yixue Rumen(The Gateway to Medicine) in Ming Dynasty.And then the name,indication,nomen proprium,ingredients,succession,processing,dosage,form and direction of compound formulas are investigated to discuss the citation and change in codification of Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) by combination,induction,comparison and analysis on relevant historic materials and literatures.
b.This article discusses the compiling history of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and its changes on quoting Chinese medical literature in China from the view of formula.
4.Summary
This article is a comparative study of formulas and originals recorded in Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine).We grasp the change style during the compiling history of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and its changes on quoting Chinese medical literature.But the reason of change is not clear as the research is limited by time and other factors.It is necessary to study the compiling history of Dongyi Baojian (Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and its changes on quoting Chinese medical literature in formula and originals.
In short,this article is reflecting the first stage in study the compiling history of Dongyi Baojian(Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine) and its changes on quoting Chinese medical literature in formula and originals.There are still lots of work to be done in the future and we hope our research work can be continued based on this article.
引文
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[5]康永禄,安澤源,薛仁燦,黃致元.《东医宝鉴·风》中使用的处方剂型以及服药方法.惠和医学.2000(1)66-101
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[7]赵乃珍.《东医宝鉴》中配伍葛根方剂的考察.圆光大学校.硕士学位论文,2002
[8]李在哲.《东医宝鉴》中配伍厚朴方剂的研究.圆光大学校.硕士学位论文,2008
[9]刘镇德.《东医宝鉴》中平胃散与联结方活用的考察.圆光大学校.博士学位论文,2003
[10]金亨律.《东医宝鉴》中黄连解毒汤活用研究.圆光大学校.博士学位论文,2008
[11]许浚.《东医宝鉴》.明万历41年癸丑(1613)内医院初刻本
[12]张仲景.《伤寒论》.明万历27年已亥(1599)赵开美校刻仲景全书本
[13]张仲景.《金匮要略方论》.明洪武28年乙亥(1395)吴迁抄本
[14]张仲景.《金匮玉函经》.清康熙56年丁酉(1717)上海陈世杰起秀堂刻本
[15]孙思邈.《备急千金要方》.嘉靖23年甲辰(1544)小丘上房乔世定刻本
[16]孙思邈.《千金翼方》.万历三十三年(1605)王肯堂刻本
[17]《太平惠民和剂局方》.明正德6年辛未(1511)陈氏存德堂刻本
[18]危亦林.《世医得效方》.明初书林魏家刻本
[19]危亦林.《世医得效方》.据朝鲜古活字本复制本。
[19]李梃.《医学入门》.明万历3年乙亥(1575)刻本崇祯9年补刻本
[20]金仁络.东洋医学的生死论研究.庆熙大学校.博士学位论文,1989
[21]金哲俊、催丙献.韩国文化社.汉城:一志社,1993
[22]崔秀汉.《东医宝鉴》引书考.延边医学院学报,1991(14):62-68
[23]朱建平.《东医宝鉴》方剂学的初步研究.韩国韩医学杂志.2008(2):131-146
[24]朱建平.《医方类聚》及中韩传统医学文献研究研讨会.论文集.2007.10:68-69
4 林承民,薛仁燥.《东医宝鉴·火》中所载处方分析.论文集.2001,(1):201-220.
5 申皇秀,安澤源,黄致元,薛仁燦.《东医宝鉴·胸》中心痛处方分析.惠和医学.2000(1)157-191.
6 赵大衍.《东医宝鉴》中主要配伍人参方剂的考察.学位论文(硕士)圆光大学校大学院:韩医学科,2002.
7 赵乃珍.《东医宝鉴》中配伍葛根方剂的考察.学位论文(硕士)圆光大学校大学院:韩医学科,2002.
8 李在哲.《东医宝鉴》中配伍厚朴方剂的研究.学位论文(硕士)圆光大学校大学院:韩医学科,2008.
9 刘镇德.《东医宝鉴》中平胃散与联结方活用的考察.学位论文(博士)圆光大学校大学院:韩医学科,2003.
10 金亨律.《东医宝鉴》中黄连解毒汤活用研究.学位论文(博士)圆光大学校大学院:韩医学科,2008.
11 崔秀汉.《东医宝鉴》引用考.延边医学院学报,1993,(3):62-68.
12 崔秀汉.《东医宝鉴》版本考.延边医学院学报,1991,(9):229-232,215.
13 李廷龟.序.见:许浚.《东医宝鉴》.万历四十一年癸丑(1613)朝鲜内医院初刻本.
14 高光震等.东医宝鉴校释·《东医宝鉴》研究..北京:人民卫生出版社.2001.7:1-2
15 朱建平.《东医宝鉴》方剂学的初步研究.韩国韩医学杂志.2008:(2);133.
16 朱建平.《医方类聚》及中韩传统医学文献研究研讨会.论文集.2007.10:68-69.
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[1]李廷龟.序.见:许浚.《东医宝鉴》.万历四十一年癸丑(1613)朝鲜内医院初刻本
[2]彭怀仁主编.中医方剂大辞典·古今度量衡对照.北京:人民卫生出版社.1997.919
[3]林承民,薛仁燦.《东医宝鉴·火》中所载处方分析.论文集.2001(1):201-220
[4]申皇秀,安澤源,黃致元,薛仁燦.《东医宝鉴·胸》中心痛处方分析.惠和医学.2000(1)157-191
[5]康永禄,安澤源,薛仁燦,黃致元.《东医宝鉴·风》中使用的处方剂型以及服药方法.惠和医学.2000(1)66-101
[6]赵大衍.《东医宝鉴》中主要配伍人参方剂的考察.圆光大学校.硕士学位论文 大学院:韩医学科,2002
[7]赵乃珍.《东医宝鉴》中配伍葛根方剂的考察.圆光大学校.硕士学位论文,2002
[8]李在哲.《东医宝鉴》中配伍厚朴方剂的研究.圆光大学校.硕士学位论文,2008
[9]刘镇德.《东医宝鉴》中平胃散与联结方活用的考察.圆光大学校.博士学位论文,2003
[10]金亨律.《东医宝鉴》中黄连解毒汤活用研究.圆光大学校.博士学位论文,2008
[11]许浚.《东医宝鉴》.明万历41年癸丑(1613)内医院初刻本
[12]张仲景.《伤寒论》.明万历27年已亥(1599)赵开美校刻仲景全书本
[13]张仲景.《金匮要略方论》.明洪武28年乙亥(1395)吴迁抄本
[14]张仲景.《金匮玉函经》.清康熙56年丁酉(1717)上海陈世杰起秀堂刻本
[15]孙思邈.《备急千金要方》.嘉靖23年甲辰(1544)小丘上房乔世定刻本
[16]孙思邈.《千金翼方》.万历三十三年(1605)王肯堂刻本
[17]《太平惠民和剂局方》.明正德6年辛未(1511)陈氏存德堂刻本
[18]危亦林.《世医得效方》.明初书林魏家刻本
[19]危亦林.《世医得效方》.据朝鲜古活字本复制本。
[19]李梃.《医学入门》.明万历3年乙亥(1575)刻本崇祯9年补刻本
[20]金仁络.东洋医学的生死论研究.庆熙大学校.博士学位论文,1989
[21]金哲俊、催丙献.韩国文化社.汉城:一志社,1993
[22]崔秀汉.《东医宝鉴》引书考.延边医学院学报,1991(14):62-68
[23]朱建平.《东医宝鉴》方剂学的初步研究.韩国韩医学杂志.2008(2):131-146
[24]朱建平.《医方类聚》及中韩传统医学文献研究研讨会.论文集.2007.10:68-69