贸易便利化背景下海关应对非传统安全的策略
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摘要
贸易便利化和贸易安全是一对矛盾,平衡它们的关系是促进全球贸易发展的关键,世界各国及众多国际组织均对贸易便利和安全给予高度的重视。海关作为国家贸易监管的行政机构是国家主权的象征,承担着维护国家对外贸易安全的责任,在维护贸易便利确保安全方面应履行更多的职责。
9.11后,国际反恐形势严峻,随着近几年我国进出口贸易逐年递增,贸易安全也成为我国海关关注的重点。我国与欧美国家不同,征税、监管、统计、缉私是我国海关的主要工作职能,但也面临恐怖主义(“藏独”、“疆独”、“东突”等分裂分子)、打击走私、环境保护、文化安全(侵犯知识产权)等非传统安全的威胁。由于全球一体化程度的不断加深,各种安全问题会由一个国家或地区外溢到另一个国家或地区,因此我国海关也应该高度重视非传统安全所带来的威胁。本文以贸易便利化为背景,探讨海关应对非传统安全的策略,分析并寻找贸易便利和安全的平衡点。
全文共有五章,第一章探讨了贸易便利化发展过程以及贸易安全的问题,介绍了贸易便利化的概念、由来以及同贸易自由化的关系。以国际关系理论的视角探讨了贸易便利化的理论基础,从自由贸易理论、相互依存论和新自由主义、交易成本理论、关税同盟理论和新区域主义理论等多个理论中分析贸易便利化的理论根源。作者介绍各国际组织和区域联盟在推进贸易便利化进程中所作的努力,及分析便利和安全的关系。
论文第二章探讨了我国海关面临的非传统安全问题,分析国际海关组织在平衡贸易安全与贸易便利关系中所作的努力,同时指出我国海关面临的非传统安全问题及应对策略的不足；本文的第三、四、五章是论文的核心部分,在这三章中探讨了我国海关应对非传统安全威胁的基本策略：即承担非传统职能、强化国际合作、建立风险式管理模式。这部分是本文的重点,通过理论阐述、实证研究、案例分析,提出海关应该(1)改变传统职能,接受新的挑战,承担起应对非传统安全的职能。(2)通过加强国际合作,各国共同面对非传统安全这样一个带有全球性特征的问题,通过国家合作解决、处理海关事务。(3)海关风险式管理是应对非传统安全的必然选择,降低非传统安全的威胁需要海关能够及时、准确的预见和发现各种安全问题,并能够提供有效的解决方案以及应对策略。
最后笔者认为,在新的国际形势下,海关需要承担起反恐、环境保护等多种非传统职能,确保边境口岸的安全；此外,依靠国际合作,在多边、双边、区域机制下实现共同安全；最后,在贸易量不断增加而人力资源匮乏的情况下,实施风险式通关模式,增强海关有效监管的能力,确保贸易安全。
Trade Facilitation and Trade Safety is a couple of contradiction. How to balance them is key point to promote global trade development. Now a lot of countries and many international organizations have given high attention to trade facilitation and safety. Customs is national administrative organization of trade supervision, and also is a symbol of national sovereign rights. So customs should undertake more responsibility to ensure foreign trade safety and trade facilitation.
But China Customs is also threatened by non-traditional security, such as terrorism (Tibetan Separation, East Turkistan Independence, East Turkistan terrorist etc.), smuggling, environmental protection and culture security (such as intellectual property). Because of the continuous deepen of global integration; various kinds of safety problems can spill over (extend) from one country or district to another. So the threat of non-traditional security should be highly paid attention by our customs.
The paper first discusses trade facilitation evolution and trade safety problem, and introduces the concept of trade facilitation, origin and relation with trade liberalization. We discuss the trade facilitation theory foundation in the sight of theory of international relations. From Free Trade Theory, Interdependence, Neoliberalism, Transaction Cost Theory, Customs Union Theory to New Regionalism Theory, and the paper studies theory origin of trade facilitation. The author introduces the endeavors of every international organization and Regional Alliance on how to advance trade facilitation, and analyze the relationship between facilitation and safety.
Secondly, through discussing customs' non-traditional security problems and analyzing World Customs Organization how to balance to trade facilitation and trade safety, the paper put forward the basic strategies to answer the non-traditional security threats:undertaking non-traditional function, strengthening international cooperation, and improving risk management. These are the main contents of the paper. Based on theory description, practical research and case study, the author put forward that customs should do the following things.(1) Changing traditional function, accepting the challenge and undertaking function to face non-traditional security;(2) Based on the further international cooperation, every country will resolve the non-traditional security as the global problem, and realize national cooperation to manage customs affairs;(3) Customs risk management will be the necessary choice to answer non-traditional security. In order to reducing non-traditional security threats, customs should be able to exactly predict and find all kinds of security problems in time, and offer effective solutions and strategies.
At last, the author considered that customs should undertake the non-traditional function, such as anti-terrorist and environment protection etc. and ensure port security. In addition, depending on international cooperation, common safety should be realized in bilateral, multilateral and regional mechanisms. In the case of increased trade and shorted manpower source, risk management should be put into effect to enhance the customs supervision ability and ensure the trade safety.
9.11后,国际反恐形势严峻,随着近几年我国进出口贸易逐年递增,贸易安全也成为我国海关关注的重点。我国与欧美国家不同,征税、监管、统计、缉私是我国海关的主要工作职能,但也面临恐怖主义(“藏独”、“疆独”、“东突”等分裂分子)、打击走私、环境保护、文化安全(侵犯知识产权)等非传统安全的威胁。由于全球一体化程度的不断加深,各种安全问题会由一个国家或地区外溢到另一个国家或地区,因此我国海关也应该高度重视非传统安全所带来的威胁。本文以贸易便利化为背景,探讨海关应对非传统安全的策略,分析并寻找贸易便利和安全的平衡点。
全文共有五章,第一章探讨了贸易便利化发展过程以及贸易安全的问题,介绍了贸易便利化的概念、由来以及同贸易自由化的关系。以国际关系理论的视角探讨了贸易便利化的理论基础,从自由贸易理论、相互依存论和新自由主义、交易成本理论、关税同盟理论和新区域主义理论等多个理论中分析贸易便利化的理论根源。作者介绍各国际组织和区域联盟在推进贸易便利化进程中所作的努力,及分析便利和安全的关系。
论文第二章探讨了我国海关面临的非传统安全问题,分析国际海关组织在平衡贸易安全与贸易便利关系中所作的努力,同时指出我国海关面临的非传统安全问题及应对策略的不足；本文的第三、四、五章是论文的核心部分,在这三章中探讨了我国海关应对非传统安全威胁的基本策略：即承担非传统职能、强化国际合作、建立风险式管理模式。这部分是本文的重点,通过理论阐述、实证研究、案例分析,提出海关应该(1)改变传统职能,接受新的挑战,承担起应对非传统安全的职能。(2)通过加强国际合作,各国共同面对非传统安全这样一个带有全球性特征的问题,通过国家合作解决、处理海关事务。(3)海关风险式管理是应对非传统安全的必然选择,降低非传统安全的威胁需要海关能够及时、准确的预见和发现各种安全问题,并能够提供有效的解决方案以及应对策略。
最后笔者认为,在新的国际形势下,海关需要承担起反恐、环境保护等多种非传统职能,确保边境口岸的安全；此外,依靠国际合作,在多边、双边、区域机制下实现共同安全；最后,在贸易量不断增加而人力资源匮乏的情况下,实施风险式通关模式,增强海关有效监管的能力,确保贸易安全。
Trade Facilitation and Trade Safety is a couple of contradiction. How to balance them is key point to promote global trade development. Now a lot of countries and many international organizations have given high attention to trade facilitation and safety. Customs is national administrative organization of trade supervision, and also is a symbol of national sovereign rights. So customs should undertake more responsibility to ensure foreign trade safety and trade facilitation.
But China Customs is also threatened by non-traditional security, such as terrorism (Tibetan Separation, East Turkistan Independence, East Turkistan terrorist etc.), smuggling, environmental protection and culture security (such as intellectual property). Because of the continuous deepen of global integration; various kinds of safety problems can spill over (extend) from one country or district to another. So the threat of non-traditional security should be highly paid attention by our customs.
The paper first discusses trade facilitation evolution and trade safety problem, and introduces the concept of trade facilitation, origin and relation with trade liberalization. We discuss the trade facilitation theory foundation in the sight of theory of international relations. From Free Trade Theory, Interdependence, Neoliberalism, Transaction Cost Theory, Customs Union Theory to New Regionalism Theory, and the paper studies theory origin of trade facilitation. The author introduces the endeavors of every international organization and Regional Alliance on how to advance trade facilitation, and analyze the relationship between facilitation and safety.
Secondly, through discussing customs' non-traditional security problems and analyzing World Customs Organization how to balance to trade facilitation and trade safety, the paper put forward the basic strategies to answer the non-traditional security threats:undertaking non-traditional function, strengthening international cooperation, and improving risk management. These are the main contents of the paper. Based on theory description, practical research and case study, the author put forward that customs should do the following things.(1) Changing traditional function, accepting the challenge and undertaking function to face non-traditional security;(2) Based on the further international cooperation, every country will resolve the non-traditional security as the global problem, and realize national cooperation to manage customs affairs;(3) Customs risk management will be the necessary choice to answer non-traditional security. In order to reducing non-traditional security threats, customs should be able to exactly predict and find all kinds of security problems in time, and offer effective solutions and strategies.
At last, the author considered that customs should undertake the non-traditional function, such as anti-terrorist and environment protection etc. and ensure port security. In addition, depending on international cooperation, common safety should be realized in bilateral, multilateral and regional mechanisms. In the case of increased trade and shorted manpower source, risk management should be put into effect to enhance the customs supervision ability and ensure the trade safety.
引文
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6薛敬孝、李坤望：《WTO新议题对APEC贸易投资自由化、便利化的影响》,天津：南开大学出版社,2009年。
7邹瑞汉：《保税区海关监管理论与实务》,北京：中国海关出版社,2004年。
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10李苏鸣：“应对非传统安全问题的美国经验”,《中国海关》2011年第3期,第6页。
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20尹利群：“上海国际贸易中心如何破题”,《解放口报》,2009年6月27日。
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28罗伯特·吉尔平,《全球政治经济学—解读国际经济秩序》,杨光宇、杨炯译,上海：上海世纪出版集团,2003年,第105-106页。
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30伊曼纽尔·沃伦斯坦,《历史资本主义》,路爱国、丁浩金译,北京：社会科学文献出版社,1999年,第20页。
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32 George Modelski, Principles of World Politics, New York:the Free Press,1972. p.72.
33 Robert Cox, Production, Power and World Order, New York:Columbia University Press,1987, p.253; Robert Cox and Timothy J. Sinclair (eds.), Approaches to World Order, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996, p.193.
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35樊勇明：《西方国际政治经济学》,上海：上海人民出版社,2006年,第34页。
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37 Robert O. Keohane, "The Demand for International Regimes ", in Stephen D. Krasner ed. International Regimes, Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1982, p.154.
38 Oran R. Yong, International Regimes, "The Rise and Fall of International Regimes", in Stephen D. Krasner (eds.), International Regimes, Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1983, p.93-113.
39雷继唐、王文先、史学瀛：《关贸总协定与中国改革开放》,天津：天津科技翻译出版公司,1993年。
41曹荣湘：《经济安全：发展中国家的开放与风险》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2006年。胡南：“经济全球化与发展中国家经济安全”,《求实》2000年第11期,第22-23页。
42 Rolf Fare, Shawna Grosskopf, Mary Norris, Zhongyang Zhang, "Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries'", The American Economic Review,1994, vol.84, no.1.
43威尔.马歇尔：《克林顿变革方略》,北京：新华出版社,1993年,第126页。
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45冯玉军、刘桂玲：“俄罗斯国家安全战略渐趋成熟”,《世界知识》1996年第20期。
48参见：Allen Sens, Peter Stoett, Global Politics, Origins, Currents, Directions (second edition), Canada:Nelson Thomoson Learning,2002; John T. Rourke, International Politics on the World Stage (eight edition), New York: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin,2001; John Baylis, Steve Smith, The Globalization of World Politics, An Introduction to international relations (second edition), Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001.
49刘杰：《国家安全与非传统安全》,北京：时事出版社,2008年第80页。
50 Trevor C. Salmon (eds.), Issues in International Relations, London and New York:Routledge,2000, pp.61-62.
51 United Nations. Human Development Report 1994[EB], New York:United Nations Development Programmer, 1994
52人的安全”问题有很多人提出,但真正对这一安全新理念具有很大热情的是加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和北欧国家。相关书籍参见：Caroline Thomas, Peter Wilkin (eds.), Globalization, Human Security and the African Experience, Boulder, CO:Lynne Riennre,1999; W. Tow, R. Thakur, I. Hyun, Asia's Emerging Regional Order:Reconciling Traditional and Human Security, Tokyo, New York, Paris:United Nations University Press, 2000; John Kirton, Human Security and the New Diplomacy, Kingston, Ontario:McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002.
53陆忠伟：《非传统安全论》,北京：时事出版社,2003年第26页。
54 Gary King, Christopher JL Murray, "Rethiinking Human Security", Political Science Quarterly,2002, vol.116, p.585.
57 即:The New Security Agenda:A Global Survey, Paul B. Stares. Editor,1998年创刊。
58 Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear, Chapel Hill, N. C:University of North Carolina,1983, p.54-128.
59 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Sean, M. Lynn-Jones, "A Report of a Conference on the State of the Field". Internationa Security Studies.1988. vol.12. no.4. p.25.
60 Zbigniew Brzezinski, "The Cold War and Its Aftermath", Foreign Affairs,1992, vol.71, no.4, p.31-49
61 Barrie Paskins, "Security in a New Age?" In Michael Clarke (eds.), New Perspectives on Security, London: Brassey's,1993, p.17-35.
62有关非传统安全的代表作,参见：Peter Katzenstein (eds.), The Culture of National Security:Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York:Columbia University Press,1996; Keith Krause, Michael Williams (eds.), Critical Security Studies:Concepts and Cases, Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press,1997; Emanuel Adler, Michael Barnett (eds.), Security Community, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998; Wyn Jones, Strategy, Security, Critical Theory, Boulder, CO:Lynne Reinner,1999.
63 Steve Smith, "The Increasing Insecrity of Security Studies:Conceptualizing Security in the Last Twenty Years" Contemporary Security Policy,1999, vol.20, no.3, p.80-97.
64江泽民：《在中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会上的报告》,北京：人民出版社,2002年。
65 Paul B. Stares (Eds.), The New Security Agenda:a Global Survey, Tokyo:Japan Center for International Exchange,1998, p.11.
66陆忠伟：《非传统安全论》,北京：时事出版社,2003年,第451页。
69 Charles W. Kegley, Eugene R. Wittkopf, the Global Agenda:Issues and Perspectives (Sixth Edition), Beijing: Peking University Press,2003, p.484.
70 Norman Myers, "Environment and Security", Foreign Policy,1989, vol.74, p.23-41; Marc A. Levy, "Is the Environment a National Security Issue? ", International Security,1995, vol.20, no.2, p.35-62; Richard A. Matthew, "Environment Security:Demystifying the Concept, Clarifying the Stakes", In P. J. Simmons (eds.), Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Princeton:Woodrow Wilson Center.1995, vol.1.
71 White House, the National Security Strategy, Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1994.
72 Paul G. Harris, the Environment, International Relations, and U.S., Foreign Policy, Washington, D.C Georgetown University Press,2001, p.16.
73海关总署、环境保护部、商务部、质检总局：关于出口加工区边角料、废品、残次品出区处理问题的通知(署加发[2009]172号),2009；中国严格限制进出口的有毒化学品目录,2011。
76 Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, Jaap De Wilede, Security A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,1997[英]巴瑞.布赞等著：《新安全论》,朱宁译,浙江人民出版社2003年版,第203页。
85官慧君：“新加坡海关无缝的‘一站式’”,《中国海关》2002年第7期,第64页。
87上海海关：“初探海关一线监管新模式”,《沪关学苑》2009年。
88联合国贸易便利化和电了商务中心33号建议书
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106海伦·米尔纳：“国际关系理论中的无政府假设”,见,《新现实主义和新自由主义》,杭州：浙江人民出版社，2001年,第165页。
107肯尼思·沃尔兹：《国际政治理论》，上海：上海人民出版社,第284页。
109 Brian L. Job, "Background Paper", Asia Pacific Security Outlook 1999, P3转载于金威：“从国际关系理论的发展看安全观的变化”,《国际关系学院学报》2000第4期,第10-14页。
110聂国云：“我国毒品犯罪的现状及对策研究”,《公安研究》2005年第6期,第51页。
112 Staers, Paul B.(eds.), The New Security Agenda:A Global Survey, Toyko:Japan Center for International Exehange,1998, p.15.
113陈晖、邵铁民：《海关法理论与实践》,上海：立信会计出版社,2008年。
114何力：《国际海关法学》,上海：立信会计出版社,2007年。
115朱高章、李灵：“海关国际合作新进展”,《中国海关》2010年第8期,第62页。
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135同上,第12页。
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138欧盟海关目前共有27个成员国海关,总部位于比利时首都布鲁塞尔,自2007年1月1日起,欧盟所有成员国进出口货物,必须使用“欧盟统一报关单”进行报关,如今欧盟海关每年查验15亿4500万吨海运货物和11万7000吨空运货物。2010年,我国出口总值位居世界第一,进口总值位居世界第二,成为举足轻重的世界贸易大国。如今,中欧以成为世界第二大经济关系。2010年中欧双边产品贸易总额达到3950亿欧元,相当于每天10亿欧元的贸易额。
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158马力行、蒋馥、侯立文：“海关通关风险评估系统的研究与开发”,《预测》2003年第5期,第21-24页。
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